Previews - ASHRAE 100

ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2018
(Supersedes ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2015)

Includes ANSI/ASHRAE/IES addenda listed in Annex N
Energy Efficiency in
Existing Buildings
See Annex N for approval dates.
This Standard is under continuous maintenance by a Standing Standard Project Committee (SSPC) for which the Standards Com-
mittee has established a documented program for regular publication of addenda or revisions, including procedures for timely,
documented, consensus action on requests for change to any part of the Standard. The change submittal form, instructions, and
deadlines may be obtained in electronic form from the ASHRAE website (www.ashrae.org) or in paper form from the Senior
Manager of Standards. The latest edition of an ASHRAE Standard may be purchased from the ASHRAE website (www.ashrae.org)
or from ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail: orders@ashrae.org. Fax: 678-539-
2129. Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide), or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US and Canada). For reprint permission,
go to www.ashrae.org/permissions.
© 2018 ASHRAE ISSN 1041-2336

ASHRAE Standing Standard Project Committee 100
Cognizant TC: 7.6, Building Energy Performance
SPLS Liaison: Larry Kouma (2017–2018)
SPLS Liaison: Keith I. Emerson (2015–2017)
IES Staff Liaison: Mark Lien
ASHRAE Staff Liaison: Ryan Shanley (2017–2018)
ASHRAE Staff Liaison: Mark Weber (2015–2017)
Wayne H. Stoppelmoor, Jr.*, Chair Michael Jouaneh* Daniel G. Salinas*
Gordon V.R. Holness, Vice-Chair (2014–2017) Jim M. Kelsey Richard S. Sweetser
Glenn Friedman*, Secretary Dennis R. Landsberg* Adrienne G. Thomle*
Robert E. Chase Toby K.W. Lau* Cedric S. Trueman*
Joseph T. Firrantello* Neil P. Leslie* Ayman Youssef*
Charles R. Foster, III Richard J. Liesen* Alexander M. Zhivov
Michele Friedrich Jean T. Piecuch*
Kyle W. Hasenkox* Steven Rosenstock*
* Denotes members of voting status when the document was approved for publication
This edition of Standard 100 is dedicated to the memory of Michele Friedrich for her devotion and commitment of many years to ASHRAE
and to this standard, and to Jeff Park for his steadfast contribution to the previous edition of this standard.
ASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 2017–2018
Steven J. Emmerich, Chair Roger L. Hedrick David Robin

Donald M. Brundage, Vice-Chair Rick M. Heiden Peter Simmonds
Niels Bidstrup Jonathan Humble Dennis A. Stanke
Michael D. Corbat Srinivas Katipamula Wayne H. Stoppelmoor, Jr.
Drury B. Crawley Kwang Woo Kim Richard T. Swierczyna
Julie M. Ferguson Larry Kouma Jack H. Zarour
Michael W. Gallagher Arsen K. Melikov Lawrence C. Markel, BOD ExO
Walter T. Grondzik R. Lee Millies, Jr. M. Ginger Scoggins, CO
Vinod P. Gupta Karl L. Peterman
Susanna S. Hanson Erick A. Phelps
Steven C. Ferguson, Senior Manager of Standards

SPECIAL NOTE
This American National Standard (ANS) is a national voluntary consensus Standard developed under the auspices of ASHRAE. Consensus is defined by the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), of which ASHRAE is a member and which has approved this Standard as an ANS, as “substantial agreement
reached by directly and materially affected interest categories. This signifies the concurrence of more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity.
Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that an effort be made toward their resolution.” Compliance with this Standard is
voluntary until and unless a legal jurisdiction makes compliance mandatory through legislation.
ASHRAE obtains consensus through participation of its national and international members, associated societies, and public review.
ASHRAE Standards are prepared by a Project Committee appointed specifically for the purpose of writing the Standard. The Project Committee
Chair and Vice-Chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAE members, all must be technically
qualified in the subject area of the Standard. Every effort is made to balance the concerned interests on all Project Committees.
The Senior Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted for
a. interpretation of the contents of this Standard,
b. participation in the next review of the Standard,
c. offering constructive criticism for improving the Standard, or
d. permission to reprint portions of the Standard.
DISCLAIMER
ASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available information and accepted industry
practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or performance of any products, components, or systems tested, installed,
or operated in accordance with ASHRAE’s Standards or Guidelines or that any tests conducted under its Standards or Guidelines will be nonhazardous or
free from risk.
ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDS

ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of testing for rating purposes, by suggesting
safe practices in designing and installing equipment, by providing proper definitions of this equipment, and by providing other information that may serve
to guide the industry. The creation of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is determined by the need for them, and conformance to them is completely
voluntary.
In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or implied, that the
product has been approved by ASHRAE.
CONTENTS
ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2018
Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings
SECTION PAGE
Foreword .....................................................................................................................................................................2
1 Purpose.............................................................................................................................................................2
2 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................2
3 Definitions .........................................................................................................................................................2
4 Compliance Requirements................................................................................................................................4
5 Energy Management Plan.................................................................................................................................6
6 Operations and Maintenance Requirements.....................................................................................................8
7 Energy-Use Analysis and Target Requirements ...............................................................................................9
8 Energy Audit Requirements ............................................................................................................................28
9 Implementation and Verification Requirements ..............................................................................................30
10 Residential Buildings and Dwelling Units ........................................................................................................30
11 References ......................................................................................................................................................34
Normative Annex A: Alternative Energy Intensity Targets ....................................................................................35
Informative Annex B: Timeline ..............................................................................................................................52
Normative Annex C: Forms ...................................................................................................................................54
Informative Annex D: Operations and Maintenance Requirements for
Building Systems and Elements ........................................................................................................62
Informative Annex E: Energy Efficiency Measures ...............................................................................................68
Informative Annex F: Standard 100 Compliance Flow Chart ................................................................................75
Informative Annex G: Climate Zones ....................................................................................................................76
Informative Annex H: Simple Payback and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis ...................................................................77
Informative Annex I: Building Energy Modeling.....................................................................................................78
Informative Annex J: Derivation of Energy Intensity Targets for Standard 100.....................................................79
Informative Annex K: Fuel Heat Content Conversion Values—“Other” Fuels.......................................................93
Normative Annex L: Operations and Maintenance Implementation ......................................................................95
Informative Annex M: Guidance on Building Type Definitions ..............................................................................97
Informative Annex N: Addenda Description Information .....................................................................................100
NOTE
Approved addenda, errata, or interpretations for this standard can be downloaded free of charge from the ASHRAE
Web site at www.ashrae.org/technology.
© 2018 ASHRAE
1791 Tullie Circle NE · Atlanta, GA 30329 · www.ashrae.org · All rights reserved.
ASHRAE is a registered trademark of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
ANSI is a registered trademark of the American National Standards Institute.
(This foreword is not part of this standard. It is merely unabridged dictionary accepted by the authority having juris-
informative and does not contain requirements necessary diction.
for conformance to the standard. It has not been pro-
analog control: a control loop in which data is expressed or
cessed according to the ANSI requirements for a standard
measured by means of one or more physical properties that
and may contain material that has not been subject to
can express any value along a continuous scale. All types of
public review or a consensus process. Unresolved objec-
control systems may provide analog control.
tors on informative material are not offered the right to
appeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.) authority having jurisdiction (AHJ): the agency or agent
responsible for enforcing this standard.
FOREWORD
baseline: the first-year energy-use intensity for the building at
With the publication of the 2015 edition, Standard 100 was the beginning of the compliance determination process.
placed on continuous maintenance, which allowed it to be
binary control: a control loop in which there are only two
revised periodically via approved addenda. This 2018 edition
states, such as on-off or open-closed.
of the standard includes the following changes:
building: a structure, including mobile homes, manufactured
• The Purpose of the standard more clearly indicates the
homes, and other factory-built buildings, wholly or partially
overall goal, which is to reduce energy use in existing
enclosed within exterior walls, or within exterior and party
buildings while recognizing the importance of both
walls, and a roof, that affords shelter to persons, animals, or
energy efficiency and actual performance.
property.
• Normative primary energy EUI target tables are pro-
vided in Sections 7 and 10 and in Normative Annex A, building manager: the person responsible for maintaining the
along with a primary energy EUI calculation option in building, its envelope, and its energy-using systems. The
Annex A, to add an alternative compliance path for the building manager may also be the person responsible for
qualified person seeking compliance with the standard. expending funds on capital improvements to the building.
• Energy audit requirements for buildings without energy building operator: the person or persons who have responsi-
targets are clarified by qualifying when a Level 1 audit bility to inspect, operate, and maintain the building systems
can be used to comply with the standard. and components that fall within the scope of this standard.
• New Informative Annex M provides additional guidance The building operator may be an employee of the building
on selecting the appropriate building type. owner, the building manager, or a contractor.
building owner: the holder of the property title for the build-
1. PURPOSE ing and/or the land upon which the building sits.
1.1 This standard provides criteria that will result in reduced capital management plan: a financial plan to set aside capital
energy consumption through improved energy efficiency and to replace or upgrade building systems at the end of their use-
performance in existing buildings. ful life and/or to improve performance and energy efficiency.
1.2 This standard is directed toward providing procedures
complex: a group of individual or interconnected buildings on
and programs essential to energy efficient operation, mainte-
contiguous property.
nance, management, and monitoring; increasing the energy
efficiency of the energy-using systems and components; and conditional compliance: a compliance level between the
upgrading the thermal performance of the building envelope. completion of implementation in Section 9.1 and verification
of compliance in Section 9.2. Conditional compliance expires
2. SCOPE 15 months following the completion of implementation.
This standard applies to existing buildings, portions of build- conditioned space: a space that is provided with heating and/
ings, and building complexes, including the envelope and all or cooling capable of maintaining the temperature of the
systems in the building. This standard excludes industrial and space between 50°F (10°C) and 86°F (30°C)
agricultural processes in buildings for which the energy tar-
crawl spaces: a shallow, unfinished space beneath the first
gets do not include those processes.
floor or under the roof of a building.
3. DEFINITIONS daylight harvesting: the automatic control of electric light
3.1 General. Certain terms, abbreviations, and acronyms are levels in response to the amount of daylight in the space.
defined in this section for the purposes of this standard. These daylight hours: the period from 30 minutes after sunrise to 30
definitions are applicable to all sections of this standard. minutes before sunset.
Terms that are not defined herein, but that are defined in
dimmer: a device that varies the current through an electric
standards that are referenced herein, shall have the meanings
light in order to control its level of illumination and energy
as defined in those standards.
usage.
Other terms that are not defined shall have their ordi-
narily accepted meanings within the context in which they are direct digital control (DDC): a control system consisting of
used. Ordinarily accepted meanings shall be based on Ameri- microprocessor-based controllers that monitor and control
can Standard English language use, as documented in an building systems equipment through input devices (such as
2 ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2018

sensors), output devices (such as switches and actuators), and interactive effect: the change in resultant energy-savings esti-
programmed control sequences. mates or actual energy savings due to analyzing or imple-
discounted payback: the time when the accumulated savings menting multiple EEMs that interact with one another.
achieved by an investment, discounted by the appropriate dis- internal rate of return (IRR): the discount rate in a capital
count rate, equals the initial cost of the investment. The project that makes the net present value of all cash flows from
appropriate discount rate is determined by the facility owner a particular project equal to zero. The higher a project’s IRR,
to reflect the owner’s investment criteria. the more desirable it is to undertake the project. IRR can be
energy accounting system: a system for measuring, collect- used to rank several prospective projects under consideration.
ing, and documenting the building’s use of energy. IRR is defined by the following equation:
energy auditor: see qualified energy auditor. n
CF t
energy cost: the total cost for energy supplied to a building or 0 =  -------------------------
 1 + IRR  t
– CF 0
building site, including such charges as base charges, con- t=1
sumption charges, demand charges, customer charges, power
where
factor charges, and miscellaneous charges such as sales taxes.
energy efficiency measure (EEM): an action taken in the oper- n = the useful life of the measure in years
ation or equipment in a building that reduces the energy use of CFt = the annual cost savings of the measure in year t
the building without negative impact within the building. (cash flow in year t)
energy manager (EM): the individual, identified by the CF0 = the initial cost of the measure (cash flow initial)
building owner, who has responsibility for ensuring that
energy use in the building is minimized without compromis- lamp: a replaceable component of a luminaire, such as an
ing the indoor environmental quality (building indoor air incandescent light bulb, which is designed to produce light
quality, thermal comfort, visual acuity and comfort, sound from electricity.
quality). The EM may be the building owner, a tenant, an
lighting schedule: a list that provides a count of all lumi-
employee of the owner or tenant, or a contractor retained by
naires in the building, their lamps, lighting controls, fixture
the owner or tenant.
types, and product information.
energy-use intensity (EUI): an expression of building energy
lighting power density: the lighting power per unit area of a
use per year in terms of net energy divided by gross floor
building or a space in a building.
area.
energy target (EUIt): the net EUI (of a building) that has luminaire: a complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or
been established for compliance with this standard. lamps (and ballasts and/or drivers when applicable) together
with the housing designed to distribute the light, position and
gross floor area for nonresidential buildings: the sum of the protect the lamps, and connect the lamps to the power supply.
floor areas of all the spaces within the building with no
deductions for floor penetrations other than atria. It is mea- maintain: the process of keeping equipment and components
sured from the exterior faces of exterior walls or from the operating or functioning in accordance with manufacturers’
centerline of walls separating buildings, but it excludes cov- recommendations and industry standards over their service
ered walkways, open roofed-over areas, porches and similar lives. It involves but is not limited to carrying out observation,
spaces, pipe trenches, exterior terraces or steps, roof over- lubrication, adjustment, calibration, testing, cleaning, replace-
hangs, parking garages, surface parking, and similar features. ment, and repair at appropriate intervals as applicable to the
specific equipment or component.
gross floor area for residential buildings: the sum of the
floor areas of all the conditioned (heated and/or cooled) motion sensor: an occupancy sensor used for exterior areas.
spaces within the building, including conditioned garages,
multiscene control: a lighting control device or system that
conditioned basements, and conditioned attics. It is measured
allows for two or more predefined lighting settings, in addi-
from the exterior faces of exterior walls or from the centerline
tion to an “all off” setting, for two or more groups of lumi-
of walls separating buildings. It excludes crawl spaces, cov-
naires to suit multiple activities in the space, and allows the
ered walkways, open roofed-over areas, porches and similar
automatic recall of these settings.
spaces, exterior terraces or steps, and roof overhangs.
high-efficacy lamps: lamps with a minimum efficacy of 60 lm/ net energy: the sum of the metered energy entering the build-
W for lamps over 40 W, 50 lm/W for lamps over 15 to 40 W, or ing minus metered energy leaving the building. The same
40 lm/W for lamps 15 W or less. applies to portions of buildings with submetering. Bulk fuels
are included using the equation in Section 5.2.2.1.
HVAC system: the equipment, distribution systems, and ter-
minals that provide the processes of heating, ventilating, or nighttime hours: the period from 30 minutes before sunset to
air conditioning to a building or portion of a building. 30 minutes after sunrise.
industrial process: a systematic series of mechanical or nonrenewable energy: energy other than renewable energy or
chemical operations that produce or manufacture something. recovered energy.
ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2018 3

nonresidential building: as used in this standard, any build- recovered energy: energy reclaimed for useful purposes that
ing that does not match one of the types of residential build- would otherwise be wasted.
ings listed in the Table 7-1. residential building: for the purposes of this standard, any
nontarget buildings: buildings with activities not listed in building matching one of the descriptions for building types
Table 7-1 in more than 50% of the gross floor area. 49 through 53 in Table 7-1.
occupancy sensor: a device that detects the presence or service log: a document in which service and maintenance
absence of people within an area and causes lighting, equip- work performed for a given piece of equipment is recorded,
ment, or appliances to be regulated accordingly. and that contains a date, the service technician’s name, and a
optimized bundle: a collection of EEMs that maximizes the description of work performed.
energy savings at a facility within the cost effectiveness crite- simple payback (years): the estimated initial cost of an EEM
ria of the standard. It excludes any measure with a simple divided by the estimated annual cost savings of the measure
payback that exceeds the life of the measure. A bundle of expressed in years. The cost savings may include energy cost
measures is optimized by including the maximum number of savings and incremental routine operations and maintenance
EEMs within the bundle while still meeting the cost effective- costs.
ness criteria. The process for determining the optimized bun- site energy: energy consumed by a building as measured at
dle may be an iterative one due to interactive effects of the boundaries of the building site.
individual EEMs.
source energy: energy consumed by a building as measured
photosensor: a device that detects the presence of and/or at the building converted using source (primary) energy con-
measures the amount of visible light, infrared (IR) transmis- version factors to account for the energy consumed in the
sion, and/or ultraviolet (UV) energy, and emits a signal based extraction, processing, and transport of primary fuels such as
on the presence, absence, and/or amount of these entities. coal, oil, and natural gas; energy losses in thermal combustion
primary energy: see source energy. in power-generation plants; and energy losses in transmission
and distribution to the building. See also primary energy.
qualified commissioning authority: a person with experience
commissioning at least two projects of similar size and of zone: a space or group of spaces within a building for which
similar equipment to the current project, and at least one in the heating, cooling, or lighting requirements are sufficiently
the last three years. This experience includes the writing and similar that desired conditions can be maintained throughout
execution of verification checks and functional test plans; any by a single controlling device.
one of the following: 3.2 Abbreviations and Acronyms
a. A licensed professional engineer in the jurisdiction AHJ authority having jurisdiction
where the project is located
DDC direct digital control
b. A Certified CPMP (ASHRAE), a Certified Commis-
sioning Professional (Building Commissioning Associ- EEM energy efficiency measure
ation), Certified Commissioning Authority (AABC EM energy manager
Commissioning Group), Accredited Commissioning
Process Provider (University of Wisconsin at Madison), EUI energy-use intensity
Systems Commissioning Administrator (National IRR internal rate of return
Environmental Balancing Bureau), or Certified Build- O&M operations and maintenance
ing Commissioning Professional (Association of
Energy Engineers) 4. COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS
c. A person qualified by the AHJ
4.1 Building Type Requirements
qualified energy auditor: a person having training and exper- 4.1.1 Nonresidential Building
tise in building energy auditing; any one of the following:
4.1.1.1 A building or complex of buildings whose major-
a. A licensed professional architect or engineer in the ity of gross floor area has activities number 1 through 48 and/
jurisdiction where the project is located or 53 in Table 7-1 shall comply with the requirements of Sec-
b. An energy auditor/assessor/analyst certified by tions 4.2 and 4.3.
ASHRAE or AEE for all building types, or certified by 4.1.1.2 The qualified person determining compliance shall
BPI or RESnet for residential buildings
c. A person qualified by the AHJ a. determine whether or not the building seeking compliance
has an energy target (EUIt) according to Section 7,
qualified person: a person having training and expertise in b. establish the energy target (EUIt) according to Section 7,
building energy-use analysis; any of the following: c. complete Form B,
a. A licensed professional architect or engineer, or d. indicate on Form A if this compliance is for the whole
licensed contractor in the jurisdiction where the proj- building or for individual tenant spaces in a multitenant
ect is located building, and
b. A certified energy auditor or manager e. submit Forms A, B, and C to the authority having juris-
c. A person qualified by the AHJ diction (AHJ).

4.1.2 Residential Building measured EUI is less than or equal to the energy target, the
4.1.2.1 A building with activities number 49 through 52 in building complies with the standard. If the building’s postim-
Table 7-1 shall comply with the requirements of Section 10. plementation measured EUI is greater than the energy target,
4.1.2.2 The qualified person determining compliance the building does not comply with the standard and the condi-
shall indicate on Form A if this compliance is for the whole tional compliance is suspended until either
building or for individual dwellings in a multidwelling build- a. additional EEMs have been implemented that reduce the
ing and submit Forms A, B, and C to the AHJ. subsequently measured EUI to below the energy target and
4.1.3 Buildings with Residential and a new Form A is submitted to the AHJ or
Nonresidential activities b. the AHJ revokes conditional compliance.
4.1.3.1 Individual dwelling units in a multitenant building
seeking compliance apart from the building shall comply with 4.3.3 Buildings without Energy Targets
Section 10. 4.3.3.1 A qualified energy auditor shall conduct an
4.1.3.2 The qualified person determining compliance for energy audit according to Section 8, and the optimized bundle
buildings with both residential and nonresidential activities of EEMs shall be identified according to Section 9.1.1.2.
shall comply with Section 4.1.1.2. 4.3.3.2 Implement EEMs. The entire optimized bundle
4.2 Energy Management Plan and Operations and of EEMs identified shall be implemented. Upon completion
Maintenance Program of the implementation of the optimized bundle of EEMs, a
building shall be granted conditional compliance in accor-
4.2.1 Operations and Maintenance. The building man-
dance with Section 9.1.1.2.
ager shall comply with the operations and maintenance
(O&M) requirements of Section 6. The qualified person Exception to 4.3.3.2: No individual requirement need be
determining compliance shall state in writing on Form A that met that would compromise the historical integrity of
the operating and maintenance requirements of Section 6 a building or part of a building designated by a gov-
have been met according to the following subsections. ernment body for long-term preservation in its exist-
4.2.1.1 For first-time applicants, for the previous year. ing state, such as historical monuments.
4.2.1.2 For previously compliant buildings, since the pre- 4.3.3.3 Verification of Compliance. If the building com-
vious validation of compliance. plies with Section 4.2, then within 15 months following the
4.2.2 Energy Management Plan. The building manager completion of implementation of the optimized bundle of
shall comply with the energy management requirements of EEMs, building owners with conditional compliance or the
Section 5. The qualified person determining compliance shall qualified person representing the building owner shall submit
state in writing on Form A that the energy management pro- verification that measured postimplementation energy savings
gram described in Section 5 has been developed and is being meet or exceed 75% of the energy savings projected in the
maintained as of the date on Form A. energy audit report to the AHJ. Energy savings shall be com-
pared at the whole-building consumption level in common
4.3 Building Energy Use units for electricity, fossil fuels, and other sources. If the mea-
4.3.1 Measured EUI. The qualified person shall calculate sured postimplementation energy savings of the package of
the building’s measured energy-use intensity (EUI) by com- EEMs do not meet or exceed 75% of the energy savings pro-
pleting Form C according to Section 5.2. jected in the energy audit, the conditional compliance is sus-
4.3.2 Buildings with Energy Targets pended until either
4.3.2.1 Building Meets the Energy Target (EUIt). If the a. additional EEMs are implemented that reduce the subse-
building’s measured EUI is less than or equal to its energy quently measured energy savings of the package of EEMs
target, the building complies. so that it meets or exceeds 75% of the energy savings pro-
4.3.2.2 Building Does not Meet the Energy Target jected in the energy audit or
(EUIt). A qualified energy auditor shall complete an energy b. the AHJ revokes conditional compliance.
audit according to Section 8, and EEMs that will reduce
energy use to meet the energy target shall be implemented 4.4 General
according to Section 9. Upon completion of the implementa- 4.4.1 Administrative Requirements. Administrative
tion of all required EEMs, a building shall be granted condi- requirements relating to permits, enforcement by the AHJ,
tional compliance. locally adopted energy standards including energy perfor-
Exception to 4.3.2.2: No individual requirement need be mance targets, interpretations, claims of exemption, and
met that would compromise the historical integrity of rights of appeal are specified by the AHJ.
a building or part of a building designated by a gov- 4.4.2 Alternative Energy Targets (EUIt). The qualified
ernment body for long-term preservation in its exist- person determining compliance shall demonstrate to the AHJ
ing state, such as historical monuments. that they have met the required energy targets on either a site
4.3.2.3 Verification of Compliance. Within fifteen energy or source energy basis in accordance with Section 7 or
months after the completion of Section 4.3.2.2, the EUI shall Section 10 or have met the requirements in Section 4.3.3 for
be recalculated by the energy manager (EM) from 12 consec- buildings without energy targets. Alternative performance
utive months of measured energy use, and Form A shall be requirements, such as those in Normative Annex A, are per-
resubmitted to the AHJ. If the building’s postimplementation mitted to be specified by the AHJ.

5. ENERGY MANAGEMENT PLAN 5.1.3 The EM shall provide a copy of the energy manage-
ment plan to the building occupants and other stakeholders
5.1 Establish the Energy Management Plan
annually.
5.1.1 The building owner shall designate an energy man-
5.1.4 The building owner shall review and sign the energy
ager (EM) to develop and maintain an energy management
management plan annually.
plan for the building.
Exception to 5.1.1: Buildings smaller than 5000 ft2 5.2 Building Energy Monitoring. Building net energy use
(465 m2) are not required to have an EM or an energy shall be monitored and recorded in accordance with following
management plan. sections.
5.2.1 Provide measured net energy consumption data for
5.1.2 The energy management plan shall incorporate the each building, including all forms of imported and exported
following. energy from at least 12 consecutive months of data monitored
5.1.2.1 An energy accounting system to record the energy in a period not to exceed two years prior to the efficiency
use in accordance with Section 5.2. audit. The net energy concept is illustrated in Figure 5-1 and
5.1.2.2 In the initial year of compliance, the building’s Table 5-1 and is calculated in accordance with Section 5.2.4
energy-use intensity (EUI). as follows:
5.1.2.3 Annual updates of the net energy use and EUI. Net energy use = (1a + 1b + 1c + 1d)
5.1.2.4 Annual comparison of the net EUI to the energy – (3a + 3b + 3c + 3d + 3e)
target. where 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d are metered energy supplies that are
5.1.2.5 Documentation of original, current, and changes used in the building (this includes bulk energy sources), and
in number of occupants, weekly operating hours, or time of 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, and 3e are metered energy excesses that are
day scheduled for occupancy, production rates, and energy- supplied to another building or grid as useful energy.
using equipment that would have caused change in the mea- 5.2.2 Energy-use data for each type of energy imported into
sured EUI. and exported from the building shall be collected from utility
5.1.2.6 Energy audit reports and recommended energy or energy delivery bills (that must include the quantity of
efficiency measures (EEMs). (Refer to Section 8.) energy or fuel delivered) or by monitoring local energy
5.1.2.7 A list of EEMs that have been implemented and meters (either utility or owner-provided meters). If the
dates of implementation, including the following: exported energy cannot be measured, it shall be estimated
using a methodology that is acceptable to the authority hav-
a. An operations and maintenance (O&M) program as ing jurisdiction (AHJ).
defined in Section 6 for the EEMs 5.2.2.1 When an energy type such as oil, solid fuels, or
b. An implementation plan for EEMs, including EEM com- biomass is delivered in bulk to the building for storage prior
missioning to actual use, the annual energy use for that energy type shall
c. Staff training plan for EEMs be calculated as follows:
d. Ongoing commissioning plans for the EEMs
Annual energy use = A + B – C
5.1.2.8 A method to inform occupants about the benefits
of efficient energy use, and to instruct them in the use and where
adjustment of operable windows, HVAC system controls, and A = measured inventory of the energy type at the
lighting system components and controls. This shall include beginning of the 12 month period, converted to energy
materials (electronic or printed) as appropriate. equivalent (Refer to Section 5.2.3.)
5.1.2.9 A training plan for the O&M personnel to operate B = the amount of the energy type delivered to the
the building systems to achieve established indoor environ- building during the 12month period, converted to
mental targets with optimum energy efficiency. energy equivalent (Refer to Section 5.2.3.)
5.1.2.10 A capital management plan identifying equip- C = measured inventory of the energy type at the end of
ment for replacement with energy efficient and ENERGY the 12 month period, converted to energy equivalent
STAR® rated equipment in case of failure. (Refer to Section 5.2.3.)
5.1.2.11 A contact list of suppliers and manufacturers’ 5.2.2.2 If the annual energy consumption of an invento-
local representatives of energy efficient equipment, qualified ried energy type is less than twice its on-site storage capacity,
energy auditors, the EM, and the building owner. the inventory measurement accuracy and methodology shall
5.1.2.12 The current lighting schedule and the calculated be reported as part of the energy accounting system documen-
lighting power density along with the potential savings from tation.
any potential EEMs. 5.2.3 Energy Conversion Factors. The site energy content
5.1.2.13 The current lighting satisfaction survey and of different forms of purchased energy shall be converted
lighting checklist as described in Appendix D of Performance from the purchased unit to the standard site energy unit. If site
Measurement Protocols for Commercial Buildings 1. energy conversion factors are not provided by the utility or

Figure 5-1 Net energy concept.
Table 5-1 Energy Flow Definitions
Building Renewable Energy Exported from Building

Energy Delivered to Building Energy Production for Beneficial Use
1a. Electrical 2a. Electrical 3a. Excess solar thermal
1b. Gas 2b. Thermal 3b. Excess solar or wind electrical
1c. Steam/hot-water (HW)/chilled and hot water (CHW) 3c. Recovered thermal energy
1d. Bulk fuel (coal/biomass/propane/oil) 3d. Excess co-gen electrical
3e. Excess co-gen thermal
fuel supplier, the conversion factors in Table 5-2a shall be 5.2.4.4 Record each residential building’s EUI as fol-
used. (See also Informative Annex K.) lows, as applicable:
5.2.4 The energy accounting system shall perform the fol- a. annual net energy use, MJ/gross floor area for residential
lowing. buildings, m2
5.2.4.1 Record annual net energy consumption data for b. annual net energy use, kBtu/gross floor area for residen-
each building, including all forms of purchased energy from tial buildings, ft2
at least 12 consecutive months of data.
5.2.4.2 Record total net energy use expressed as Btu/year 5.3 Energy Manager. The EM shall be responsible for the
(MJ/year). following.
5.2.4.3 Record each nonresidential building’s EUI as fol- 5.3.1 Conducting technical, policy-related planning related
lows, as applicable: to energy efficiency.
5.3.2 Purchasing energy for spaces under his or her control.
a. Annual net energy use, MJ/gross floor area for nonresi-
dential buildings, m2 5.3.3 Public relations matters related to energy.
b. Annual net energy use, kBtu/gross floor area for nonresi- 5.3.4 Implementing the results of energy audits and EEMs
dential buildings, ft2 outlined in the energy management plan.

Table 5-2a Site Energy Conversion Factors 6. OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE
REQUIREMENTS
Fuel Oils kJ/L Btu/U.S. gal
6.1 Scope. Section 6 applies to the building envelope, build-
#1 37,600 135,000 ing systems, and building equipment that directly or indi-
#2 38,700 139,000 rectly consume energy.
6.2 Operations and Maintenance Program. A formal oper-
#4 40,700 146,000
ations and maintenance (O&M) program shall be established
#5L 41,300 148,000 and implemented in order that the building energy-using sys-
tems achieve their intended energy efficiency throughout their
#5H 41,800 150,000
service life.
#6 42,900 154,000 It documents the O&M objectives, establishes the criteria
for evaluation, and commits the building operator and main-
Gas kJ/m3 Btu/ft3 tenance personnel to basic goals of performance (such as
Natural Gas 38,400 1030 minimizing equipment failures, ensuring ongoing efficient
operation, and performing identified maintenance require-
kJ/L Btu/U.S. gal ments).
Propane 25,500 91,600 6.3 Operation and Maintenance Implementation. The
Electricity kJ/kWh Btu/kWh O&M program shall be implemented in accordance with Nor-
mative Annex L.
3600 3412
6.4 Operations and Maintenance Tasks
Informative Note: Energy accounting and conversion factors shown in Table 5-2 are 6.4.1 Maintenance for all equipment, components, and sys-
based on site energy.
tems shall be in accordance with applicable manufacturers’
requirements and shall also include tasks that minimize fail-
Table 5-2b Primary Energy Conversion Factors ures and maintain energy consumption efficiency, such as
Energy Form Conversion Factor
those found in Informative Annex D for the following build-
ing systems:
Electricity 3.15
• Building envelope
Natural gas 1.09 • Domestic hot water
Fuel oil 1.19 • Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
• Refrigeration
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or propane 1.15
• Lighting
Other 1.10
• Controls
Purchased district energy Hot water 1.35 • Electric power distribution and on-site power generation
Steam 1.45 6.4.2 Safe and reasonable access shall be provided to all
equipment covered by the O&M program for inspection,
Chilled water 1.04
maintenance, and repairs.
Informative Note: Energy accounting and conversion factors shown in Table 5-2b are
based on site energy using conversion factors in Table 5-2a converted to primary or
6.4.3 The O&M requirements shall be reevaluated when
source energy. Section 4.4.2 of the standard allows alternative energy targets established building use changes or renovations/alterations are made that
by the adopting AHJ. The AHJ may choose to use site energy to source energy conver-
sion factors shown in Table 5-2b or may use other conversion factors following the
affect the facility’s operations.
processes and procedures incorporated within ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 105, Standard
Methods of Determining, Expressing, and Comparing Building Energy Performance
6.5 Tenant Improvements. The energy manager (EM) shall
and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. The AHJ may also choose to use locally appropriate put in place a formal process to ensure that any tenant
factors for source (primary) energy. improvements involving a change in space use or the reloca-
tion of partitions (including partial height partitions) do not
5.3.5 Evaluating energy efficiency of proposed new con- change the annual net energy use except to the extent that the
struction, facility expansion, remodeling, or new equipment annual net energy use change (increase or decrease) is consis-
purchases. tent with any change in the building’s energy target.
5.3.6 Reviewing building O&M procedures for optimal 6.6 Equipment and Component Replacement
energy management. 6.6.1 When HVAC, domestic hot-water heating, or refriger-
ation equipment or appliances are replaced, the replacement
5.3.7 Adhering to energy codes and standards. equipment shall meet the most stringent energy efficiency
requirements in the federal equipment standards, in the appli-
5.3.8 Reporting regularly to management and other stake-
cable building code, in ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.12, or in
holders .
ASHRAE Standard 90.2 3.
5.3.9 Developing and implementing an energy efficiency Exception to 6.6.1: Equipment intended for standby or
plan according to Section 9.1. emergency use only.

6.6.2 Lighting Replacement the following equation, and reported on Normative Annex C,
6.6.2.1 When lighting equipment is replaced, the replace- Form B:
ment equipment shall meet the most stringent energy effi- EUIt = (A × S × EUIt1)1 + (A × S × EUIt1)2 + …
ciency requirements in both the federal equipment standards
+ (A × S × EUIt1)i + … + (A × S × EUIt1)n
and in the applicable building code.
6.6.2.2 The replacement of any lighting equipment shall where
not increase the existing installed lighting power demand.
(A)i = percentage of the gross floor area with
Exception to 6.6.2.2: The existing installed lighting single building activity i
power may proportionally increase when the current
light levels are below those recommended in the IES (EUIt1)i = building activity target from Table 7-2a
Lighting Handbook 4. or 7-2b for space i
(S)i = operating shifts normalization factor
7. ENERGY-USE ANALYSIS AND from Table 7-3 for space i
TARGET REQUIREMENTS
(A × S × EUIt1)i = the weighted space EUI target for space i
7.1 Building Type and Energy Targets
Exceptions to 7.2.3:
7.1.1 Building Type. Buildings are divided into 53 types
with activities as shown in Table 7-1. Buildings with one or 1. Spaces where more than 75% of the gross floor area
more activities listed in Table 7-1 have energy targets as has a unique building activity shall be reported as a
shown in Table 7-2a or 7-2b. single-use building or as a multiuse building in
7.1.2 Energy Targets. Site-based energy targets are shown accordance with either Section 7.2.2 or Section
in Tables 7-2a in both I-P and SI units, while source-based 7.2.3.
energy targets are shown in Tables 7-2b in both I-P and SI 2. Spaces less than 10% of the gross floor area with a
units. Site energy electricity use and fossil fuel use targets unique building activity can combine their floor area
listed in Tables 7-2c and 7-2d are for use in target calculations with the floor area within the building that has a sim-
by authorities having jurisdiction. ilar building activity as determined by the EM or
All energy targets were derived from Commercial Build- other qualified person.
ing Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) 2003 and Resi- 3. Spaces in buildings with multiple activities that are
dential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) 2005 data by not listed in Table 7-1 and have a total combined
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and the U.S. Depart- area  A nont arg et comprising less than 10% of the
ment of Energy (USDOE) and represent the 25th bottom (low building gross floor area Agross can be excluded from
energy) percentile of energy use by each building category. building energy target calculations if the energy use
The median numbers for each building category from of such space is metered separately. The energy tar-
CBECS and RECS data representing all buildings in the get for the remaining part of the building shall be
building type/activity across all climatic conditions were calculated after deducting the unlisted building type
extrapolated to 17 USDOE climate zones using multipliers floor area from the building gross floor area (Agross –
generated through simulation of a representative building for  A nontarg et).
each group of building categories. Informative Annex J gives 4. Spaces in multiple-activities buildings, with activi-
a detailed explanation of target table derivation. ties not listed in Table 7-1, comprising more than
Informative Note: Tables 7-2c and 7-2d should not be 10% but not more than 50% of the gross floor area
applied separately for individual energy sources. The tables are shall comply with either Section 7.2.3, Exception 3,
used in accordance with Normative Annex A, Equation A-1, to or Sections 4.1, 4.2, 4.3.1, and 4.3.3.
determine the appropriate source energy target. 7.2.4 Energy Targets for Vacant and
7.2 Determining Energy Target (EUIt) Partially Vacant Buildings
7.2.1 The energy manager (EM) or qualified person shall 7.2.4.1 The energy target for a 100% vacant building
determine the energy target (EUIt) according to Section 7.2.2 shall be based on its prevacancy activity if the intended use of
for single-type/activity buildings and Section 7.2.3 for mixed- the building will be unchanged.
use buildings, and shall complete Form B. 7.2.4.2 If the total floor area of a nonheated, noncooled,
7.2.2 Energy targets for buildings with a single activity and nonilluminated vacant part of a building is smaller than
shall be calculated as follows: 30% of the gross floor area, then it shall be excluded from
(EUIt) = S × (EUIt1) the gross floor area, and the energy target shall be deter-
mined based on the remainder of the building as described in
where (EUIt1) is the building activity energy target value in Section 7.2.3.
Table 7-2a or 7-2b for the appropriate building activities/types 7.2.4.3 If the vacant part of a building is heated and/or
and climate, and S is the building operating shifts normaliza- cooled and the building energy-use data for a recent 12 con-
tion factor in Table 7-3. secutive month period when the building was occupied is not
7.2.3 Energy targets for buildings with multiple activities available, compliance of this part of the building will be
shall be determined using weighted averages of building determined after it becomes occupied and energy-use data
activity energy target for each area with a single activity, per become available for 12 consecutive months.

Table 7-1 Commercial and Residential Building Types/Activities
No. Commercial Building Type No. Commercial Building Type

1 Admin/professional office 28 Preschool/daycare
2 Bank/other financial 29 Other classroom education
3 Government office 30 Fast food
4 Medical office (nondiagnostic) 31 Restaurant/cafeteria
5 Mixed-use office 32 Other food service
6 Other office 33 Hospital/inpatient health
7 Laboratory 34 Nursing home/assisted living
8 Distribution/ship center 35 Dormitory/fraternity/sorority
9 Nonrefrigerated warehouse 36 Hotel
10 Convenience store 37 Motel or inn
11 Convenience store + gas 38 Other lodging
12 Grocery/food market 39 Vehicle dealership/showroom
13 Other food sales 40 Retail store
14 Fire/police station 41 Other retail
15 Other public order/safety 42 Post office/postal center
16 Medical office (diagnostic) 43 Repair shop
17 Clinic/other outpatient health 44 Vehicle service/repair shop
18 Refrigerated warehouse 45 Vehicle storage/maintenance
19 Religious worship 46 Other service
20 Entertainment/culture 47 Strip shopping mall
21 Library 48 Enclosed mall
22 Recreation No. Residential Building Type
23 Social/meeting 49 Mobile home
24 Other public assembly 50 Single-family detached
25 College/university 51 Single-family attached
26 Elementary/middle school 52 Apartment building (2 to 4 units)
27 High school 53 Apartment building (5+ units)
Informative Note: Apartments with units where all utilities are submetered are considered as single-family attached residences, and those with at least one type of utility not submetered,
(e.g., hot water, steam) are considered as nonresidence (#53). Examples: social housing, leased condos.

Table 7-2a Building Activity Site Energy Targets (EUIt1) (I-P Units)
EUIs by Building Type by Climate Zone (kBtu/ft2·yr)

ASHRAE Climate Zone
3B 3B
No. Commercial Building Type 1A 2A 2B 3A Coast Other 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 5Ca 6A 6B 7 8
1 Admin/professional office 39 40 39 42 33 39 33 46 40 40 48 42 39 54 47 58 81
2 Bank/other financial 55 57 56 59 46 55 47 65 56 57 68 59 56 76 67 82 115
3 Government office 49 50 49 52 41 48 42 57 49 50 60 52 49 67 59 72 101
4 Medical office 33 34 33 35 28 33 28 39 34 34 41 36 33 46 40 49 69
(nondiagnostic)
5 Mixed-use office 45 46 45 48 38 45 39 53 46 47 56 48 45 62 55 67 94
6 Other office 38 39 38 40 32 37 32 44 38 39 47 40 38 52 46 56 78
7 Laboratory 178 176 171 175 147 165 159 194 173 179 209 187 181 232 211 249 331
8 Distribution/shipping center 12 16 16 20 11 18 14 27 23 22 36 30 24 49 40 60 113
9 Nonrefrigerated warehouse 6 8 8 10 5 9 7 13 11 11 17 14 12 24 19 29 54
10 Convenience store 135 146 135 152 127 139 141 166 150 157 178 162 167 193 179 208 263
11 Convenience store with gas 108 118 109 122 102 112 114 133 121 126 144 130 135 156 144 168 212
12 Grocery/food market 112 122 113 127 106 116 118 138 125 131 149 135 139 161 149 174 219
13 Other food sales 34 37 34 38 32 35 36 42 38 40 45 41 42 49 45 53 66
14 Fire/police station 66 65 63 64 54 61 59 71 64 66 77 69 67 85 78 92 122
15 Other public order and safety 60 59 57 59 49 55 53 65 58 60 70 63 61 78 71 84 111
16 Medical office (diagnostic) 33 32 32 32 30 32 27 32 30 28 30 30 28 31 30 31 35
17 Clinic/other outpatient health 50 48 49 48 45 48 40 48 46 42 46 45 42 47 45 46 52
18 Refrigerated warehouse 69 68 66 68 57 64 62 75 67 69 81 72 70 90 82 96 128
19 Religious worship 23 23 22 23 19 22 21 25 23 23 27 25 24 30 28 33 43
20 Entertainment/culture 23 23 22 23 19 21 21 25 23 23 27 24 24 30 28 32 43
21 Library 61 61 59 60 50 57 55 67 60 61 72 64 62 80 73 86 114
22 Recreation 26 26 25 26 22 24 24 29 26 26 31 28 27 34 31 37 49
23 Social/meeting 28 27 26 27 23 26 25 30 27 28 32 29 28 36 33 39 51
24 Other public assembly 28 28 27 28 23 26 25 31 27 28 33 30 29 37 33 39 52
25 College/university 62 61 60 62 45 58 50 72 60 65 78 65 65 90 78 99 147
26 Elementary/middle school 38 37 36 37 30 35 32 41 36 36 42 37 35 46 41 49 72
27 High school 45 45 44 46 33 42 37 52 44 47 57 48 47 66 57 72 107
28 Preschool/daycare 49 48 46 48 39 45 41 52 46 47 54 47 46 60 53 63 93
29 Other classroom education 25 25 25 25 18 24 21 29 25 26 32 27 27 37 32 40 60
30 Fast food 261 268 263 277 237 266 253 305 280 284 332 301 295 364 333 393 497
31 Restaurant/cafeteria 141 145 141 150 126 143 137 166 151 156 179 163 166 195 181 213 268
32 Other food service 77 79 77 82 69 78 75 91 83 85 98 89 91 107 99 116 146
33 Hospital/inpatient health 142 143 140 141 134 138 130 143 129 135 139 126 135 142 130 144 166
34 Nursing home/assisted living 84 83 81 83 69 78 75 91 82 84 99 88 85 109 100 118 156
35 Dormitory/fraternity/sorority 40 43 42 47 31 43 40 58 48 54 65 55 52 75 66 85 119
36 Hotel 50 51 48 52 47 49 48 55 52 52 57 55 53 61 59 65 75
37 Motel or inn 55 53 52 51 48 50 46 52 50 48 53 50 49 56 52 57 69
38 Other lodging 53 50 50 49 46 48 44 49 48 46 50 48 47 53 50 55 66
39 Vehicle dealership/showroom 49 50 49 53 38 48 42 60 52 52 68 58 58 78 69 87 124
40 Retail store 28 29 28 30 21 27 24 34 30 30 39 33 33 45 40 50 71
a. Zone 5C values based on U.S. building stock.

Table 7-2a Building Activity Site Energy Targets (EUIt1) (I-P Units) (Continued)

ASHRAE Climate Zone
3B 3B
41 Other retail 49 50 49 52 37 48 42 59 52 52 67 58 57 78 69 86 124
42 Post office/postal center 43 42 41 42 35 39 38 46 41 43 50 45 43 56 51 60 79
43 Repair shop 28 28 27 28 23 26 25 31 28 28 33 30 29 37 34 40 53
44 Vehicle service/repair shop 33 33 32 32 27 31 29 36 32 33 39 35 33 43 39 46 61
45 Vehicle storage/maintenance 14 14 14 14 12 13 13 16 14 14 17 15 15 19 17 20 27
46 Other service 60 60 58 59 50 56 54 65 59 60 71 63 61 78 71 84 112
47 Strip shopping mall 59 59 58 62 46 57 51 71 62 63 82 70 71 94 84 106 151
48 Enclosed mall 56 56 55 59 44 54 49 68 59 60 78 67 68 90 80 101 144
ASHRAE Climate Zone
3B 3B
No. Residential Building Type 1A 2A 2B 3A Coast Other 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 5Ca 6A 6B 7 8
49 Mobile/manufactured home 38 40 40 45 30 41 38 54 45 51 62 52 49 71 62 80 112
50 Single-family detached 28 30 30 33 22 30 28 40 34 38 46 38 36 52 46 60 83
51 Single-family attached 32 34 34 38 25 35 32 46 39 43 53 44 42 60 53 69 96
Apartment
52 47 50 50 56 37 51 47 68 57 64 77 65 61 89 78 101 140
(in 2 to 4 unit building)
Apartment
53 32 34 34 38 25 35 32 46 39 43 53 44 42 60 53 68 96
(in 5+ unit building)

Table 7-2a Building Activity Site Energy Targets (EUIt1) (SI Units)
EUIs by Building Type by Climate Zone (MJ/m2·yr)

ASHRAE Climate Zone
3B 3B
Medical office
4 377 389 380 402 317 375 322 441 382 390 466 404 380 518 457 559 784
(nondiagnostic)
5 Mixed-use office 512 528 516 546 430 509 438 599 519 530 633 549 516 704 620 760 1065
6 Other office 428 441 431 456 359 425 366 500 433 443 529 458 431 588 518 634 889
7 Laboratory 2025 2001 1939 1988 1668 1873 1806 2199 1968 2029 2374 2125 2055 2633 2399 2830 3759
8 Distribution/shipping center 140 178 187 227 121 202 163 306 256 248 403 340 271 558 458 682 1280
11 Convenience store with gas 1231 1335 1239 1391 1161 1270 1294 1516 1370 1436 1633 1480 1529 1770 1637 1907 2407
13 Other food sales 386 418 388 436 364 398 405 475 429 450 511 463 479 554 513 597 754
15 Other public order and safety 679 672 651 667 560 629 606 738 660 681 797 713 690 884 805 950 1262
21 Library 696 688 667 684 574 644 621 756 677 698 816 731 707 905 825 973 1293
22 Recreation 300 297 287 295 247 278 268 326 292 301 352 315 305 390 356 420 557
23 Social/meeting 313 309 300 307 258 290 279 340 304 314 367 329 318 407 371 438 581
27 High school 512 508 499 518 372 482 418 596 498 536 648 540 539 750 644 821 1217
30 Fast food 2970 3045 2983 3148 2693 3018 2870 3470 3180 3223 3767 3420 3353 4130 3785 4463 5646
36 Hotel 563 576 548 585 530 553 548 621 590 594 653 622 599 694 668 735 852
37 Motel or inn 630 598 595 579 542 573 528 586 565 543 600 572 556 634 595 650 779
38 Other lodging 602 571 568 553 518 547 505 560 540 519 573 547 531 606 568 621 745
39 Vehicle dealership/showroom 557 570 555 598 427 542 479 677 588 589 768 663 655 886 784 985 1413
40 Retail store 319 326 318 342 244 310 274 387 336 337 439 379 375 507 449 564 808
41 Other retail 555 568 553 595 425 540 478 674 586 587 765 660 652 883 782 981 1407

Table 7-2a Building Activity Site Energy Targets (EUIt1) (SI Units) (Continued)
EUIs by Building Type by Climate Zone (MJ/m2·yr)

ASHRAE Climate Zone
3B 3B
43 Repair shop 323 319 309 317 266 299 288 351 314 324 379 339 328 420 383 451 600
46 Other service 685 677 656 672 564 634 611 744 666 686 803 719 695 891 811 957 1271
48 Enclosed mall 637 636 623 671 495 616 552 773 669 686 885 759 770 1021 906 1143 1634
ASHRAE Climate Zone
3B 3B
49 Mobile/manufactured home 430 454 452 506 336 464 429 617 516 577 699 589 553 801 708 911 1272
50 Single-family detached 319 337 335 376 250 344 318 458 383 428 519 437 410 595 526 676 944
51 Single-family attached 367 388 386 432 287 396 366 527 441 493 598 503 472 685 605 778 1087
Apartment
52 539 570 567 635 422 582 538 774 647 723 877 739 693 1006 888 1142 1595
(in 2 to 4 unit building)
Apartment
53 367 388 385 432 287 396 366 526 440 492 597 503 472 684 604 777 1085
(in 5+ unit building)

Table 7-2b Building Activity Source Energy Targets (EUIt1) (I-P Units)
ASHRAE Climate Zone
3B 3B
4 Medical office (nondiag.) 105 108 97 111 81 95 80 93 77 100 77 77 77 86 80 93 130
5 Mixed-use office 142 146 131 151 110 130 108 126 105 136 105 104 105 116 109 126 176
6 Other office 119 122 110 126 91 108 90 105 87 114 88 87 89 97 91 105 147
7 Laboratory 561 555 493 548 425 477 446 463 397 522 394 404 424 436 421 468 622
8 Distribution/ship center 39 49 48 62 31 51 40 64 52 64 67 65 56 92 80 113 212
11 Convenience store + gas 341 370 315 384 296 323 319 319 276 369 271 281 316 293 287 316 398
13 Other food sales 107 116 99 120 93 101 100 100 87 116 85 88 98 92 90 99 125
15 Other public order/safety 188 186 166 184 142 160 150 155 133 175 132 136 143 146 141 157 209
21 Library 193 191 170 188 146 164 153 159 137 179 136 139 145 150 145 161 214
22 Recreation 83 82 73 81 63 71 66 69 59 77 58 60 63 65 62 69 92
23 Social/meeting 87 86 76 85 66 74 69 72 61 81 61 62 66 67 65 72 96
27 High school 142 141 127 143 95 123 103 125 100 138 108 103 110 124 113 136 201
30 Fast food 824 844 759 868 685 768 708 730 642 828 626 650 691 683 664 739 934
36 Hotel 156 160 140 161 135 141 135 131 119 153 108 118 124 115 117 122 141

Table 7-2b Building Activity Source Energy Targets (EUIt1) (I-P Units) (Continued)
ASHRAE Climate Zone
3B 3B
37 Motel or inn 175 166 151 160 138 146 130 123 114 140 100 109 115 105 104 108 129
38 Other lodging 167 158 145 152 132 139 124 118 109 133 95 104 110 100 100 103 123
39 Vehicle dealership 154 158 141 165 109 138 118 142 119 151 128 126 136 147 138 163 234
40 Retail store 88 90 81 94 62 79 68 82 68 87 73 72 77 84 79 93 134
41 Other retail 154 157 141 164 108 137 118 142 118 151 127 126 133 146 137 162 233
43 Repair shop 90 89 79 87 68 76 71 74 63 83 63 64 68 70 67 75 99
46 Other service 190 188 167 185 144 161 151 157 134 176 133 137 143 147 142 158 210
48 Enclosed mall 177 176 159 185 126 157 136 163 135 176 147 144 159 169 159 189 270
ASHRAE Climate Zone
3B 3B
49 Mobile home 119 126 115 139 86 118 106 130 104 148 116 112 115 133 124 151 210
50 Single-family (detached) 89 94 85 104 64 88 79 96 77 110 86 83 84 98 92 112 156
51 Single-family (attached) 102 108 98 119 73 101 90 111 89 127 99 96 98 113 106 129 180
52 Apartment building (2 to 4 units) 150 158 144 175 107 148 133 163 131 186 146 141 143 166 156 189 264
53 Apartment building (5+ units) 102 108 98 119 73 101 90 111 89 126 99 96 98 113 106 129 180

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ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2018

(Supersedes ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2015)

See Annex N for approval dates.

© 2018 ASHRAE ISSN 1041-2336

ASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 2017–2018

Steven J. Emmerich, Chair Roger L. Hedrick David Robin

Steven C. Ferguson, Senior Manager of Standards

ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDS

2 ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2018

ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2018 3

4 ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2018

ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2018 5

6 ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2018

Table 5-1 Energy Flow Definitions

Building Renewable Energy Exported from Building

ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2018 7

8 ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2018

ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2018 9

No. Commercial Building Type No. Commercial Building Type

10 ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2018

EUIs by Building Type by Climate Zone (kBtu/ft2·yr)

ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2018 11

EUIs by Building Type by Climate Zone (kBtu/ft2·yr)

12 ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2018

EUIs by Building Type by Climate Zone (MJ/m2·yr)

ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2018 13

EUIs by Building Type by Climate Zone (MJ/m2·yr)

14 ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2018

EUIs by Building Type by Climate Zone (kBtu/ft2·yr)

ASHRAE Climate Zone

4 Medical office (nondiag.) 105 108 97 111 81 95 80 93 77 100 77 77 77 86 80 93 130

8 Distribution/ship center 39 49 48 62 31 51 40 64 52 64 67 65 56 92 80 113 212

9 Nonrefrigerated warehouse 19 24 23 30 15 25 19 31 25 31 32 31 28 45 39 55 102

16 Medical office (diagnostic) 105 102 94 100 87 93 75 76 70 82 57 64 66 58 60 58 66

24 Other public assembly 89 88 78 87 67 76 71 73 63 83 62 64 68 69 67 74 99

26 Elementary/middle school 119 117 104 117 88 101 90 97 82 105 80 79 82 87 82 92 135

29 Other classroom education 79 79 71 80 53 69 58 70 56 77 60 57 63 69 63 76 113

ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2018 15

EUIs by Building Type by Climate Zone (kBtu/ft2·yr)

ASHRAE Climate Zone

40 Retail store 88 90 81 94 62 79 68 82 68 87 73 72 77 84 79 93 134

44 Vehicle service/repair shop 104 103 91 101 79 88 82 86 73 97 73 75 77 81 78 87 115

ASHRAE Climate Zone

50 Single-family (detached) 89 94 85 104 64 88 79 96 77 110 86 83 84 98 92 112 156

16 ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2018

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