DEAPRTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING RECK

EXPERIMENT NO.-1

AIM: - To study construction, working and application of workshop tools. Also study the
Electrical and Electronics Symbols
Screw Driver: -

(smaller in size is called connector) Size: 10, 15, 20, 30 in cm.

Uses: used for loosening or tightening.

Precaution: Do not use in place of firmer chisel and use particular size for screws.

PLIER: -

Size: 15, 20, 25 in cm.

Uses: For holding, twisting or cutting wires.

Precaution: Do not cut steel wires. Do not use in place of hammer.

HAMMERS

Ball peen and claw hammers are commonly used in electrical work where greater power is
required striking

HACKSAW

A hacksaw is used to cut cable armor, conduit pipes, etc. it has a frame where the blade is
tightened by means of a wing nut.

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 DEAPRTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING RECK

Fig 1.1

LINE TESTER

A line tester is used to check the electric supply in the line or phase wire. It has a small neon bulb
which indicates the presence of power supply. It can also be used as a screw driver to tighten
small screws in switches

MEASURING TAPE

A measuring tape is used to measure the length of the wire and also to mark the positions of
the switches and other electrical fittings.

WIRES

An electric wire is a copper or aluminum insulated wire and has one or more twisted stands.
Vulcanized Indian Rubber (VIR) wire, cotton flexible or rubber flexible wire and poly vinyl
chloride (PVC) wires are commonly used in house wiring

TYPES OF CIRCUIT

There are three types of circuits. They are

1. Open circuit

2. Closed circuit

3. Short circuit

OPEN CIRCUIT

Fig 1.2

If the switch used in the circuit is in ‘off’ position, then the circuit is said to be open circuit.

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There will not be any flow of current in open circuit.

CLOSED CIRCUIT

If the switch used in the circuit is in ‘on’ position, then the circuit is said to be closed
circuit. There will be normal flow of current in closed circuit.

Fig 1.3

When the positive terminal and negative terminal of any circuit comes in contact and very
high current flows through the circuit, then it is called as short Electrical Circuit.

Fig 1.4

An electrical circuit should consist of the following.

1. An energy source is used to provide the voltage needed to force the current
through the circuit.

2. Conductor is used through which the current can flow.

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3. A load (resistor) is used to control the amount of current and to convert the Electrical
energy into other forms.

A control device (switch) is used to start or stop the flow of current.

TYPICAL LIGHTING CIRCUITS

1. House – wiring is as simple as one lamp is controlled by one switch or may be a special
requirement of controlling one lamp from two or more number Of places. Such type of
circuits is used for staircase, bedroom and corridor lighting Systems. The basic principle
involved in such circuits and the requirement of additional special accessories are discussed
below:

BEDROOM LIGHTING

A bedroom requires one lamp at the dressing table controlled by a switch and one lamp just
above the bed which may require dual control by two 2 way switches, one provided near the
entrance (door) and the other provided above the bed. The circuit which describes the lighting in
bedroom is as follows:

WIRING

WIRING METHODS

A circuit is a path along which the electric current flows from the negative Side of the power
source to the positive side. There are three types of electrical circuit.

(i) Series circuit

(ii) Parallel circuit

(iii) Combination of series and parallel circuit.

SERIES CIRCUIT

The series circuit provides a single, continuous path through which current flows. In this
the devices are connected one after another and the current flows through them until it returns to

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the power source. The circuit is shown in fig. Hence, even when one device breaks down the
remaining devices will not operate because the circuit is broken.

PARALLEL CIRCUIT

In parallel circuit the devices are connected side by side so that, current flows in a number
of parallel path. The parallel circuit is shown in fig. In this type of circuit each device is
connected across the power source so that even if one device breaks down, the other devices
continue to operate. Hence this type of circuit is used in home wiring.

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STUDY OF VARIOUS ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS AND TOOLS

Aim: To study the various electrical symbols and tools

Sr. Name of the Symbol Symbol

No.

1 Direct Current =

2 Positive +

3 Negative _

4 Alternating Current ~

5 Single phase 1Ø or 1 ~

6 Three phase 3Ø or 3 ~

7 Phase sequence RYB

8 Neutral N or ± or O

9 Crossed wires

10 Connected wires

11 Earth

12 Fuse (TCC wire)

13 Cartridge Fuse

14 Porcelain Connector Single Way

15 Neutral Link

16 Single pole Switch

17 Two-way Switch

18 Push button Switch

19 Intermediate Switch

20 Lamp

21 Lamp in Series

22 Lamp in parallel or Lamp Load

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23 Fan

24 Fan Regulator

25 Two-Pin Wall socket

26 Three-Pin Wall socket

27 Two-Plate Ceiling Rose

28 Three-Plate Ceiling Rose

Sl.No. Name of the Symbol Symbol

29 Electric bell

30 Electric Buzzer

31 Double-pole switch

32 Triple-pole switch

33 Knife blade, double-pole, double-throw switch

34 Double pole, iron clad main switch with fuses

35 Triple- pole, iron clad main switch with fuses

36 Oil immersed single-pole switch

37 Oil immersed double-pole switch

38 Oil immersed triple-pole switch

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39 Reversing Switch (double pole)

40 Reversing Switch iron clad (triple pole)

41 Fixed Resistance

42 Variable Resistance

43 Coil (inductive coil or reactor)

44 Variable inductive coil

45 Choke coil

46 Fixed Condenser(Capacitor)

47 Variable Condenser(Capacitor)

48 Cell

49 Battery

50 Ampere meter or Ammeter (i)ac, (ii)dc, (iii) ac/dc

51 Volt meter (i)ac, (ii)dc, (iii) ac/dc

52 Watt meter
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53 Ohm meter

54 Multi meter

55 Phase indicator meter

56 Power factor meter

57 Frequency meter

58 Galvanometer

9 Synchroscope

60 Single phase energy meter

61 Series Generator (or Motor)

62 Shunt Generator (or Motor)

63 Compound Generator (or Motor)

64 Single-phase Supply(Source)

65 Three-phase alternator(Source)

66 Single-phase motor
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67 Three-phase Squirrel cage induction motor

68 Three-phase slip-ring induction motor

69 Single-phase Transformer

70 Single-phase Auto-Transformer

71 Potential Transformer

Sl.No. Name of the Symbol Symbol

72 Current Transformer

73 Half-wave metal rectifier

74 Full-wave metal rectifier

75 Star Connection

76 Delta Connection

77 Rotary Converter

78 Motor-Generator set (mechanically coupled)