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Assignment
Assignment
Assignment
Electrodynamics
Chapter#04
PHYSICS
MPhil 1
Submitted to: Sir Dr Bin Amin
Submitted by: Yasir Ali
Abbottabad University of Science &
Technology
Problem#4.1
Sol: As we know
E = V⁄𝑥
= 500/10-3
E = 5 × 105
As we have
α⁄ -31
4π𝜖𝑜 = 0.66 × 10
α = 4π (8.85 × 10-12) (0.66 × 10-31)
α = 7.34 × 10-41
As
p = αE
de = αE
d = αE/e → (i)
d = (7.34 × 10-41) (5 × 105) (1.6 × 10-19)
d = 2.29 × 10-14 m
Now
d 2.29 × 10−14
=
R 0.5 × 10−10
d
= 4.6 × 10−6
R
Now, to ionize we say that d = R. Then equ (i) become
R = d = αE/e
R = αV/𝑥e
⟹ V = Re𝑥/α
V = (0.5 × 10−10 ) × (1.6 × 10−19 ) × (10−3 )/(7.34 × 10−41 )
V = 0.1 × 109 = 1 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 V
Problem#4.2
Sol: First we find field, at radius, using Gauss’ law
∫ E. da = Q enc ⁄𝜖𝑜
Qenc
E=
4πr2 𝜖𝑜
r
Q enc = ∫ 𝜌 dτ
0
4πq r −2r 2
= 3
∫ e a r dr
πa 0
2r r
4q a − 2 a2
= [− 2 e a (r + ar + 2 )]|
a3 0
2r
−2q − 2 a2 a2
= [e a (r + ar + 2 ) − ]
a2 2
2r
− r r2
= q [1 − e a (1 + 2 a + 2 a2 )]
So the field of electron cloud is
2r
q − r r2
E𝑒 = [1 − e a (1 + 2 a + 2 a2 )]
4π𝜖𝑜 r2
The proton will be shifted from 𝐫 = 𝟎 to the point 𝑑 where
𝐄𝒆 = 𝐄.
2d
q − d d2
E𝑒 = [1 − e a (1 + 2 a + 2 a2 )] → (i)
4π𝜖𝑜 d2
Expanding in power of (d/a)
2d 2d 1 2d 2 1 2d 3
𝑒− a =1− + ( ) + ( ) +⋯
a 2 a 3! a
2d d d 2 4 d 3
𝑒− a = 1 − 2 + 2( ) + ( ) + ⋯
a a 3 a
Now
2d
d d2 d d 2 4 d 3
1 − e− a (1 + 2 a + 2 a2 ) = 1− (1 − 2 a + 2 (a ) + 3 (a ) +
d d2
⋯ ) (1 + 2 + 2 )
a a2
d d2 4 d 3 d d2
= 1− 1 + 2 − 2 − 3 ( a) +2 a + 2 a2 + ⋯
a a2
−
2d
d d2 4 d 3
1− e a (1 + 2 a + 2 a2 ) = ( ) (Neglecting higher order terms)
3 a
So equ (i) become
q 4 d 3
E𝑒 = ( )
4π𝜖𝑜 d2 3 a
1
E𝑒 = qd
3π𝜖𝑜 a3
𝟏
𝐄𝒆 = 𝐩
𝟑𝛑𝝐𝒐 𝐚𝟑
Problem#4.3
Sol: As ρ(r) = Ar
Electric field by Gauss’ law is given by
2
Qenc
∮ E. da = E(4πr ) =
𝜖𝑜
1 r
= ∫ Ar 4πr2 dr
𝜖𝑜 0
Or
1 4πA r4 Ar2
E= =
4πr2 𝜖𝑜 4 4ϵo
This ‘‘internal’’ field balances the external field E when nucleus is
‘‘off-center’’ an amount d then:
Ad2
E=
4ϵo
d = √4𝜖𝑜 E/A
So the induced dipole moment is
p = ed
p = 2e √𝜖𝑜 E/A
which gives us
p ∝ √𝐄
For Equation p = αE to hold in weak limit E must be proportional to r,
For small r, which mean ρ must go to constant (not zero) at origin:
ρ(0) ≠ 0 (nor infinite)
Problem#4.4
Figure 1 Figure 2
π
Field of this p1 at p2 ( θ = ):
2
p1 π π
E1 = ̂ + sin θ̂)
3 (2 cos 2 r
4π𝜖𝑜 r 2
p
E1 = 4π𝜖1 r3 θ̂ (points down)
𝑜
Torque on p2 :
N 2 = p2 × E 1
N2 = p2 E1 sin (90°)
N 2 = p2 E 1
𝐩𝟏 𝐩𝟐
N2 = (point into the page)
𝟒𝛑𝝐𝒐 𝐫𝟑
Field of this p2 at p1 ( θ = π ):
p
E2 = 4π𝜖2 r3 (2 cos π r̂ + sin π θ̂)
𝑜
p
E2 = 4π𝜖2 r3 (−2r̂) (points to right)
𝑜
Torque on p1 :
N1 = p1 × E2
N1 = p1 E2 sin (270°)
N1 = −p2 E1
2 p1 p2 𝐩𝟏 𝐩𝟐
N1 =
4π𝜖𝑜 r 3= 𝟐𝛑𝝐𝒐 𝐫𝟑
(point into the page)
Prob# 4.6
Sol:
W = QV(r)
For a physical dipole, with ‘−q’ at ‘r’ and ‘+q’ at ‘r+d’.
U = q[V(r + d) − V(r)]
r+d
= 𝑞 [− ∫ E. dℓ]
r
𝜎b = P. n̂ = kR
𝜌b = − ∇.P
1 ∂
= (r 2 kr)
r2 ∂r
1
𝜌b = 2(3kr 2 )
r
𝝆𝐛 = −3k
Part(b)
1
For r < R, E = ρ r r̂
3𝜖𝑜
E = −(k/ϵo )r
For r > R same as if all charge at centre; but
4
𝑄tot = (kR)(4πR2 ) + (−3k) ( πR3 ) = 0
3
So, E = 0
Prob#4.14
Sol: Total charge on dielectric is
Q tot = ∮ 𝜎b da + ∫ 𝜌b dτ
𝑆
𝑣
Q tot = ∮ P. da − ∫ ∇. P dτ
𝑆
𝑣
But divergence theorem says
∮ P. da = ∫ ∇. P dτ
𝑆 𝑣
So,
𝐐𝐭𝐨𝐭 = 𝟎