EEE 309

Communication Systems I

Single-sideband Suppressed carrier

(SSB-SC) Modulation
 SSB-SC: Principle (1)
 Either USB or LSB is transmitted
 Required BW: B Hz
 Spectral efficiency (SE) is improved by 100%
Transmitter Side: M( f )
(Frequency Domain)
-B -B f

- fc fc f

- fc fc f

- fc - fc fc f
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 SSB-SC: Principle (2)
Receiver Side (Frequency Domain):

 Can be detected coherently

-fc fc ff

After the multiplication by the carrier

-2fc 2fc f

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 SSB: Time Domain Representation (1)
Hilbert Transform:  x 
xh t   H xt    
1 1
  t   t   j sgn  f 
d  x t * 1
t
X h  f    jX  f sgn  f   H  f X  f 

 j  1.e  j 2 , f  0

Thus, H  f    j sgn  f   
j

 j  1.e , f  0
2

|H (f)| θh (f)

f f

 Thus, a Hilbert transformer is an ideal phase shifter that shifts the phase of every spectral
component by -π/2
 Difficult to achieve such sharp change in phase response
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 SSB: Time Domain Representation (2)
SSB:

M (f)

-B B f

M+ (f)
M   f   M  f u  f   M  f  1  sgn  f 
1
2
 M  f   jM h  f 
1
B f
2

M   f   M  f u  f   M  f  1  sgn  f 
M_ (f) 1
2
 M  f   jM h  f 
1
-B
f 2

Note : M h  f    jM  f sgn  f 
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 SSB: Time Domain Representation (3)
M- (f+fc) M+ (f-fc)
USB
-fc fc f

M+ (f+fc) M- (f-fc)
LSB
-fc fc f

USB  f   M   f  f c   M   f  f c 


1
M  f  f c   M  f  f c   1 M h  f  f c   M h  f  f c 
2 2j

Hence,

Similarly,

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 Generation of SSB-SC
Generation of SSB-SC:
1. Phase-shift method: requires ideal Hilbert phase shifter

2. Selective filtering method (most commonly used): First, DSB-SC signal is

generated and then passed through a band pass filter for selecting the desired
band. Requires ideal filter or null around DC.
3. Weaver method: Uses two stages of modulation (SSB using selective filtering)
– first using a smaller carrier frequency fc1 and then again using a higher carrier
frequency fc. Thus achieves a gap of 2fc1 for second stage selective filtering.

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 SSB-SC: Detection
Demodulation using a coherent detector:

 SSB t  2 cos ct  mt  cos ct  mh t sin ct 2 cos ct
 mt   mt  cos 2ct  mh t sin 2ct 


SSBSC signalwith carrier 2c

 An LPF will suppress unwanted SSB terms and produce m(t)

 Any of the synchronous DSB-SC demodulators can be used for demodulating
SSB-SC signal

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 Comparison between AM, DSB-SC and SSB-SC

AM (DSB-WC) DSB-SC SSB-SC

Modulation Simple Simple Costly and Complex

(difficult to generate)
Demodulation Both envelope Coherent detection Coherent detection
detection and => Costly and => Costly and complex
coherent complex
detection
Power Efficiency Max 33 % Better Better
=> Inefficient => Efficient => Efficient
Bandwidth (BW) Twice the signal Twice the signal Equal to the signal BW
Requirement BW BW => Efficient
=> Inefficient => Inefficient

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Single-Sideband With Carrier
(SSB+C) Modulation

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 SSB+C
SSB+C Signal:

Envelope detection:

Envelope:

From Taylor series expansion,

 Not power efficient as significantly higher amplitude is required for carrier

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Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (QAM)

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 QAM: Principle
 SSB signals are difficult to generate
 QAM is an attractive alternative to SSB
 Two base band signals, each of bandwidth B Hz, are sent over the same band of
bandwidth 2B Hz (Modulation: DSB –SC)
 The two carriers are of the same frequency with a phase difference of π/2
 QAM is also known as quadrature multiplexing (QM)

Synchronous
detector

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 QAM: Detection (1)
 In-phase (I) Channel
x1 t   2QAM t  cos ct  2m1 t  cos ct  m2 t sin ct cos ct
 m1 t   m1 t  cos 2ct  m2 t sin 2ct
 Quadrature (Q) Channel
x2 t   2QAM t sin ct  2m1 t  cos ct  m2 t sin ct sin ct
 m2 t   m2 t  cos 2ct  m1 t sin 2ct

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 QAM: Detection (2)
 Impact of loss of synchronization
 Loss of power
 interference

Output of the I-channel

Q. Derive the output of the quadrature (Q) channel. 15

Vestigial Sideband (VSB)
Modulation

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 VSB (1): Principle
 SSB signals are difficult to generate and DSB requires twice the signal bandwidth
 VSB is a compromise between DSB and VSB
 VSB inherits the advantages of DSB and SSB, but avoids their disadvantages at a small cost
 Bandwidth of VSB is little (typically 25%) greater than SSB
 VSB is also known as asymmetric sideband system

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 VSB(2): Generation and Detection
BPF LPF
Hi(f) Ho(f)

Hi(f) = Vestigial
shaping filter Synchronous
detection

VSB signal generation:

VSB  f   M  f  f c   M  f  f c H i  f 

Coherent detection:

et   2VSB t cos ct  VSB  f  f c   VSB  f  f c 

M  f   VSB  f  f c   VSB  f  f c H o  f 

Ho  f  
1
, | f | B
Hi  f  fc   Hi  f  fc 
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 VSB (3): Example
The carrier frequency is 20 kHz. Baseband signal bandwidth is 6 kHz. Hi(f) is
shown if fig (a). Determine H0(f). H f  i

Solution: Hi  f  fc   Hi  f  fc 

Ho  f 

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 VSB Application: Broadcast Television
 Video signal:
 large bandwidth (4.5 MHz) – DSB requires 9 MHz
 contains significant low-frequency component – SSB is not feasible
 The demodulation of the TV signal must be simple and cost effective – envelope detector is
preferred
 So, VSB modulation with the carrier is chosen for TV broadcast

DSB Spectrum

Transmitted
Spectrum

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End of AM

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