Production of Bioenergy From Composite Waste Materials Made of Corn Waste, Spent Tea

Waste, and Kitchen Waste

U.S Munda, L. Pholane, D.D Kar, B.C. Melkap

Objectives:
To present comparative study of biogas production from agriculture waste, cow dung, and kitchen
waste. The agriculture and kitchen waste are mixed with cow dung under mesophilic digestion
condition for 30 days which investigated the effects of different solid concentration of feed on
characteristics of biogas production and evaluate various operating parameters for different ratio.

A ratio of Carbohydrate to Nitrogen is 25:1 which is ideal for biogas production by anaerobic
digestion. High Carbohydrate content in agricultural species results higher biogas output. (Nicholas et
al. 2007).

A 32% more methane yield was achieved for kitchen waste with NaOH addition than raw kitchen
waste due to increased alkalinity and buffering capacity. (Ojolo et al. 2007)

Materials and Methods:

The waste used are spent tea waste, corn waste mainly corncob waste and kitchen waste include
peels of vegetables as well as peels of fruits, waste milk and milk products, stale cooked and uncooked
food, extracted tea powder, etc.

Anaerobic digestion is a biological process that happens naturally when bacteria breaks down
organic matters in the absence of oxygen. This process occurs in three stages: Hydrolysis phase,
acidogenation phase, and methane formation phase.

In Hydrolysis phase, the complex organic compounds such as cellulose and starch are converted to
less complex soluble organic compounds which is done by fermentative bacteria.
In Acidogenation stage, the less complex soluble organic compounds are converted to into organic
acids.
In methane formation stage, the organic acids are converted to methane.

Experimental set up and technique:

The experiment set up consist of 1000ml capacity aspirator glass bottle, which serves as a digester.
This glass is connected to the another aspirator glass bottle filled with water, which serves as a gas
collector through the a two-way stop cock. With this set up the gas produced during the incubation
period could be bubble through water but no air would enter the into the slurry, thus maintaining the
anaerobic digestion. The volume of gas evolved are measured by collecting displaced water from gas
collector in graduated conical flask. The temperature of the digester fluctuated from 26°C to 35°C.
During the digestion the pH is allowed to follow its natural course.

Results and discussion:

The important factors that affect the overall biogas production are temperature, pH, presence of
material, C:N ratio, particle size and retention time.
 As increase in temperature generally increases the rate of reaction and therefore rate of biogas
production. In anaerobic reaction, mesophilic (15-45°C) and thermophilic (45-65°C) ranges are
considered important as below 10°C anaerobic reaction stops. The mesophilic range has an optimum
temperature of 30°C and the thermophilic range has an optimum temperature of 50°C.

Above mesophilic range, the pH affects the bacterial growth. The optimum range of pH digester
should be 6.5-7.5. Buffer is added to the digester in order to restore the pH when pH was drop.

Presence and combination of some metals enhanced the biogas production includes calcium,
cobalt, iron, magnesium, molybdenum, and nickel. Heavy metals such as hg and Pb greatly reduces the
biogas potential of feed.

An ideal ratio of Carbon to Nitrogen (needed for cell to build up) is 25. In order to decrease, the
animal excreta is added. If the ratio falls below 15, the biogas production ceases to exist. A ratio of
above 35 hinders the production of biogas.

Large value of surface area to volume ratio increases the rate of biogas production since it provides
a large surface are to micro-organisms to act upon.

Before feeding, the feed is sometimes cut, shredded, or grinded. It is found that particles having
average diameter of 0.1 mm give maximum biogas priduction, keeping all other operational parameters
constant.

It is observed that the maximum gas production takes place within the first four weeks.

Effect of time on Biogas Production for cow dung

The daily production rate of 1kg of pure cow dung in 1000cc of water at a temperature of 26°C to
31°C is found to be slow until 22 days and after that the gas production sharply increases to 1800 cc/kg
of solids up to 36 days.

The cumulative biogas production for pure cow dung is found to be almost 28,000 cc/kg of solid
and remains constant after 36 days.

Effect of time on Biogas Production for cow dung and corn waste
The ratio of cow dung and corn waste is 1:1 and the maximum biogas production was found to be
900 cc/kg of solids up to 32 days.

Effect of time on Biogas Production for cow dung and kitchen waste
The daily production of biogas is highest only for short duration of time of 3-4 days and the peak
value is found to be nearly 1000 cc/kg of solid waste

Effect of time on Biogas Production for cow dung and spent tea waste
The daily production of biogas is initially at a high rate of nearly 1250 cc/kg of solids.
All results shows that maximum biogas is produced in between 15 and 30 days. It may be concluded
that the biogas production from cow dung is maximum.

Conclusion
Preprocessed kitchen waste are giving highest gas production. A maximum cumulative biogas
production of 28,000 cc/kg of waste material was found in case of cow dung.

The Production of Biogas using Kitchen Waste

Ravi P. Agrahari, G.N. Tiwari

Objective:

Experimental Set up and Instrumentation

An aluminum made biogas chamber, of 30 kg slurry capacity has been used under the outdoor
simulation above the ground so that the digester and the dome both can direct receive the solar
radiation.

Digester :
Diameter = 0.34m
Height = 0.38m

Dome:
Diameter = 0.30m
Depth = 0.35m
Weight = 0.18 kg

Aluminum metal is more efficient to increase the sufficient temperature inside the digester which
increases the production rate of biogas. A calibrated thermocouples has been used to measure the slurr
temperature inside by using digital temperature indicator of resolution 0.1 °C.

Ambient temperature, slurry temperature, relative humidity and solar intensity have been
measured. Gas production measure by upliftment of height of dome multiplied by 2πr and the volume
of biogas is measured everyday.

Results and Discussion

It has been observed that the production of biogas is dependent upon the temperature and the solar
intensity of the atmosphere in aluminum made biogas plant.

Different ratio of kitchen waste and water with fixed amount of inoculum is observed.

Solar radiation is responsible for increasing the slurry temperature inside the digester which
influences the rate of biogs production.
 The calorific value of biogas is about 6 kWh/m3, which is equal to about half liter of diesel oil. The
biogas generated from small and medium sized units (up to 6 m3) is generally used for cooking and
lightning purposes. The biogas production of 8 kg (1:2 ratio) kitchen waste of volume 0.018 m3 biogas
plant was 0.258157 m3 during whole retention period.
The 0.258157 m3 is equivalent to 0.13 kg of diesel and kerosene, 0. 31 kg of cow dung and 0.18 kg
of coal.

Conclusions and Recommendations

aluminum is better alternative for the basis of biogas production and also safe for the environment.
Metal is capable of absorbing more sunlight to increase the temperature inside the digester than the
plastic and increase the biogas production by black paint coat.

Evaluation of Agricultural Wastes for Biogas Production

Malee Suntikunaporn *, Snunkheam Echaroj, and Warangkana Rimpikul

Objectives:

Materials and Methods

The production of CH 4 was performed inside a 20L plastic tank connected to a floating dru and an
empty 20L tank, that was employed to measure the volume of gas generated. During the experiment,
gas samples were collected in a plastic bag and analyzed for the percentages of CH 4 , CO2 and O2 using
a portable Gas Data.

The experiment can be divided into four parts.

The first part was conducted to compare the performance of pig manures and cow manures as an
inocula in terms of biogas volumetric flow rate (measured in mL d -1 ) and biogas composition.
In the second part, agricultural wastes were added along with food scraps into cow dung that have
been fermented in the plastic tank for at least ten days.
Agricultural wastes that gave high volumetric flow rate of biogas were used in the third part of the
experiment. This part investigates the effect of a continuous increase in agricultural waste loading from
25 to 125 g d -1 .
The final part of this research confirmed the results of the third part by doing experiment with the
agricultural wastes that gave the largest generation of biogas.

Results
Clearly observed that much more biogas is produced from pig manure inoculum than from cow
dung. The volumetric flow rate of biogas from pig manure inoculum varied from 30,000 mL d -1 to
32,000 mL d -1 after 11 days of digestion. the composition of CH4 in the biogas generated remained
very stable at 65% for pig manure inoculum. The biogas composition of CH4 from cow dung was only
around 50%.
 After three days of digestion, the blank experiment (only food waste and cow dung inocula are
digested) gave a volumetric flow rate of biogas of 2,200 mL d -1 . When potato peel was added, the
flow rate of biogas increased from 2,200 mL d -1 to as high as 3,200 mL d -1 , which is the highest
compared to other agricultural wastes it is because potato peels contained the largest percentage of
carbohydrate.

After ten days of digestion (125 g of agricultural wastes added), the flow rate of biogas from potato
peel was approximately 2500 mL d -1 . When the amount of food wastes increase from 100g to 300g ,
the flow rate of biogas also increase.

Conclusion
Out of the four agricultural wastes used (potato peel, bagasse, orange peel and soy pulp) potato
peel was the most effective in increasing the generation of biogas. However, it was shown that soy pulp
reduced the generation of biogas. An in the amount of food scraps and agricultural waste added result
in an increase in the amount of biogas produce.

The composition of CH 4 in the biogas remained approximately at 40-50%. It has been proven that
at this composition, the biogas is combustible.

Mini Biogas Plant Using Kitchen Wastes

Hemlata, Harsh Kumar, Naman Kumar, Mahesh, Venkat Rao

Objectives:
1. To increase the renewable energy production from biogas with small-scale concepts for energy self-
sufficiency.
2. To reduce greenhouse gas emissions due to the consumption of renewable energy sources and to the
adequate waste management.
3. To increase governmental support to biogas technology by new
4.
Regulations on energy self-sufficiency with net balance.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A) Inlet: This consists of a receptacle for the raw fresh organic waste and pipe of at least 10 cm
diameter
leading to the digester. The connection between the inlet pipe and the digester must be air tight.
B) Digester: This is the reservoir of organic wastes in which the substrate is acted on by anaerobic
microorganisms to produce biogas.
C) Gas Storage /Reservoir: Depending on the proposed design, this may be simply an empty but
enclosed
space above the slurry in the digester
D) Exhaust outlet: This consists of a pipe connected to the digester at an a\ lower level than the inlet
pipe to
facilitate outflow of the exhausted slurry.

Methods
 Biogas can be obtained from any organic material after anaerobic fermentation by four main
phases. The fermentation of organic wastes under anaerobic conditions to produce biogas occurs in the
following four stages:

Hydrolysis
In the first step, the organic matter is enzymolysed externally by extracellular enzymes, cellulose,
amylase, protease & lipase, of microorganisms. Bacteria decompose long chains of complex
carbohydrates, proteins, & lipids into small chains.

For example, Polysaccharides are converted into monosaccharide. Proteins are split into peptides and
amino acids.

Acidification
Acid-producing bacteria involved in this step, convert the intermediates of fermenting bacteria into
acetic acid, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. To produce acetic acid, they need oxygen and carbon.

Methanogens
Methane-producing bacteria, which were involved in the third step, decompose compounds having
low molecular weight

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Total solids found in test samples are 1470 mg/lit.
Total dissolved solids found in test samples are 900mg/lit and 540mg/lit.
Hence average dissolved solids found in samples are 720mg/lit.
Total volatile solids found in test samples are 560mg/lit and 800mg/lit.
Hence average volatile solids sound in test samples are 680mg/lit.
Average alkalinity is 580 mg/lit.
The average pH of the sample found is to be 5.5

CONCLUSION
WALANG KWENTA CONCLUSION NITO.

Production and Analysis of Biogas from Kitchen Waste

Ziana Ziauddin, Rajesh P.

METHODS
It is also referred to as biomethanization, is a natural process that takes place in absence of air
(oxygen). It involves biochemical decomposition of complex organic material by various biochemical
processes with release of energy rich biogas and production of nutrious effluents.
The three important biological process (microbiology) are:
Hydrolysis
In the first step, the organic matter is enzymolysed externally by extracellular enzymes, cellulose,
amylase, protease & lipase, of microorganisms. Bacteria decompose long chains of complex
carbohydrates, proteins, & lipids into small chains.
For example, Polysaccharides are converted into monosaccharide. Proteins are split into peptides and
amino acids.

Acidification
Acid-producing bacteria involved in this step, convert the intermediates of fermenting bacteria into
acetic acid, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. To produce acetic acid, they need oxygen and carbon.

Methanogens
Methane-producing bacteria, which were involved in the third step, decompose compounds having
low molecular weight

EXPERIMENTS
Experiment 1
A 2 liter bottle
50 gm kitchen waste + cow dung
Rest water (1.5 liter)

Result- Gas production was found but not measured.

Experiment 2
Different sets of 1 litre & 2 litres bottles.
3 different sets with different composition are installed as below.
1. 200gm cow dung was mixed with water to make 1lit slurry which is poured in 1lit bottle.
2. 50gm grinded kitchen was mixed with 150gm cow dung and water is added to make 1lit solution
which is poured in 1lit bottle.
3. 400gm cow dung was mixed with water to make 2lit slurry which is poured in 2lit bottle.

Results:
In all of the 3 sets gas production occurs and gas burned with blue flame. process continues,
volatile fatty acids (VFA) are produced which causes the decrease in PH of solution.

Discussions
In set 2 with kitchen waste produces average 250.69% more gas than set 1 (with 200gm cow dung)
and 67.5% more gas than set 3 (with 400gm cow dung). Means kitchen waste produces more gas than
cow dung as kitchen waste contains more nutrient than dung. So use of kitchen waste provide more
efficient method of biogas production.

In set 2 which contains kitchen waste pH decreases highly means reaction is fast, means hydrolysis
and acidogenesis reaction is fast as organism utilize the waste more speedily than dung. And total solid
decreases more in set 2.

PROCEDURE AND START UP

Experiment 3
Fresh cow dung was collected and mixed with waterthoroughly by hand and poured into 20 lit.
digester.

Experiment 4
This digester contains the following composition.
• 20 lit digester.
 • Cow dung + inoculum + water added.
Cow dung – 2.5 lit
Inoculum - 3.8 lit
Water – 13.5lit
PH – 5.02
NaOH & NaHCO3 added to increase/adjust pH.

ANALYSIS
Calorific value of Biogas = 6 kWh/m3
Calorific value of LPG = 26.1 kWh/m3
Let us assume we need to boil water sample of 100 gm
We have Energy required to boil 100 gm water = 259.59 Kj
Hence, we need Biogas to boil 100 gm water = 12.018 lit
And, we need LPG to boil 100 gm water = 2.76 lit.
Therefore, amount of water which can be boiled using this much Biogas = 5.408 lit/day Now, amount
of LPG required to boil 5.408 lit of water per day = 149.26 lit So We can save up to 10 cylinders of
LPG per day.

CONCLUSIONS
The experiment was able to produce around 10 lit of biogas daily in a 20 lit reactor (digester).