Documents - Pub Structural Design To Bs 5950 51998 Section Properties and Load Tablespdf

Building Design Using
Cold Formed Steel Sections
Structural Design to BS 5950-5:1998

Section Properties and
Load Tables
R M LAWSON BSc(Eng), PhD, ACGI, CEng MICE, MIStructE

K F CHUNG BEng, PhD, DIC, MIStructE, CEng, MHKIE
S O POPO-OLA BSc(Eng), MEng, PhD, DIC
SCI PUBLICATION P276
Published by:
The Steel Construction Institute

Silwood Park
Ascot
Berkshire SL5 7QN
Tel: 01344 623345

Fax: 01344 622944
© 2002 The Steel Construction Institute
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study or criticism or review, as permitted
under the Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the
case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the UK
Copyright Licensing Agency, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate
Reproduction Rights Organisation outside the UK.
Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers, The Steel
Construction Institute, at the address given on the title page.
Although care has been taken to ensure, to the best of our knowledge, that all data and information
contained herein are accurate to the extent that they relate to either matters of fact or accepted practice or
matters of opinion at the time of publication, The Steel Construction Institute, the authors and the reviewers
assume no responsibility for any errors in or misinterpretations of such data and/or information or any loss
or damage arising from or related to their use.
Publications supplied to the Members of the Institute at a discount are not for resale by them.
Publication Number: SCI-P276
ISBN 1 85942 119 9
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
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FOREWORD
The authors of this publication are Dr R M Lawson and Dr S O Popo-Ola of The Steel
Construction Institute, and Dr K F Chung of Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
Dr Chung and Dr Popo-Ola were responsible for preparation of the design tables. The
work was funded by Corus Colors (formerly, British Steel Strip Products).
This publication is a revised edition of the 1992 publication Design of structures using
cold formed steel sections (SCI-P-089). It gives general information on the design of cold
formed steel sections to BS 5950-5: 1998 (now revised from the 1985 version), and
includes new design tables for a wide range of cold formed steel sections used in general
building construction.
The following individuals and organisations helped in the preparation of this publication:
Mr R Colver Ayrshire Steel Framing
Mr V French Ayrshire Metal Products (Daventry) Ltd
Mr B Johnson Structural Sections Ltd
Mr I McCarthy Metsec Ltd
Mr T Harper Ward Building Components Ltd
Mr P Reid Hi-Span Ltd
Mr J Jones Albion Ltd
This publication is one of a general series on ‘Building Design using Cold Formed Steel
Sections’. The series includes:
C Light Steel Framing in Residential Construction (P301, 2001)
C Durability of Light Steel Framing in Residential Buildings (P262, 2000)
C Case Studies on Light Steel Framing (P176, 1997)
C Construction Detailing and Practice (P165, 1997)
C Architects’ Guide (P130, 1994)
C Fire Protection (P129, 1993)
C Acoustic Insulation (P128, 1993)
C Worked Examples (P125, 1993).
Other titles on light steel applications in modular construction by the SCI are:
C Modular Construction using Light Steel Framing: Residential Buildings (P302, 2001)
C Case Studies on Modular Construction (P271, 1999)
C Building Design Using Modular Construction: An Architect’s Guide (P272,
1991).
The section property data, member design tables and associated information are
intended to be used at the scheme design stage. For more comprehensive data
concerning particular sections and their availability, the reader is advised to
contact manufacturers directly. All sections that are included can be obtained
from the manufacturers listed in the Appendix. For more information on steel
grades and coatings, contact Corus directly (see Appendix).
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CONTENTS
Page No
SUMMARY vii
1 AIM OF THE PUBLICATION 1

1.1 Design tables 2
1.2 Limit state design 2
2 INTRODUCTION TO USE OF COLD FORMED SECTIONS 3

2.1 Materials 3
2.2 Methods of forming 4
2.3 Methods of protection 5
2.4 Common shapes of sections 5
2.5 Common applications 6
2.6 Fire protection 12
3 INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN OF COLD FORMED SECTIONS 13

3.1 Behaviour of thin plates in compression 13
3.2 Behaviour of webs 17
3.3 Behaviour of members in bending 20
3.4 Behaviour of members in compression 25
3.5 Serviceability limits 28
4 APPLICATION OF COLD FORMED SECTIONS IN BUILDING 29

4.1 Purlins and side rails 29
4.2 Floor joists 30
4.3 Stud walling 32
4.4 Trusses 33
4.5 Structural Frames 34
4.6 Curtain walling and over-cladding 37
4.7 Housing 39
4.8 Modular construction 40
4.9 Frameless structures 40
4.10 Connections 41
5 SECTION PROPERTIES OF COLD FORMED SECTIONS 47

5.1 Notation used in section property tables 51
5.2 Summary of assumptions in deriving the section property tables 52
6 LOAD AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF COLD FORMED

SECTIONS 54
6.1 Generic sections 54
6.2 Load capacity tables for beams 55
6.3 Load capacity tables for columns 55
6.4 Guidance on selection of cold formed steel sections 57
6.5 Example of use of load-span tables for beams 58
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7 REFERENCES 59
8 BIBLIOGRAHY 61
APPENDIX A: Contact Information 70
Yellow Pages
SECTION PROPERTY TABLES A-1
C Sections A-3
Z Sections A-35
Pink Pages
LOAD CAPACITY TABLES FOR BEAMS - S280 B-1
Generic C Sections B-1
Generic Z Sections B-21
LOAD CAPACITY TABLES FOR COLUMNS - S280 B-41

Generic C Sections B-41
Green Pages
LOAD CAPACITY TABLES FOR BEAMS - S350 C-1
Generic C Sections C-1
Generic Z Sections C-21
LOAD CAPACITY TABLES FOR COLUMNS - S350 C-41

Generic C Sections C-41
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SUMMARY
This publication reviews the design and application of cold formed steel
sections in building construction. The design of these sections conforms to
BS 5950-5: 1998: Code of practice for design of cold formed thin gauge
sections. Applications that are covered relate to steel frames, trusses and
secondary members in commercial, industrial and domestic buildings.
The main part of the publication presents design tables for general use of cold
formed sections. This data is tabulated in two parts: section properties, and
load tables. Section properties can be used in general applications, whereas
load tables can be used in direct selection of beam and column sizes.
The cold formed steel sections listed in this publication can be readily obtained
from manufacturers in the UK. Other references to the use of cold formed steel
are also given.
Berechnung von tragwerken aus kaltgeformten stahlprofilen

Zusammenfassung
Diese Veröffentlichung gibt einen Überblick über die Bemessung und
Anwendung von kaltverformten Stahlprofilen im Bauwesen. Die Bemessung
dieser Profile entspricht BS 5950, Teil 5: “Code of practice for design of cold
formed sections”, Ausgabe 1998. Die behandelten Anwendungsfälle beziehen
sich auf Stahltragwerke, Fachwerke und nichttragende Bauteile im Verwaltungs-
, Industrie- und Wohnungs-bau.
Der Hauptteil dieser Veröffentlichung stellt Bemessungstabellen für den

allgemeinen Gebrauch von kaltverformten Profilen vor. Dieses Daten sind in
zwei Teilen tabelliert: Querschnittsgrö$en Belastungstabellen. Die
Querschnittsgrö$en können allgemein verwendet werden, während die
Belastungstabellen der direkten wahl der Träger- und Stützenprofile dienen.
Die in dieser Veröffentlichung enthaltenen, kaltverformten Profile können von

Herstellern im Vereinigten Königreich bezogen werden. Andere Verweise zur
Anwendung von kaltverformtem Stahl sind ebenso enthalten.
Dimensionnement de structures en profils en acier formé á froid

Résumé
Cette publication passe en revue les méthodes de dimensionnement et les
principales applications des profils en acier formé á froid dans la construction.
Le dimensionnement de ces profils est en accord avec la BS 5950: Partie 5:
1998 - Recommandations pour le calcul des profils formé à froid. Les
applications présentées ont trait aux cadres et portiques en acier ainsi qu’aux
éléments secondaires utilisés dans les bâtiments industriels, commerciaux ou
pour habitation.
La partie principale de la publication présente des tables de dimensionnement

pour les applications habituelles des profils formé à froid. Ces informations sont
réparties en deux catégories: les propriétés des sections et les tables donnant les
charges de dimensionnement des éléments. Les propriétés géométriques des
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sections peuvent être utilisées dans toutes les applications. Les informations
relatives au dimensionnement des éléments permettent un choix rapide des
profils à utiliser en tant que poutres ou colonnes.
Les profils en acier formé á froid repris dans la publication peuvent être
aisément obtenus prés des producteurs du Royaume-University. D’autres
références relatives à l’utilisation des profils en acier formé á froid sont
également mentionnées.
Proyecto de estructuras usando secciones de acero conformado en frio

Resumen
Esta publicación revisa el proyecto y aplicación de secciones de acero
conformado en frio a la construcción de edificios. El proyecto de estas
secciones de acero se ajusta a la BS 5950: Parte 5: 1998: “Norma de buena
práctica para el proyecto de secciones de acero conformadas en frio”.
Las aplicaciones cubiertas se refieren a pórticos de acero, cerchas y piezas

secundarias en edificios comerciales, industriales y de habitación.
La parte principal de la publicación presenta tablas de diseño para uso general

de secciones. Los datos se tabulan en dos partes: propiedades de las secciones
y cargas de proyecto de piezas. Las primeras son de uso general mientras que
las segundas pueden utilizarse para la elección directa de las proporciones de
vigas y columnas.
Las secciones de acero conformado un frio descritas en esta publicación

pueden obtenerse fácilmente de los fabricantes del Reino Unido. También se
dan otras referencias para el uso de secciones conformadas en frio.
Progettazione di strutture realizzate con profili in acciaio sagomati a freddo

Sommario
In questa pubblicazione viene presentato il dimensionamento e l’utilizzo di
profili in acciaio sagomati a freddo. La progettazione di tali elementi in acciaio
risulta conforme alla normativa BS5950: Parte 5, 1998, `Guida alla
progettazione di profili sagomati a freddo’. Le applicazioni che vengono
presentate sono relative a strutture intelaiate, a travature reticolari ed elementi
secondari per strutture ad uso commerciale, civile ed industriale.
Nella parte principale di questa pubblicazione sono riportate le tabelle

progettuali per differenti utilizzi dei profili sagomati a freddo. Questi dati sono
tabulati in due differenti parti: la prima e’ relativa alle caratteristiche
geometriche dei profili e la seconda riporta i valori dei carichi di progetto degli
elementi. Le caratteristiche dei profili possono essere utilizzate in applicazioni
di carattere generale mentre una scelta diretta delle dimensioni di travi e
colonne puo’ essere fatta sulla base delle caratteristiche portanti degli elementi.
Le sezioni dei profili sagomati a freddo riportati in questa pubblicazione

possono essere ottenute in brevi tempi da qualsiasi stabilimento del regno
Unito. Vengono inoltre forniti diversi riferimenti per l’utilizzo dei profili in
acciaio.
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NOTATION
A cross-sectional area of section

b plate width between corners or stiffeners
be effective plate width in compression
B width of the section
Cb coefficient representing variation of bending moment along a member
D depth of web of section
2
E modulus of elasticity of steel (205 kN/mm )
es eccentricity of line of application of axial force from centroid of section
I second moment of area of section (subscript x or y indicates major or minor
axis direction of bending)
K plate buckling coefficient
L length of member
Le effective length of member
My elastic moment resistance of the section
N support width (mm)
py design strength of steel
pcr critical buckling stress in plate
po reduced stress in section determined by web properties
Q factor representing reduced performance of section in compression
r corner radius
ry radius of gyration in y (minor) axis direction of bending
t net steel thickness
Us ultimate strength of steel
Ys yield stress of steel
" effective length factor including torsional flexural buckling
8 slenderness of member
8y slenderness corresponding to B E/Y s
L Poisson’s ratio for steel (= 0.3)
Note: For notation used in section property tables, see Section 5.1.
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1 AIM OF THE PUBLICATION
This design guide is aimed at practitioners in the building industry who

may have limited experience of the structural design of light steel framing
using cold formed steel sections. The publication presents an overview of the
design principles for ‘cold formed’ steel sections in accordance with
[1]
BS 5950-5:1998 (revised from the 1985 version). Cold formed steel sections
are generally produced by cold rolling from galvanized steel strip.
Most structural engineers are familiar with the application of cold formed steel
sections (also known as cold rolled sections) in purlins and side-rails, which are
highly engineered products for specific applications. The general use of cold
formed sections as primary members of light steel framing requires a more
simplified design process appropriate to their applications as beams, floor joists,
columns, stud walling, members of roof trusses and sub-frames.
A wide range of uses of cold formed sections and light steel framing has been
realised in recent years, and common applications are in:
C housing
C medium-rise apartment buildings
C mezzanine floors
C roof trusses, including ‘over-roofing’ in renovation projects
C sub-frames for cladding, including ‘over-cladding’ in renovation projects
C framework of modular units
C separating and infill walls
C canopies.
This design guide concentrates on the general use of cold formed steel sections
in these structural applications. The information is presented under three broad
headings:
1. An introduction to the design of cold formed sections. It is appreciated that
the design of these sections may appear to be more complicated than that
of hot rolled sections. It is therefore important to understand the design
principles and also the practical considerations of the structural use of these
sections.
2. A review of the application of cold formed sections in buildings,
concentrating on the main design features and details. This also necessitates
a discussion on methods of cutting, joining and attachment of other
members and materials, which are fundamental to the practical use of these
thinner sections.
3. A series of tables on section properties and loads for the range of cold
formed sections that are readily available for general building use. The
section properties have been calculated based on first principles, in
accordance with BS 5950-5. The load tables (also determined in
accordance with BS 5950-5) can be used to obtain the required member
sizes for specific applications.
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1.1 Design tables
Section properties are presented for the gross and the effective sections on the
yellow pages (i.e. as influenced by local buckling under compression). These
properties may be used by structural engineers when designing members for
general application. Alternatively, designers may refer to the load-span tables
for beams or load-height tables for columns, which give the member resistances
directly (see pink pages and green pages for grades S280 and S350,
respectively).
The tables in this design guide may be used for general application of generic
C and Z sections as floors and walls. Manufacturers often design their sections
for specific uses, such as purlins, and establish the member performance based
on test data rather than calculations to BS 5950-5. This means that
manufacturers’ data may be more beneficial in certain cases.
Member resistance tables (in terms of working load capacity) are presented for
generic C or Z sections only. These load tables are useful for selection of
member sizes and are intended to be used for initial or scheme design.
However, for final design, the data provided by the manufacturer of the selected
sections should be used.
Manufacturers should be contacted directly with regard to availability, cutting

to length, hole punching, etc. A list of UK manufacturers and further sources
of information are presented in Appendix A.
1.2 Limit state design

[1]
In BS 5950-5 , the loads to be used in design are calculated from the working
loads multiplied by factors of 1.6 for imposed load and 1.4 for dead loads
(including self weight). These factored loads are used to determine the
moments and forces in the members, which are then compared to the resistance
of the members. Resistances may be as determined for all relevant modes of
failure, such as buckling, connection or local failure etc. The methods of
determining the member resistance and load bearing capacity of cold formed
sections are presented in Section 3.
Additional checks on deflections are made for working loads (i.e. for load
factors of 1.0) in order to ensure adequate performance in service. Light weight
floors should also be checked for their vibration response to normal activities
(see Section 6.1).
The methods in BS 5950 are not based on working load or permissible stress
design, although a global factor of safety of 1.6 may be used conservatively to
determine maximum working loads that the structure can support.
The load capacity tables are presented in terms of working loads.

2 INTRODUCTION TO USE OF COLD
FORMED SECTIONS
2.1 Materials
Sheet steel used in cold formed sections is typically 0.9 to 3.2 mm thick
(although thinner steels are used in roofing and decking applications). It is
usually supplied pre-galvanized in accordance with European Standard
[2]
EN 10147 (issued by BSI in 1991 as BS EN 10147 as a replacement for
[3]
BS 2989 ). Galvanizing gives adequate protection for internal members,
including those adjacent to the boundaries of building envelopes, such as
purlins. The expected design life of galvanized products in this environment
exceeds 60 years (see Section 2.3).
Steel strip is produced by cold reducing hot rolled coil steel with further
annealing processes to improve the ductility of the material. It is a quality
controlled product with known and easily tested properties. Grade S280 steel
(formerly Z28) is a quality of steel specified as having a guaranteed minimum
2
yield strength of 280 N/mm . Grades S280 and S350 steels are the most
commonly specified grades, although it is often found that the actual yield
strength is considerably higher than the specified minimum. Steel with a
non-guaranteed yield strength may be used in some applications, provided that
the strength of the material is determined by tensile tests taken from the coil
from which the material was cut.
During ‘cold forming’ of a section, the increase in yield strength of the steel
increases, due to cold working by the process of “strain hardening”, as
illustrated in Figure 2.1. The increase in yield strength by cold working may be
significant (> 10%) for highly stiffened sections with many bends. Strictly, the
yield point is not a clearly defined transition point, as it is for hot rolled steels.
The proof strength (at 0.2% strain) is often used as an effective “yield” value.
Stress
Increase of
yield stress Ultimate strength
due to strain
hardening Yield point Fracture
after cold working
Initial loading Further loading

after cold working
Loss of ductility Ductility after cold working Strain

due to cold working
Figure 2.1 The influence of cold forming on the stress-strain diagram of

strip steel

Ductility is defined on the basis of minimum elongation at fracture over a
certain gauge length. This is specified for S280 steel as a minimum of 20%
(2)
elongation for a gauge length of 50 mm . Ductility reduces with cold working.
Cold working also has the effect of reducing the ratio of the ultimate to the yield
strength of the material.
2.2 Methods of forming

Manufacturers purchase strip steel in coils, normally of 1 m to 1.25 m width.
The sheets are then cut (slit) longitudinally to the correct width for the section
being produced and then fed into a series of roll formers. These rolls are set in
pairs moving in an opposite direction so that the sheet is drawn through and its
shape is gradually modified along the line of rolls. The number of rolls needed
to form the finished shape depends on the complexity of the section. The
overall length of the roll forming machinery can be over 30 m (see Figure 2.2).
Setting-up costs are high if special rolls are needed. Adjustable rolls are often
used, which permit a rapid change of section depth or width. Roll forming is
therefore most economic where large quantities of the same section are
produced at one time. The lengths of the members can be pre-programmed and
cut accurately. Holes for attachments and services can also be punched either
before or after forming.
An alternative method of cold forming is by press-braking. This is normally

only practicable for short lengths (up to 6 m, depending on the size of the
machine used) and for relatively simple shapes. This method can be
advantageous for small production runs, because of its lower setting-up costs.
Figure 2.2 Roll forms used for cold formed sections and sheeting

2.3 Methods of protection
Hot dip galvanizing (zinc coating) of preformed strip steel offers protection by
sacrificial loss of the zinc surface which occurs preferentially to corrosion of the
steel. Guidance on thickness of galvanizing is given in Galvatite Technical
[4]
Manual . The specified sheet thickness includes galvanizing. A zinc coating
2
of 275 g/m (total on both faces) is the standard (G275) specification for internal
environments, and corresponds to a total zinc thickness of about 0.04 mm.
G100 to G600 coatings can also be obtained but these are generally
non-standard. The thicker coatings are used in applications where moisture
may be present over a long period. Zinc coatings can also be applied by hot
dipping of the sections after manufacture.
Galvanized steel has good durability because, unlike paint, scratches do not
initiate local corrosion of the steel. Similarly, cut ends do not corrode, except
where the rate of zinc loss on the adjacent surfaces is high. In some
applications it may be necessary to apply zinc-rich paint to the exposed steel.
[5]
‘White rust’ or wet storage stains may occur if galvanized sections are stored
in bundles in moist conditions, but this does not normally affect their long term
performance. Correct storage of bundles of sheets or sections is therefore
important.
A recent SCI publication Durability of light steel framing in residential

[6]
building shows that the design life of galvanized steel in ‘warm frame’
applications is at least 200 years, provided that the external envelope is
properly maintained.
Zinc-aluminium coatings also have high corrosion resistance and are sometimes
used in sheeting applications, but rarely on sections. Organic coatings are not
used for sections. Powder paint coatings, in addition to galvanizing, are often
used for specialist products such as lintels.
2.4 Common shapes of sections

Cold formed sections are used in many industries and are often specially shaped
to suit particular applications. In building applications, the most common
sections are the C and the Z sections. There are a wide range of variants of
these basic shapes, including those with edge lips, internal stiffeners and bends
in the webs.
Other sections are the ‘top-hat’ section and the modified I section. The
common range of cold formed sections that are marketed is illustrated in
Figure 2.3. The sections can also be joined together back to back or toe to toe
to form compound sections.
The reason for edge lips and internal stiffeners is because unstiffened wide and
thin plates are not able to resist significant compression, and consequently the
sections are structurally inefficient. However, a highly stiffened section is less
easy to form and is often less practicable from the point of view of connection
to other members. Therefore, a compromise between structural efficiency and
practicability is often necessary.

Z sections
Lipped Z Zeta
C sections
Plain Lipped Sigma
Special sections
Top hat Modified sections Eaves beam
Compound sections
Figure 2.3 Examples of cold formed steel sections
2.5 Common applications

Cold formed steel sections are used widely in building applications. Decking
is also used in composite floors, and in flat roofs. Roof and wall sheeting are
well established and are generally sold as colour-coated products with various
forms of organic surface coatings.
The main advantages of using cold formed sections are:

C high load resistance for a given section depth
C long span capability (up to 10 m)
C dimensional accuracy
C long term durability in internal environments
C freedom from long term creep and shrinkage
C capability to be formed to a particular shape for specific applications

C lightness, which is particularly important for buildings in poor ground
conditions
C no wet trades, as a ‘dry envelope’ is quickly achieved using light steel
framing
C ease of construction, as members are delivered to site cut to length and with
pre-punched holes, requiring no further fabrication
C ability to be prefabricated into sub-frames as wall panels etc;
C robustness, but sufficiently light for site handling
C connections are strong and easily made in factory or on site.
Examples of the structural use of cold formed sections are as follows:
Roof and wall members

A major use of cold formed steel in the UK is as purlins and side rails to support
the cladding in industrial-type buildings (see Figure 2.4). Purlins are generally
based on the Z section (and its variants), which facilitates incorporation of
sleeves and overlaps to improve the structural efficiency of the members in
multi-span applications.
Figure 2.4 Cold formed sections used as roof purlins
Light steel framing

An increasing market for cold formed steel sections is in site-assembled frames
and panels for walls and roofs, and for stand-alone buildings. This approach
has been used in a wide range of light industrial and commercial buildings and
also in mezzanine floors of existing buildings (see Figure 2.5).
Housing
In modern house construction, storey-high wall panels are factory-built and
assembled on site by ‘platform’ construction. The panels are sufficiently light
to be handled on site. External insulation is used in order to create a ‘warm
frame’. Brickwork is attached by wall ties in vertical tracks fixed through the
insulation to the wall studs. Four light steel framing systems are available in the

housing sector in the UK. A major series of load tests has been carried out to
establish the global action of light steel frames to vertical and horizontal loads
(see Figure 2.6).
Figure 2.5 Cold formed sections used in site-assembled framing
Figure 2.6 Light steel framing for housing (Corus Framing’s Surebuild system)

Lintels
A significant market for cold-formed sections is for specially shaped steel lintels
used over doors and windows inlow-rise masonry walls. These products are
often powder-coated for extra corrosion protection in cavity conditions.
Floor joists
Cold formed sections may be used as an alternative to timber joists in floors of
modest span in domestic and small commercial buildings. Spans of up to 5 m
can be readily achieved for C or sigma-shaped sections. Lattice joists may be
used for longer spanning applications.
Systems for commercial buildings

A prefabricated panel system using cold formed sections and lattice joists has
been developed for use in buildings up to 4 storeys height (see Figure 2.7).
Although primarily developed for commercial buildings, this system has wide
application in such as educational and apartment buildings.
Roof trusses
Roof trusses may be manufactured using cold formed sections for both new
construction and renovation projects. They may be of the traditional ‘Fink’ or
‘Pratt’ truss form, or alternatively, they may be designed as ‘open’ roof trusses
for habitable use. ‘Over-roofing’ of existing flat roofs is also a large market for
[7]
long span trusses (see Figure 2.8).
Separating walls and partitions

Separating walls in framed buildings may be designed using C sections and
multiple layers of plasterboard to provide a high level of acoustic insulation and
fire resistance.
Space trusses
A three-dimensional space truss based on a 3 m square module using cold
formed C sections is marketed in the UK by Spacedecks Ltd..
Infill walling and over-cladding

A modern application of cold formed sections is in infill walls to support
cladding to multi-storey steel buildings, and as mullions and transoms in
standard glazing systems. ‘Over-cladding’ systems have been developed for use
[8]
in building renovation .
Prefabricated modular buildings

Prefabricated modular units are a new application of the use of cold formed
sections. The units are manufactured and fitted-out in factory-controlled
conditions. When installed on site with their services and cladding, the units
form whole or part buildings with a high level of acoustic insulation and
[9]
structural integrity . They are also designed structurally for the stresses
imposed during lifting and transportation. Other applications are as
prefabricated ‘toilet pod’ units in multi-storey buildings.

Figure 2.7 Cold formed lattice joists and modular wall panels
Figure 2.8 Roof truss used in over-roofing
Frameless steel buildings

Steel folded plates, barrel vaults and truncated pyramid roofs are examples of
systems that have been developed as so-called frameless buildings (i.e. those
without beams and which rely partly on stressed skin action).
Storage racking
Storage racking systems for use in warehouses and industrial buildings are made
from cold formed steel sections. Most have special clip attachments, or bolted
joints engineered for easy assembly, as shown in Figure 2.9.

Composite decking
A major structural use of strip steel is in composite decking in floors which are
designed to act compositely with the in-situ concrete placed on it. Composite
decking is usually designed to be unpropped during construction, and typical
spans are 3 to 3.6 m. This application, which is illustrated in Figure 2.10, is
[10] [11]
well covered in other publications . More recently, deep decking has been
developed to achieve spans of 5 to 9 m in Slimdeck construction.
Figure 2.9 Typical storage racking system
Figure 2.10 Steel decking used in composite slab

Applications in general civil engineering include:
C Lighting and transmission towers
These towers are often made from thin tubular or angle sections that may be
cold formed.
C Motorway crash barriers
These relatively thin steel members are primarily designed for strength, but
also have properties of energy absorbtion under impact by permitting gross
deformation.
C Silos for agricultural use
Silo walls are often stiffened and supported by cold formed steel sections.
C Culverts
Curved profiled sheets are often used as culverts and storm pipes.
Other major non-structural applications in building include such diverse uses

as garage doors, and ducting for heating and ventilating systems.
2.6 Fire protection

Fire protection to cold formed sections in planar floors or walls is usually
provided by special fire-resistant gypsum plasterboards placed in one or two
layers to form the finished surface. Fire resistance periods of 30 or 60 minutes
can be achieved by this simple method of protection provided joints between
the boards are staggered.
Longer members such as beams and columns can also be “boxed-out” using
standard board protection, as in Figure 2.11. However, the required thickness
of fire protection is usually greater than that for hot rolled sections because the
[12]
thinner steel elements heat up more rapidly .
Figure 2.11 Box fire protection to columns using C sections

3 INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN OF COLD
FORMED SECTIONS
The main difference between the behaviour of cold formed sections and hot
rolled steel sections is that thin plate elements tend to buckle locally under
compression. Cold formed cross-sections are therefore usually classified as
‘slender’ because they cannot generally reach their full compression resistance
based on the amount of material in the cross-section. Therefore, effective
section properties should be used in structural calculations.
The benefits of cold forming on material properties may be taken into account.
A design formula for the increase in average yield strength is presented in
BS 5950-5, Clause 3.4, and this increase in strength is typically 3 to 10%,
depending on the number of bends in the section. For S280 and S350 steel
grades, the design strength of the steel, py is taken as the yield strength, Ys as
modified by Clause 3.4.
3.1 Behaviour of thin plates in compression

3.1.1 Elastic buckling
The full compression resistance of a perfectly flat plate supported on two
longitudinal edges can be developed for a width-to-thickness ratio of about 40.
At greater widths, buckles form elastically causing a loss in the overall
compressive resistance of the plate. This is due to the inability of the more
flexible central portion to resist as much compression as the outer portions
which are partly stabilised by the edge supports.
The critical compression stress at which elastic buckling of the plate occurs is
given by the expression:
2
K B2 E t
pcr =
12 (1 & v 2) b
2 2
. 185 × 103 5 (t/b) N/mm (1)
where:
b is the plate width, and
t is the steel thickness.
The term 5, referred to as the buckling coefficient, represents the influence of

the boundary conditions and the stress pattern on plate buckling. Normally,
plates are considered to be infinitely long but have various support conditions
along their longitudinal edges. The two common cases are, firstly, simple
supports along both edges, and, secondly, one simple support and the other free
edge. In the first case 5 is 4, whereas in the second, 5 reduces dramatically to
0.425. This indicates that plates with free edges do not perform well under
local buckling. These cases are illustrated in Figure 3.1.

pcr pcr
Buckled shape Buckled shape
e e
edg edg
orted orted
p p
Sup Sup
Junction remains Edge is free

pcr straight pcr to displace
Adequate lip No edge lip
Figure 3.1 Local buckling of plates with different boundary conditions
The value of 5 may be enhanced considerably when the rotational stiffness

provided by the adjacent plates is included, or, alternatively, when the loading
conditions do not result in uniform compression. Different cases for sections
in bending and pure compression are given in Appendix B of BS 5950-5.
3.1.2 Post-critical behaviour

Plate elements are not perfectly flat, and therefore begin to deform out-of-plane
gradually with increasing load, rather than buckle instantaneously at the critical
buckling stress. This means that the non-uniform stress state exists throughout
the loading regime, and tends to cause the plate element to fail at loads less
than the critical buckling value. This is a dominant effect in the b/t range from
30 to 60 (for plates simply supported on both edges).
However, there are opposing effects for plate elements with higher b/t ratios.
Firstly, “membrane” or in-plane tensions are generated which resist further
buckling, and secondly, the zone of compression yielding extends from the
longitudinal supports to encompass a greater width of the plate elements. These
post-critical effects cause an increase in the load-carrying capacity of wide plate
elements (b/t > 60) relative to that given by Equation (1).
The parameter which is used to express the behaviour of plate elements in

compression is the “effective width”. This is the notional width which is
assumed to act at the yield strength of the steel. The remaining portion of the
plate element is assumed not to contribute to the compression resistance, as
illustrated in Figure 3.2.
Simplified
Actual stress equivalent
distribution stresses
beff /2
beff /2
Ys ≈b ≈b Ys Ys
Figure 3.2 Illustration of effective width of compression plate

The effective width concept can be modified to take the above factors into
account. A semi-empirical formula for the effective width, beff, of a plate
element under compression is presented in BS 5950-5, Clause 4.3, as follows:
4 &0.2
1/2
beff fc
= 1 % 14 & 0.35 (2)
b pcr
Where, fc is the compressive stress in the plate element, and pcr is the critical
buckling stress of the plate element, as defined previously. fc is limited to a
value of Ys , which is the design strength of the steel.
The relationship given by Equation (2) is plotted in Figure 3.3. Also shown in
this figure is the equivalent elastic buckling curve determined from Equation (1)
[13] [14]
and the corresponding AISI (American) requirements . The full
compression resistance of a real (slightly non-flat) plate element supported on
two longitudinal edges can be developed at a b/t ratio of less than
approximately 30, and this therefore represents the most efficient spacing
between stiffeners or folds in a cross-section. Values of effective width for plate
elements of increasing b/t ratios are presented in Table 3.1 (taken from
BS 5950-5).
1.0
b eff
BS 5950:Part5
b
AISI/EC3 Part 1.3
0.8
Elastic Buckling
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
b/t
2
Figure 3.3 Ratio of effective width to flat width (Ys = 280 N/mm ) of
compression plate with simple edge supports
3.1.3 Influence of stiffeners

There are two types of stiffeners: those at the edge of a plate element, and those
internally within a plate element. They are known respectively as ‘edge’ and
‘intermediate’ stiffeners, in the form of lips and folds, as illustrated in Figure 3.4.
A rule of thumb is that edge stiffeners comprising a simple ‘lip’ or right angle
bend should not be less in depth than one-fifth of the width of adjacent plate
element, if they are to be fully effective in providing longitudinal support.

Table 3.1 Effective widths of compression plate elements supported on two
longitudinal edges (Table 5 of BS 5950-5: 1998, reproduced with
the permission of the British Standards Institution)
b/t beff/b b/t beff/b b/t beff/b b/t beff/b
20 1.000 60 0.673 100 0.405 300 0.151

21 1.000 61 0.662 105 0.387 305 0.149
22 1.000 62 0.652 110 0.370 310 0.147
23 1.000 63 0.641 115 0.355 315 0.145
24 0.999 64 0.631 120 0.341 320 0.143
25 0.999 65 0.621 125 0.328 325 0.141
26 0.998 66 0.612 130 0.316 330 0.139

27 0.997 67 0.603 135 0.305 335 0.138
28 0.996 68 0.594 140 0.295 340 0.136
29 0.994 69 0.585 145 0.286 345 0.134
30 0.992 70 0.577 150 0.277 350 0.133
31 0.989 71 0.569 155 0.269 355 0.131

32 0.985 72 0.561 160 0.262 360 0.130
33 0.981 73 0.553 165 0.254 365 0.128
34 0.976 74 0.545 170 0.248 370 0.127
35 0.969 75 0.538 175 0.241 375 0.125
36 0.962 76 0.531 180 0.235 380 0.124

37 0.955 77 0.524 185 0.230 385 0.122
38 0.946 78 0.517 190 0.224 390 0.121
39 0.936 79 0.511 195 0.219 395 0.120
40 0.926 80 0.504 200 0.215 400 0.119
41 0.915 81 0.498 205 0.210 405 0.117

42 0.903 82 0.492 210 0.206 410 0.116
43 0.891 83 0.486 215 0.201 415 0.115
44 0.878 84 0.480 220 0.197 420 0.114
45 0.865 85 0.475 225 0.194 425 0.113
46 0.852 86 0.469 230 0.190 430 0.112

47 0.838 87 0.464 235 0.186 435 0.111
48 0.824 88 0.459 240 0.183 440 0.109
49 0.811 89 0.454 245 0.180 445 0.108
50 0.797 90 0.449 250 0.177 450 0.107
51 0.784 91 0.444 255 0.174 455 0.106

52 0.771 92 0.439 260 0.171 460 0.106
53 0.757 93 0.435 265 0.168 465 0.105
54 0.745 94 0.430 270 0.165 470 0.104
55 0.732 95 0.426 275 0.163 475 0.103
56 0.720 96 0.421 280 0.160 480 0.102

57 0.708 97 0.417 285 0.158 485 0.101
58 0.696 98 0.413 290 0.156 490 0.100
59 0.684 99 0.409 295 0.153 495 0.099
60 0.673 100 0.405 300 0.151 500 0.098
2
NOTE: These effective widths are based on the limit state of strength for steel with Ys = 280 N/mm and
having a buckling coefficient K = 4. For steels with other values of Ys or sections having K … 4, see
Clause 4.4.1 of BS 5950-5.

A simple formula for the minimum size of stiffener is given in BS 5950-5. If the
stiffener is adequate, the plate element may then be treated as simply supported
along both longitudinal edges, with a 5 value of 4. In BS 5950-5, edge
stiffeners failing to meet this limit are considered to be ineffective and are
disregarded, leading to much reduced effective section properties.
Unstiffened
element
Simple Intermediate
lip Compound stiffener
Internal lip
element
a) Section with b) Sections with elements c) Section with

unstiffened elements stiffened by lips intermediately
stiffened element
Figure 3.4 Types of element and stiffeners
Intermediate stiffeners are intended to reduce the flat width of the plate
elements so that the section operates more effectively. They usually comprise
folds in the section. Again, a simple formula for the minimum size of stiffener
is given in BS 5950-5, Clause 4.7.1. Because these stiffeners stabilise two
adjacent plate elements, they have to be relatively robust (i.e. stiff). Typically,
a V shaped fold of height not less than one-fifth of the width of the adjacent
plate element on one side of the stiffener will generally offer effective support.
Thus, for a compression flange of 150 mm width, a single intermediate fold of
15 mm depth should be satisfactory.
An additional problem with intermediate stiffeners is that the stiffened

compression plate element tends to buckle towards the neutral axis of the
section in bending (a phenomenon known as flange curling). This means that
the effectiveness of very wide compression elements with multi-stiffeners is
reduced due to this deformation. Account is taken of this effect in BS 5950-5,
Clauses 4.7.2 and 4.7.3.
3.2 Behaviour of webs

Webs of cross-sections are subject to shear, bending and local compression at
their supports. It is often found that these local effects dominate the design of
cold formed sections. In purlin design, for example, the sections are supported
by cleats attached to the webs rather than sitting directly on the supports which
may reduce their effectiveness.
3.2.1 Web shear

Slender webs normally fail in shear by shear buckling. The buckling coefficient
5 in Equation (1) for a simply supported plate in pure shear tends to a value of
5.35. This leads to a critical shear stress qcr given by BS 5950-5, Clause 5.4.3
as:
2
t
qcr = 106 N/mm 2 (3)
D

qcr is compared to the average shear stress acting across the full web depth.
Additionally, the average shear stress should not exceed 0.6 Ys representing the
limiting stress at which shear yielding occurs. In irregular sections, the
maximum shear stress should not exceed 0.7 Ys.
3.2.2 Web bending

Webs of sections in bending are subject to varying compressive stress, reducing
from a maximum at the junction with the flange to zero at the elastic neutral
axis position. Very deep webs can be influenced by local buckling in
compression. However, the varying stress in the web leads to a deeper plate
element before buckling than for a plate element under pure compression. This
is reflected in the theoretical value of the buckling coefficient 5 of 23.9 (rather
than 4).
The effective width concept is also used to determine the post-buckling bending
resistance of deep webs by considering two separate zones adjacent to the
neutral axis and to the compression flange. This behaviour is illustrated in
Figure 3.5(b).
b eff /2 b eff /2 b eff /2 b eff /2
Compression
Ys Ys Ys Ys
Yc Yc
Neutral
axis
Tension
a) Effective width of compression b) Effective width of web
flange and fully effective web in compression
b eff /2 b eff /2 b eff /2 b eff /2
po po Ys Ys
Yc
Yc
Neutral
axis
Ys
c) Reduced stress, po d) Full yielding of web in tension
in fully effective web (non-symmetric section)
Figure 3.5 Effective width models for cold formed sections in bending

In BS 5950-5, an alternative approach is used, whereby the maximum
compressive stress in the web is determined. This is given by the term po
calculated as in Clause 5.2.2.2 of BS 5950-5 (see Figure 3.5(c)):
½
Dw Ys
p0 ' 1.13 & 0.0019 py (4)
t 280
where Dw is the depth of the web
3.2.3 Web crushing

Local failure at supports, or at locations of point loads, can occur as shown in
Figure 3.6. This reduces the load-carrying resistance of the member. It is taken
into account by an empirical formula representing the web crushing load.
Cleat
Section A - A Use of cleat to

avoid crushing
Figure 3.6 Web crushing at a support
This effect is largely a function of the width of the support, the thickness of the
steel, and the height/thickness ratio of the section. The crushing load Pw (in kN)
of a single vertical web with stiffened flanges is given in BS 5950-5, Clause 5.3,
as:
Pw = t2 k (1.33 ! 0.33 k)(1.15 ! 0.15 r/t)(2060 ! 3.8 D/t) (1 + 0.01 N/t) x 10!3
(5)
where:
t is the steel thickness (mm)
D is the section depth
N is the support width
r is the corner radius between the web and flange.
k = Ys /228.

Equation (4) applies where the reaction (or point load) is applied close to the
end of the member and where the web is free to move laterally. The equivalent
value for an internal support reaction or point load is approximately 50% higher
than that given by this equation.
It follows that the support reaction or point load should not exceed the web
crushing resistance. This can be best achieved by increasing the width of the
supports or the thickness of the steel section. Enhanced capacities are given for
double C sections with back to back webs, or webs with both flanges held in
[1]
position (see Table 8 of BS 5950-5 ).
Interaction between co-existent bending and web crushing may be taken into
account using the relationship of the form indicated in Figure 3.7. This means
that the bending resistance of continuous members may be reduced at internal
supports, unless wet crushing is prevented by use of a stiffening element, e.g.
an angle cleat.
1.0
M
Mmax
Acceptable zone
0.4
0
0 0.45 1.0
P
Pw
Figure 3.7 Influence of combined moment, M and web reaction, P for

double C sections
3.3 Behaviour of members in bending

3.3.1 Moment resistance of section
The effective properties of sections in bending may be taken into account from
first principles by considering the effective widths of the compression elements,
as illustrated in Figure 3.5. The neutral axis of the section is determined by
balancing tension and compression. The section modulus is then calculated
knowing the elastic neutral axis position. The effective bending resistance is
obtained by multiplying the elastic section modulus by the design strength of
the steel. Both the neutral axis position and the section modulus are therefore
functions of the operating stress of the compression flange.
For symmetric sections, the effective section modulus of the compression plate
is not greater than that in tension and therefore compression yielding occurs

first. However, for some non-symmetric sections, tension yielding may occur
first causing plastification in the tension flange. This local yielding, as
illustrated in Figure 3.5(d) is permitted, provided the compression plate does not
yield.
3.3.2 Influence of section shape

Z-shaped sections displace laterally when loaded through their webs, because
the principal axis of bending is at an angle to the vertical axis through the web.
These sections are normally used as roof purlins, so that the orientation of the
principal axis counteracts that of the roof slope, as in Figure 3.8(a). Some
sections are specially formed to reduce the angular difference between the
principal and vertical axes to about 5E. Fixing to rigid flooring or deep sheeting
also assists in preventing lateral displacement.
Load
Load
Principal axis
of bending
close to vertical
Twisting about
Shear Shear shear centre
centre centre
pe
f slo
o
Ro
a) Z sections as purlins b) C sections
Figure 3.8 Behaviour of different sections under bending
C sections twist when loaded through their webs because the shear centre of the
section is located outside the web (see Figure 3.8(b)). This is alleviated by
placing two sections back to back, or by providing lateral restraints to both
flanges. Fixing to rigid flooring also reduces twisting, depending on the location
and spacing of the fixings. The shape of C sections can be modified to a zeta
shape to bring the shear centre closer to the web.
Non-symmetric sections, as shown in Figure 3.5(d), may displace laterally under

major axis bending. These transverse bending stresses should be considered in
addition to primary bending stresses unless lateral movement is prevented.
3.3.3 Continuous members

For simply-supported members, it is the sagging (positive) moment conditions
that determine the bending resistance of the member. For members that are
continuous over one or more internal supports, moments are determined
elastically (i.e. using moment distribution or other elastic methods). Plastic
hinge analysis is not permitted because the ‘slender’ sections are not able to
maintain their full bending resistance when rotations exceed the point at which
the section reaches yield. There is, however, some residual bending resistance
at large rotations as shown in Figure 3.9.

Elastic moment
Load
Support
Moments following
redistribution
a) Redistribution of moments for 'plastic' sections
Elastic
moment Idealised behaviour
capacity
Moment
Actual behaviour
of 'slender' section
Rotation
b) Moment - rotation characteristics of 'slender' sections
Figure 3.9 Illustration of influence of section type on behaviour of

continuous beams
Design on the basis of elastic analysis means that the conditions at the internal
supports of continuous members often dominate the overall design (see the
relationship between moment and web crushing in Figure 3.7). In some cases,
this can lead to the conclusion that simply-supported members are stronger than
continuous members! Some purlin systems utilise the flexibility of sleeved or
overlapping purlins at the supports in order to achieve some ‘elastic’
redistribution of moment, and hence to lead to more efficient design of the
members (see Section 4.1). In order to make an accurate prediction of the
amount of redistribution that will take place, it is necessary to know the
moment-rotation behaviour of the sleeved or overlapped section in hogging.
This should be determined by testing.
3.3.4 Lateral torsional buckling

The above approach assumes that the members are laterally restrained i.e. they
cannot fail by lateral buckling. This is the case where simply supported
members are attached to floors etc. so that the compression flange is prevented
from displacing sideways (or laterally).
Where the lateral restraints are sufficiently wide apart, lateral torsional buckling
may occur. This effect is illustrated in Figure 3.10. The elastic lateral buckling
resistance moment of an equal flange I-section or a symmetrical C section bent
in the plane of the web is given in Clause 5.6.2.2 by the formula:

0.5
2
B2 AED 1 LE t
ME = Cb 1 % × (6)
2 (LE/ry)2 20 ry D
where:
LE is the distance between points of lateral restraint
ry is the radius of gyration of the section in the lateral direction
Cb is the factor representing the shape of the bending moment diagram (unity
for constant moment).
Loading
y
z
Support
u
Figure 3.10 Deformations u and N associated with lateral-torsional buckling
Account may also be taken of the support conditions in modifying the effective
length LE. The ratio LE/ry defines the slenderness, 8 of the member. As the
slenderness reduces, so ME increases, and eventually the bending resistance, Mc
of the section is reached. Equation (5) may be converted to an effective
slenderness, 8LT of the beam according to the expression:
8LT = uv8 (7)
where u is approximately equal to 0.9 for C or I sections,
0.25
2
1 t
v = 1 % 8 (8)
20 D
The effective slenderness may be non-dimensionalised to give the modified

slenderness ratio, &
8 LT, by dividing by 8y where 8y = B E/Y s (see Section 3.4.1).

As the D/t ratio of these sections is very large, it follows that v tends to unity.
For a simply supported beam, its effective slenderness 8LT may be taken as 0.98
as a safe approximation. This reflects the beneficial effects of non-uniform stress
and torsional stiffness on lateral torsional buckling of the section in comparison
to a strut of slenderness 8.
The relationship between the modified slenderness ratio of the member and the
bending resistance, Mb of the section is shown in Figure 3.11. This is based on
the Perry-Robertson approach, as defined in BS 5950-5. The full bending
resistance of the section can only be reached when 8 is less than 40 Cb.
1.2
BS 5950 - 5
Moment ratio (M b /M c,Rd )
1.0
Elastic lateral
torsional buckling
0.8 ECCS TC7
0.6
EC3 Part 1.3

0.4
BS 5950 - 1
0.2
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Modified slenderness ratio ( λ LT)
Modulus of elasticity E = 205 kN/mm² Shape factor = 1.1

Design strength Y s= 280 N/mm²
Figure 3.11 Design curves for cold formed sections used as beams
Similar formulae may be developed for singly symmetric sections such as

C sections. However, in this case, the shear centre of a C section does not
coincide with the plane of the web. Therefore loads applied through the web
cause twisting of the section (see Figure 3.8(b)). In principle, therefore, single
C sections should be restrained against torsion if they are to be used effectively.
If not, then in-plane “warping” stresses due to torsion are created which should
be added to bending stresses.
The hogging (negative) moment region of continuous members requires special

consideration, because it is usually more difficult to restrain the lower flange of
the section than the upper flange. It is often assumed that the point of zero
moment may be considered as a point of effective restraint, and that the part of
the beam in hogging may be treated as a member with a linear variation of
moment. If this gives a bending moment resistance less than the applied
moment, then additional lateral restraints are needed. It should be noted,
however, that treating the point of zero moment as a point of effective restraint
is only appropriate when adequate torsional restraint is provided at the support
(see Clause 5.5.5. of BS 5950-1:2000). In purlin design, sag bars are generally
used to provide restraint to the lower flange in wind uplift conditions.

3.4 Behaviour of members in compression
3.4.1 Members in pure compression
Members in compression are typically columns loaded by beams, or struts in
trusses. Columns are usually only laterally restrained at the beam-column
connections, unless they are built into a wall. The design of axially loaded
sections may be treated as a series of plates in compression. This leads to an
effective area of the cross-section when the effective widths of all the
compressive plate elements are combined, as shown in Figure 3.12. This ratio
of the effective to the gross area of the section is known as the “Q factor” and
it represents the efficiency of the section under axial compression.
Therefore, the compressive resistance of the section is:
PCS = Q A Ys (9)
where A is the gross (unreduced) cross-sectional area of the column section.
Columns generally fail by buckling rather than pure compression, as shown in

Figure 3.13. Perfectly straight columns buckle elastically at an “Euler load”
given by:
B2 E Iy EA
PE = = B2 (10)
2
LE 82
where 8 is the slenderness of the member between points of lateral restraints

(see Section 3.3.4), which is the effective length Le divided by the radius of
gyration.
The modified slenderness ratio, &

8 is defined as 8/8y, where 8y = B E/Y s in
which 8y corresponds to the slenderness of the equivalent perfect strut when
acting at the yield strength, Ys.
A B
Centroid Shear Modified Eccentricity
centre centroid =A-B
a) Axial load applied b) Reduced cross-section

through centroid in compression
Figure 3.12 Analysis of restrained section in compression

Floor
A A
Column
Lateral buckling Torsional - flexural
mode buckling mode
Section A - A
Floor
Figure 3.13 Buckling of column in compression between floors
Real columns are not perfectly straight; they fail before the Euler buckling load
is reached. This is taken into account by a Perry-Robertson type formula which
has a solution of the form:
P E Pcs
Pc ' (11)
2
N% N &PE Pcs
Pcs % (1 % 0) PE
where N = , Pc is the axial buckling resistance of the
2
column and 0 is an empirical factor accounting for the initial imperfection of the
column, given in Clause 6.2.3 of by 0 = 0.002 (8-20). (Therefore, Pc = Pcs when
8 # 20).
The variation of load ratio (Pc/Pcs) with slenderness ratio 8 is presented in

Figure 3.14.
3.4.2 Singly symmetric sections

In sections which are not doubly symmetric about both axes (see Figure 3.12),
the centroid of the effective section (B) may be at a different location to the
centroid of the gross section (A) through which axial forces are assumed to act.
This gives rise to combined bending and compression, which is taken into
account by a modified value of PcN such that:
PcN = Mc Pc / (Mc + Pc es ) (12)
where Mc is the pure bending resistance of the section, and es is the eccentricity
of the applied load caused by the shift of neutral axis from the gross section to
the effective section (see, Clause 6.2.4).
3.4.3 Combined bending and axial loading

The interaction between bending and axial load may be taken into account by
the following relationship for members which fail by lateral buckling:

Fc Mx My
% % # 1 (13)
Pc Mb Cb Mcy (1 & Fc/Pey)
where Fc is the axial load applied to the column, and Mx and My are the applied
moments in the x and y (major and minor axis) directions (see clause 6.4.3).
Mcx and Mcy are the design bending resistance based on an independent analysis
in the x and y directions. Cb takes into account the variation of moment along
the member (see Equation 6). Pc is determined for an axially loaded member,
as above, and PEY is the compression resistance for buckling in the y direction
(from Equation 9).
This equation takes into account the potentially weakening effects of the
combinations of different buckling modes.
3.4.4 Torsional flexural buckling

Thin open cross-sections are torsionally weak and may be more susceptible to
torsional failure than lateral buckling failure when loaded axially (as illustrated
in Figure 3.13). This is especially so for singly symmetric sections, such as
C sections, because of the separation of the centroid and shear centre
(representing the point about which the member twists).
Analysis for torsional flexural buckling is quite complicated and the approach
in BS 5950-5 is to modify the effective length for lateral buckling to take into
account the possibility of a lower torsional flexural failure mode. This is
achieved by the use of the effective length multiplication factor, ". Appropriate
" values for a range of common sections are presented in Appendix C of
(1)
BS 5950-5 .
1.2
BS 5950-5
Load ratio
1.0
Elastic Euler
buckling
0.8
0.6
EC3 Annex A
0.4
BS 5950 - 1
0.2
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Slenderness ratio λ
Modulus of elasticity E = 205 kN/mm²

Design strength Ys = 280 N/mm²
Figure 3.14 Design curves for cold formed sections as columns

3.5 Serviceability limits
3.5.1 Natural frequency
The natural frequency of light steel flooring systems should be calculated in
order to avoid perceptible vibrations. According to current SCI
recommendations, the natural frequency of these floors should exceed 8 Hz
when calculated for a load equal to the self weight plus a permanent load of 0.3
2
kN/m . This is equivalent to a static deflection of 5 mm under the same load.
Assuming that the permanent load is approximately 33% of the total service
load, it follows that the maximum deflection under total design loading should
not exceed 15 mm. This deflection limit is equivalent to that for timber
construction.
The natural frequency limit often controls for floor spans greater than 5 m.
3.5.2 Deflection limits

Deflection limits are introduced for floors in order that there is no serious risk
of cracking of partitions or other components supported by these floors, or
perceptible movement. Traditionally, an upper deflection limit of span/360 is
used for floors subject to imposed load, reducing to span/250 when subject to
total loads. However, these limits may be too relaxed for light steel floors,
particularly in relation to control of vibrations (see above). Because of this, it is
proposed that the limit on imposed load deflections should be reduced to
span/450, and the limit on total deflection should be reduced to span/350 (but
not exceeding 15 mm, as required for control of vibrations).
Stricter limits are required for edge beams supporting cladding. For brickwork,
total deflection limit of span/500 is often used.

4 APPLICATION OF COLD FORMED
SECTIONS IN BUILDING
The following Sections describe typical uses and potential applications of cold
formed steel sections in buildings. A common use of these sections is in purlins
and side rails in industrial buildings, but there are many new developments of
cold formed sections as primary structural members in housing, light industrial
and commercial buildings.
4.1 Purlins and side rails

Purlins are usually of Z shape, the argument being that the principal axis of
bending of the section is close to vertical when the section is orientated so that
the upper flange points up the roof for roof slopes of 10 to 15E, as shown in
Figure 3.8(a). This means that vertical roof loads do not cause serious twisting
of the sections. However, roof slopes in modern industrial buildings can be as
low as 5E, and this has created the need for modified section shapes. The
so-called “Zeta” section (see Figure 2.3) is one attempt to provide a section
shape more suitable for shallow roofs.
C shaped sections and their derivatives have also been developed for roof and
wall applications. The web shape can be modified to a sigma shape to reduce
the twisting of the section by bringing the shear centre of the section closer to
the web.
All purlins above a certain length are provided with sag rods which are intended
to prevent twisting during erection and to stabilise the lower flange against wind
uplift. The upper purlins are usually tied at ridge level.
Lateral forces on the members can usually be transferred by ‘diaphragm’ or

‘stressed skin’ action of the roof sheeting. The upper flanges of the purlins are
considered to be laterally restrained by the sheeting.
The design of purlins has developed to an extent that empirical methods based
on testing are often the only economic solution. Purlins are usually designed to
be continuous in order to satisfy deflection limits. However, elastic design of
continuous members can be unduly onerous, when strictly interpreting the
requirements of BS 5950-5 (see Section 3.3.3).
This factor has been recognised by the purlin manufacturers and many
overlapped and sleeved systems at the supports have been developed. The
moment-rotation characteristics of these systems can be “matched” to the
performance of the purlin, leading to optimum design of the section. This
behaviour is illustrated in Figure 4.1. Overlapping systems provide better
hogging bending resistance then sleeved systems. Both provide double web
thickness, improving the shear resistance of the section at internal supports.
Shear forces are transferred to the supporting rafters by cleats bolted to the webs
of the purlins. The cleats are designed so that the lower flange of the purlin does
not bear directly on the rafter, and thus web crushing problems are avoided.
The shear or bearing strength of the connecting bolts provides the necessary load
transfer (see Section 4.10).

Side rails are designed in a similar manner and are used in walling applications.
Vertical loads are resisted by the use of sag rods or bracing members in the
plane of the wall.
Joint rotation
Sleeve or overlap
w
0.10wL² Elastic moments

0.08wL²
Redistribution moments
allowing for joint flexibility
Figure 4.1 Redistribution of moments in sleeved or overlap purlin system
4.2 Floor joists

Steel floor joists, usually of C section, may be used to replace timber joists in
housing and other masonry buildings. The joists may be built into walls or
supported on traditional joist hangers (see Figure 4.2). Thicker cold formed
sections may also be used to replace lighter hot rolled sections as secondary
beams in main frames.
Comparisons have been made of the design of cold formed sections with the
traditional alternatives. These comparisons have been characterised in terms of
four typical applications that may be encountered in domestic and commercial
buildings. The section sizes and weights resulting from these designs are
presented in Table 4.1. In practice, designs may be controlled by bending
resistance or stiffness requirements.
In terms of equivalent bending resistance, a series of 175 mm × 37 mm timber

joists may be replaced by 100 mm × 40 mm × 1.2 mm thick C sections at the
same spacing. Other comparative performances may be taken from Table 4.2.
However, in practical applications, floor joists should also be designed for
relatively strict deflection and frequency limits which means that they are deeper
than for pure bending resistance (see Section 3.5).
The cold formed sections can also be manufactured with punched holes in their
webs to allow passage of small diameter pipes and other services. The depth of
these holes is normally less than half the member depth and has little effect on
structural performance. Provision of these holes for services overcomes the
problem of notching of timber joists. Attachment of the timber floor-boards
increases the stiffness of the light steel sections and provides lateral restraint if
fixed at regular intervals.

Table 4.1 Comparison between section sizes for cold formed steel, hot rolled
steel and timber for different applications
Domestic building Commercial building

Section type Span = 4 m Span = 5 m Span = 5 m Span = 6 m
Spacing = 0.6 m Spacing = 0.6 m Spacing = 1.2 m Spacing = 1.2 m
Plain 150×50×3 2No. 150×50×3 2No. 150×50×5

-
C section W = 5.6 W = 11.0 W = 17.8
2No. 2No.
Lipped 165×63×1.6 220×63×1.8
220×63×2.0 300×65×2.0
C section W = 3.9 W = 4.9
W = 10.9 W = 15.0
250×75 300 ×75 2No. 300×75

Timber -
W = 10.1 W = 12.1 W = 24.2
102×51 RSC 127×76 UB 152×89 UB 178×102 UB

Hot Rolled Steel
W = 10.4 W = 13.0 W = 16.0 W = 19.0
2
Imposed loading = 2.5 kN/m for domestic building
2
= 3.5 kN/m for office/commercial building
2
Dead loading = 1.0 kN/m in all cases
W = weight in kg/m
Data presented for S280 steel or standard timber grade.
Table 4.2 Structural equivalents of cold formed sections
Lipped C section Timber
D×B×t D×B
70 × 40 × 1.2 150 × 37
100 × 40 × 1.2 175 × 37
100 × 40 × 1.5 175 × 50
100 × 65 × 1.6 200 × 50
120 × 65 × 1.6 225 × 50
127 × 65 × 1.6 225 × 63
165 × 65 × 2.0 250 × 75
Lipped C sections Hot rolled steel
D×B×t Designation
2 No. 220 × 65 × 2.0 127 × 76 UB

(12.5 kg/m) (13.0 kg/m)
2 No. 300 × 65 × 2.4 178 × 102 UB

(17.9 kg/m) (19.0 kg/m)
2 No. 300 × 65 × 3.0 203 × 133 UB

(21.0 kg/m) (25.0 kg/m)
All dimensions in mm; S280 or grade S275 steel; Standard timber grade.
Based on equivalent bending resistance.

Screw
Joint hanger
- connection to masonry
C section
C section - C section
cleat connection
Bent plate as cleat
Short C section
Truss connection
Screw
Figure 4.2 Examples of connections between C sections
4.3 Stud walling

Stud walling using C sections of 50 to 100 mm depth is a common form of
partition construction in commercial buildings. It is much lighter than traditional
blockwork and is quicker and easier to construct. Importantly, it is a “dry”
construction and is easily removable..
Plasterboard or similar materials are attached by screws to the stud walling to

form the finished surfaces. This adds considerably to the stiffness of the walls.
An 80 mm thick stud wall can be used to replace a 100 mm or 120 mm
blockwork wall. A tall wall constructed using C section studs is illustrated in
Figure 4.3. These walls may be assembled on site or pre-fabricated as storey-
high panels.
Separating walls between compartments and between apartments are designed

to achieve a high level of acoustic insulation and fire resistance. This is achieved
by using multiple layers of fire-resistant plasterboard attached by resilient bars
to the studs, with insulation and quilt placed between the studs.

An airborne sound reduction of over 53 dB and 60 minutes fire resistance can be
easily achieved by this form of construction. Improved acoustic insulation can
be achieved by using double stud walls (usually the case in “party walls”, and in
special applications, such as cinemas).
Figure 4.3 Tall wall constructed using C section studs
4.4 Trusses
Purpose-made steel trusses have been marketed for many years. As shown in
Figure 2.7, they comprise cold formed sections as flanges with bent bars or tubes
forming the bracing elements welded to the flanges. These can be designed to
span typically 5 m to 20 m (and up to 30 m in special applications) and can be
used as roof or floor joists.
Roof trusses for housing are rather different in shape, as the roof pitch is
commonly in the range of 20 to 45E. The traditional timber truss is of the “Fink”
truss form and the truss spacing is compatible with the size of tile battens
normally used. Various steel truss systems have been developed.
Two generic forms of light steel roof truss may be used:

C Closely spaced roof trusses: the ‘open roof’ truss uses bolted C sections which
provide for habitable roof space, as shown in Figure 4.4.
C Widely spaced roof trusses: the more traditional ‘Fink’ trusses may be spaced
wider apart (3 to 5 m) and purlins may span between. The space between
the trusses may be used for storage, etc.

Both roof systems may be used in new-build and in renovation projects by over-
roofing. The Capella system, shown in Figure 4.5, has been specifically
developed for over-roofing in renovation applications. Generally, the
connections between the members are bolted because of the relatively high
forces that are transferred. Over-roofing is covered in a recent SCI publication
[7]
Over-roofing of existing buildings using light steel .
Figure 4.4 Open-roof truss for habitable use
Figure 4.5 Widely spaced roof trusses with purlins between the trusses
4.5 Structural Frames

Cold formed sections can be used not only as secondary members but also as
beams and columns in primary structural frames. This has proved to be
successful in light commercial and industrial buildings and in mezzanine floors.
Often it is necessary to use C sections placed back to back in longer span
applications to increase their buckling resistance.

Traditional C and Z sections can be made up into more complex assemblies, as
shown in Figure 4.6. The sections are thin enough to facilitate connections by
self-tapping screws. Alternatively, C sections can be bolted together to form load
bearing frames, as shown in Figure 4.7 for a school building. Bolted connections
can be made with ‘autoform’ cleated ends and with pre-punched bolt holes.
Typical framing arrangements at junctions of floors and walls are shown in Figure
4.8. The transfer of vertical loads in the walls in ‘platform’ construction can be
achieved by stiffening the ends of the floor joists.
Figure 4.6 Use of C sections to form joists, stud columns, and purlins
Figure 4.7 Load-bearing frames entirely composed of bolted C sections

Load bearing
stud
Edge
support
Bottom
track
Angle
seat
Top track
Floor joist
(a) ‘Balloon’ construction
Load bearing
stud
Edge
support
Bottom
track
Closure
section
Web
stiffener
Floor joist
Top track
(b) ‘Platform’ construction

[15]
Figure 4.8 Typical framing arrangements at junctions of floors and walls

The “Swagebeam” is a special form of C section that has been developed to
enhance the shear and bending resistance of bolted connections between the
sections. This is achieved via the bearing action of indentations in the web of the
section and of embossments in the web cleats. A typical swagebeam connection
in a mezzanine floor is shown in Figure 4.9. This system has been used in
rectangular frames and in portal frames (up to 15 m span).
Figure 4.9 Swagebeam connection
4.6 Curtain walling and over-cladding

Curtain walling to multi-storey buildings consists of light frames which support
glazing, aluminium or steel panels, or stone veneer. These can be storey high
panels which are connected to the floor slabs. Cold formed steel sections can
be used for the sub-frame components to the cladding and there are a number
of recent examples of buildings where this has been used successfully both in
new construction and in renovation (see Figure 4.10). A dry envelope is erected
rapidly, which means that the internal fit-out can commence without the
cladding being on the ‘critical path’.
‘Over-cladding’ of existing buildings is an important market where light steel

sub-frames can be used to span directly between floors. The sub-frames are also
designed to allow for adjustments due to site tolerances (see Figure 4.11). A
variety of cladding materials may be used, such as composite panels or cassette
panels. The design requirements for over-cladding systems are reviewed in an
[8]
SCI publication Over-cladding of existing buildings using light steel .

Figure 4.10 Use of cold formed sections as curtain walling
Figure 4.11 Use of light steel framing as sub-frame in ‘over-cladding’ of existing

buildings

4.7 Housing
Light steel framing used in low-rise housing has been successful in Australia,
Japan, USA, Canada and now in the UK. Currently, four light steel framing
systems are used in the housing sector in the UK. Modern methods of light steel
framing used in housing may be considered to be of three basic forms:
C discrete members that are assembled on site to form to which cladding is
attached. These are similar to ‘frame’ systems covered in Section 4.5.
C wall panels, prefabricated in storey high units (platform construction). This
is a similar form of construction to that used in timber framed housing. The
wall panels are insulated externally to create a ‘warm frame’.
C complete house modules or modular components. Other more sophisticated
steel/concrete boxes have been developed for applications in hotels or
apartment blocks (see Section 4.8).
In wall panel systems, the individual panels are prefabricated by self-piercing

rivets, or welding, and the panels are lifted into place, and bolted together on site
(see Figure 4.12).
Figure 4.12 Erection of light steel framing for a two-storey house
In the Surebuild system, steel floor joists sit on a Z shaped trimmer section
attached to the top of the lower storey wall panels, and the upper panels are
attached to the lower panels in so-called ‘platform’ construction. The steel stud
wall panels use 75 × 32 mm C sections at 400 mm spacing. These are located
on the ‘warm’ internal face of a 35 mm thick insulation board. The internal
finish is a fire resistant plasterboard designed to give 30 minutes fire resistance.
Heavier or multiple board systems can provide 60 minutes fire resistance.
Brickwork is attached by wall ties located in a vertical track which is screwed
through the insulation to the wall studs.

The Metsec Gypframe system uses C sections attached by bolts in countersunk
holes. The Gypframe system is erected as two-storey high wall panels and the
floor joists are bolted to the webs of the wall studs. It is also constructed as a
‘warm frame’ and insulation is pre-attached to the panels.
The other housing systems that are available in the UK are by Ayrshire Steel
Framing and Forge Llewellyn Ltd.
4.8 Modular construction

Modular or ‘volumetric’ systems are pre-assembled and generally fitted-out in the
factory, so that they are delivered to site as units which are self-supporting and
require only minimal site work to complete the assembly of units. The typical
framework of a pre-fabricated module is shown in Figure 4.13.
Figure 4.13 Modular construction using light steel framing
The units are generally less than 4.5 m wide and up to 12 m long because of the
requirements for transportation and lifting. The framework of the modules
comprises cold formed C sections, often supplemented by hot rolled sections at
the corner posts and bottom beam supports. Some systems are corner supported
which means that the braced walls act as deep beams. Others are continuously
edge supported.
Cladding and roofing is usually attached on-site to form the completed building.
Therefore, a variety of architectural features can be achieved. Modular units can
[9]
also be used in refurbishment .
4.9 Frameless structures

Over the last 20 years, there have been important developments in “frameless”
construction, where the members and the cladding interact by “stressed skin”
action. The main structural configurations that have been used are the folded
[16]
plate roof , the truncated pyramid and the barrel vault.

The folded plate roof behaves as a series of inclined beams spanning between
end frames. The fold-line members (cold formed angles) absorb the axial thrusts
and tensions, and the sheeted web is in pure shear. From the point of view of
aesthetics and structural performance the slope of the roof would normally be
between 30 and 45E (to the horizontal) and most efficient spans are between
15 m and 25 m.
The truncated pyramid roof, as shown in Figure 4.14, comprises a compression

ring and a tension ring with hip members transferring the loads between. The
individual sheeted panels are prefabricated and they can be bolted together and
lifted into place in a few hours. Gutter outlets are placed along the valleys and
down the hollow section columns.
Figure 4.14 Example of truncated pyramid roof using cold formed steel sections
4.10 Connections
The common types of fixing between cold formed sections, and between sections
and sheeting, are:
Type Usual Application

(a) Bolts Connecting cold formed sections.
(b) Self-tapping screws Fastening sheeting to sections (< 6 mm thick) or
sheeting to sheeting at sidelaps.
(c) Blind rivets Fastening sheeting to sheeting at sidelaps.
(d) Powder actuated pins Fastening sheeting to members (>6 mm thick).
(e) Spot welding Factory joining of thin steel.
(f) Puddle welding Site welding of sheeting to sections.
(g) Clinching Usually factory installed by press-joining.

(h) Self-piercing rivets Usually factory installed.
(i) Nailing Site installed using special nails.
These different types of fixing are reviewed as follows:

(a) Bolts: Bolt holes can be punched in cold formed sections; the connections
between members are usually arranged so that the bolts are loaded in shear.
In almost all cases, the resistance of the connection is determined by the
bearing resistance of the thinner steel section, rather than by shear of the bolt.
Countersunk bolts can be located in recessed holes punched into the

sections. In this way, the bolt head does not protrude and does not affect the
fixing of the plasterboard or other lining (see Figure 4.15).
Figure 4.15 Countersunk bolts between wall elements
Autoform ends may also be formed during the cutting and punching process;
these facilitate bolting (see Figure 4.16).
Figure 4.16 Creation of autoform ends to C sections

In BS 5950-5, Clause 8.2.5.2 the shear resistance of bolted connections is
given as:
Pu = 2.1 d t Ys for t # 1 mm (14)
or Pu = (1.65 + 0.45 t) d t Ys for 1 mm < t # 3 mm (15)
where:
d is the diameter of bolt (mm)
2
Ys is the design strength of steel in thinner plate (N/mm )
t is the thickness of steel in thinner plate (mm)
These shear resistances assume that the bolt end distance is at least 3d and
that washers are used under both the head and the nut. The resistances are
greater than the equivalent values in BS 5950-1, because of build up of
deformed steel in front of the bolt as the thinner section fails in bearing. They
also include a partial safety factor, given by the ratio of the ultimate to the
yield strength of the steel (approximately 1.4).
(b) Self-tapping screws: Self-drilling self-tapping screws are commonly used for
connecting thin steel components. A selection of the screws and the drill that
may be used is shown in Figure 4.17. The “drill” part of the screw forms a
hole in the steel plate and the “tapping” part forms the thread. This is a single
operation and gives a relatively strong and stiff form of attachment.
“Thin-thick” and “thin-thin” attachments may be made depending on the
length of the screw. The diameter of the screws is in the range of 4.2 to 8.0
mm, the most common size being about 6 mm for thin-thick connections.
The shear resistance (including partial safety factors) may be obtained from
Appendix A of BS 5950-5.
Figure 4.17 Different forms of self-drilling self-tapping screws and the

standard drill

Typically, for a 6 mm diameter screw through 1 mm thick steel, the shear
resistance (including partial safety factors is 3.5 kN (thin-thick fixings) and
2.2 kN (thin-thin fixings). Premature failure of a fixing by pull-out should be
avoided by careful detailing.
Fixings have also been developed for stand-off applications where insulation
materials or timber are to be attached (Figure 4.18).
Figure 4.18 “Stand-off” type fixing for soft insulation materials
(c) Blind rivets can be in aluminium or alloyed metal (often termed “monel”).
They are fitted from one side into predrilled holes and a mandrel is pulled by
a special tool so that the rivet expands into and around the hole. These rivets
are commonly of 2.4 to 6.3 mm diameter (dependant on the hole diameter).
It is a relatively firm form of attachment with good pull out resistance and is
useful for thin-thin attachments, e.g. seams in profiled decking. Again,
Appendix A of BS 5950-5 can be used to obtain the shear resistance.
The “huck” bolt is a similar system, but is used for thicker materials. As for
the blind rivet it is fitted from one side in a pre-drilled hole. Tension is
applied to the stem of the bolt by a special tool and a malleable ring is
pushed to precompress the plates to be attached. When the correct tension
has been applied the outer part of the stem breaks off.
(d) ‘Shot-fired’ pins (more correctly powder actuated fasteners) are often used
when fastening thin to thick steel. They are usually of 4.2 mm diameter and
the powder of cartridge is selected for the thickness of the steel. The shear
resistance of this type of fixing is given in Appendix A of BS 5950-5 as:
Pu = 3.2 t d Ys (16)
The enhanced resistance, relative to a bolt of the same diameter, is due to the
tight fit and the precompression of the steel around the fixing.

(e) Spot welding is a technique used mainly in the factory. An arc is created
between the tips of the welding tool on either side of the steel elements to be
attached. It is therefore most appropriate where the welding tool can be
supported and can be moved easily into place to form the weld.
The shear resistance of a spot weld (in N) is given in BS 5950-5, Clause 8.5.3
as:
Pu = 2.7 t d Y s (17)
(f) Puddle welding is a common site technique in North America. An arc is

created between the manually held welding rod and the bare metal. In order
to weld through to the lower sheet or base steel, a hole is often cut in the
upper sheet and a weld formed around the cut edges.
(g) Clinching is a mechanical process in which two pieces of thin steel are
pressed together to form a local embossment in the surface of the steel.
Clinched connections are effective in shear but are ineffective in tension.
(h) Self piercing rivets have been introduced into the Surebuild system. The
machinery requires sufficient access to make the connection, and therefore
short ‘gusset’ pieces are often introduced to facilitate these connections
between wall studs.
(i) Nailing of secondary timber elements to thin steel sections or sheeting is

feasible by using a “twist-grip” nail. This is practicable where the steel is
0.7 mm to 1.0 mm thick; thicker materials require too much effort to pierce;
thinner materials offer too little pull-out resistance.
4.10.1 Simple connections

Conventionally, connections between cold-formed steel sections comprising two
bolts per member are considered as simple (shear resisting) connections. Hot
rolled angles are often used, but cleats of this size are generally over-sized for
this application.
[17]
In a recent experimental investigation , it was demonstrated that cold-formed
steel web-cleats may be used for improved buildability. Both bolts and
self-drilling self-tapping screws may be used as fasterners for cold-formed steel
web cleats, and they are simple and easy for site installation. Typical shear
resistances of simple connections with cold-formed steel web cleats range from
9 kN to 20 kN, depending on the material and geometry of the cold-formed steel
web-cleats.
[17]
A set of design rules is available to assess the shear resistance of simple
connections with cold-formed steel web cleats for different connection
configurations, depending on the practical spatial orientation of members.
Detailing rules on the minimum and the maximum dimensions for the position
of fasteners should be observed.

4.10.2 Moment connections
In modern roof systems, the purlin-rafter connections between cold-formed steel
sections are highly engineered for the good structural performance of the
continuous purlin members. A number of different connection configurations
with sleeves or overlaps have been developed in various proprietary systems,
which offer partial continuity along the purlins, thereby achieving considerable
economy. Purlin-rafter connections are usually cleated connections in which the
bolts are designed to resist shear.
For beam-column connections, only a limited range of proprietary systems is

available. Mechanical enhancement may be used to increase the moment
resistance of the connections by mobilising bearing actions between the profiled
webs and profiled gusset plates. (A good example of this is the Swagebeam
system.)
An experimental investigation on lipped C sections with hot rolled steel gusset

[17]
plates , beam-column connections and also portal frames was carried out.
The webs of the back-to-back C sections were connected by bolts to the gusset
plate. The maximum moment that was resisted by these nominally simple
connections was up to 85% of the bending resistance of the connected members.

5 SECTION PROPERTIES OF COLD FORMED
SECTIONS
Geometrical properties of cold formed sections are presented (see yellow pages)
in the following format:
C Gross section properties
C Effective section properties (including the effects of local buckling).
Gross properties are used to determine the elastic stiffness of members or the
moments in continuous structures or frames. Effective properties are used to
determine the load carrying capabilities of the sections.
The geometry of the various sections included in this design guide are presented
in Figures 5.1 and 5.2, and their dimensions are given in Tables 5.1 and 5.2.
These sections are available for general use, but the list is not exhaustive. The
tables include only those sections available for general structural applications.
This ignores the smaller C sections.
Gross section properties of the section include:

C Height and thickness (which define the section)
C Self-weight
C Cross-sectional area
C Second moment of area about x and y axes
C Section modulus about x and y axes
C Radius of gyration about x and y axes
C Torsion and warping constants
C Position of centroid and shear centre.
For Z sections, the second moment of area about the principal axes (u and v) and
also the angle, 2 between the principal axis u and the x axis, are also presented.
Effective section properties incorporate the influence of local buckling and are
used in resistance calculations. Properties are given for:
C Effective area ratio, or Q factor
C Section modulus about x and y axes
C Second moment of area about x axes
C Shift of neutral axis position.
Gross and effective section properties are also given for double (i.e. back to back)
C or equivalent sections, but not for Z sections.
The effective section modulus and second moment of area are based on a steel
2 2
design strength of 280 N/mm or 350 N/mm , as specified by the relevant
manufacturer.

The “Q factor” is a term which defines the ratio of the effective to the gross
cross-sectional area of the section (see Section 3.4.1). The compression
resistance, Pcs, is based on the effective section, but ignores the effects of lateral
instability.
The bending resistance of the section, which is assumed to be laterally restrained,

is determined from:
Mc = Z( Do
where Z( is the effective section modulus (for the x or y directions, as

appropriate) and po is the bending strength determined by the slenderness of the
web. Tension yielding is permitted in the evaluation of Z( for asymmetric
bending, which may mean that the value of Z( exceeds the elastic value for the
gross section.
The section property tables refer to those cold formed steel sections readily
available at the time of publication. Sections are continually being modified and
improved, and new sections manufactured. The individual companies
mentioned should therefore be contacted to establish their latest product range.
Manufacturers’ addresses and telephone numbers are given in the Appendix A.
The section property data may differ slightly for that given by manufacturers who
have carried out load tests to establish the key bending properties. In this
publication, more section property data are given than would be included in
manufacturers’ tables.
Load capacity tables for discrete beams and columns are presented in Section 6
for the generic sections listed in Tables 6.1 and 6.2, these being representative
of those manufactured by a number of companies. They should be used for
scheme design. Double sections are recommended for columns and heavily
loaded beams.

Table 5.1 Dimensions of C sections included in the section property tables
Overall Flange widths (mm)
Section type Steel grades Lip (mm)
depth (mm) Top ‘B’ Bottom ‘B’
Ayrshire (CW) C Section 280 or 350 100 to 240 65 65 13
Ayrshire Swagebeam 280 220 to 300 65 65 18
Ayrshire (St Helens) Plain C 280 75 to 175 50 50 -
Section
Hi-span C Section 350 155 to 175 66 66 15
Metsec C Section 350 142 to 342 64 to 97 64 to 97 13 to 20
Metsec Plain C Section 280 52, 100, 152 50 50 -
63 25 25 -
74, 75 38 or 44 38 or 44 -
80 48 48 -
Albion C Section 350 127, 145 50 to 62.5 50 to 62.5 15
(formerly Millpac) 165 to 276 62.5 62.5 15 to 20
230, 300 70 20
Metsec Framing SFS Section 350 70 to 300 35 to 54 35 to 60 10 to 15
Structural Sections Ultrabeam 350 145 to 285 50 to 75 50 to 75 12 to 17
Ward Multibeam 390 145 to 350 60 60 14
Ward Multichannel 350 70 to 350 50 to 95 50 to 95 20
Generic C sections 280 or 350 100 to 300 55 to 65 55 to 65 15
y B y B y B
t t t
x x D x x D x x D
y y y
Plain C section Lipped C section Swagebeam
y B y B y B
t t
t
x x D x x D x x D
y y y
Ultrabeam Multichannel Multibeam
Figure 5.1 C sections and their derivatives included in section property tables

Table 5.2 Dimensions of Z sections included in section property tables
Overall Flange widths (mm)
Section type Steel grades Lip (mm)
depth (mm) Top ‘B’ Bottom ‘B’
Ayrshire Zed Section 280 125 55 45 15 to 16
140 to 200 58 49 15 to 16
240 76 68 15 to 18
300 94 86 15 to 18
Aryshire Zeta Section 280 125 60 50 18
150 to 200 72 65 18
Aryshire Zeta II 350 225 to 285 78 68 18 to 20
Aryshire Zeta III 350 140 to 200 55 45 15 to 16
Hi-span Z Section 350 150 and 170 66 60 17 to 19
205 66 60 17 to 19
230 and 255 83 75 17 to 19
Metsec Z Section 350 142 60 55 19 to 21
172 and 202 65 60 19 to 21
232 76 69 19 to 21
262 80 72 19 to 21
302 90 82 19 to 22
342 100 92 19 to 22
Albion Z Section 350 120 50 50 15
(formerly Millpac) 145 and 175 50 to 62.5 50 to 62.5 15 to 20
200 and 225 62.5 to 75 62.5 to 75 20
240 and 300 75 75 20
Structural Sections UltraZed 350 145 62.5 56.5 14 to 15.5
170 67.5 61.5 14 to 15.5
200 to 285 76 71 18
Generic Z sections 280 to 350 100 to 300 55 to 94 45 to 86 15
B top B top B top
y y y
t
t
t
x x D x x D x x D
y y y
B bot B bot B bot
Z section Zeta section UltraZED section

B top Btop
y y
t
t
x x D x x D
y y
B bot Bbot
Ayrshire Zeta III Ayrshire Z
Figure 5.2 Z sections and their derivatives included in section property tables

5.1 Notation used in section property tables
xx major axis bending
yy minor axis bending
B section width
D section depth
t section thickness (including galvanizing)
es (for C sections) horizontal distance of the shear centre of the section
from the web/flange junction
eN shift of neutral axis
Xcg, Ycg position of centroid
Xsc, Ysc (for Z sections) position of shear centre
Ixx second moment of area (gross or unreduced) for major axis bending
Iyy second moment of area for minor axis bending
Ixy product moment of area
Iuu second moment of area about u axis
Iw second moment of area about v axis
2 (for Z sections) angle between u and x axes
rxx radius of gyration in major axis direction
ryy radius of gyration in minor axis direction
Zxx section modulus (gross or unreduced) for major axis bending
Zyy section modulus (gross or unreduced) for minor axis bending
J torsional constant (pure torsion)
Cw warping constant
Q factor representing the effective cross-sectional area ratio for pure
compression (at a stress of Ys)
ZXR effective section modulus for major axis bending (at a stress of Ys)
ZY1R effective section modulus for minor axis bending (smaller outstand in
tension) (at a stress of Ys)
ZY2R effective section modulus for minor axis bending (larger outstand in
compression) (at a stress of Ys
IXR effective second moment of area (at a stress of Ys,)
Pcs compressive capacity of short column (in kN)
Mcx bending capacity of restrained beam in major axis direction (in kNm)
Mcy1 bending capacity of restrained beam in minor axis direction (smaller
outstand in tension) (in kNm)
Mcy2 bending capacity restrained beam in minor axis direction (larger
outstand in compression) (in kNm)

y
Shear centre
t
Mid-height of section
D/2
x x
es x cg
Centre of gravity
D/2
X sc
y
B
Xsc = es + x cg , Ysc = 0
Figure 5.3 Position of centroid and shear centre for C sections

y
B top
Shear centre
e
s
Centre of gravity
D/2
Ysc y cg
x x
xcg X sc Mid-height of section

D/2
t
y
B bot
Xsc = es — x cg
Figure 5.4 Position of centroid and shear centre for Z sections
5.2 Summary of assumptions in deriving the section

property tables
C Gross section properties are independent of steel strength and operating stress
(i.e. the unreduced section).
C The actual steel thickness used in calculations is the specified thickness less
the galvanizing thickness (0.04 mm).
C Corner radii (internal) are taken as 2 × section thickness, or as recommended
by the manufacturer. The effective width of the flat plates excludes corners.
Corners are included in calculating section properties.
C The horizontal distance of the shear centre of the section from the adjacent
web/flange junction may be assumed to be zero for Z sections.

C Double (back to back) sections are assumed to act as compound sections.
C Effective widths of compression plates are calculated using the appropriate
value of buckling coefficient, K (K $ 4) as given by Appendix C of BS 5950-5.
C Effective section properties are calculated for the steel yield strength specified
by the manufacturers.
C The effective section modulus, Zy is calculated for a stress in the compression
plate of py. This property is used in calculating the moment capacity of the
section. The effects of web buckling are included.
C Tension yielding is permitted for non-symmetric sections.
C The effective second moment of area is calculated on the same basis as the
section modulus.

6 LOAD AND PERFORMANCE
CHARACTERISTICS OF COLD FORMED
SECTIONS
This Section refers to a series of Load Capacity Tables (see pink and green pages)
giving load carrying capacities of generic cold formed steel sections. Values are
given for the based on limitations of both bending resistance and deflection.
6.1 Generic sections

The generic sections are symmetric C and Z sections, with flange widths as given
in Table 6.1. The sizes have been selected to be typical of those marketed. Back
to back C sections are used as "double" sections. Properties for most of the
sections are given for steel grade S280 (pink pages); some sections are also given
for steel grade S350 ( green pages). These generic sections are representative of
sections of similar size and thickness produced by a number of manufacturers,
and can be used for scheme design in a particular application. Manufacturer's
data should be used for final design.
Table 6.1 List of generic lipped C sections of grade S280 and S350 steel included
in Load Capacity Tables
S280 S350
Flange Load Capacity Tables Load Capacity Tables
Depth Thickness Lip
Width (Pink pages) (Green pages)
(mm) (mm) (mm)
(mm)
Beam Column Beam Column
100 1.2 55 15 1 37 55 91
125 1.2 55 15 2 38 56 92
125 1.6 55 15 3 39 57 93
150 1.6 65 15 4 40 58 94
150 1.8 65 15 5 41 59 95
165 1.6 65 15 6 42 60 96
165 1.8 65 15 7 43 61 97
180 1.6 65 15 8 44 62 98
180 1.8 65 15 9 45 63 99
180 2.0 65 15 10 46 64 100
200 1.6 65 15 11 47 65 101
200 1.8 65 15 12 48 66 102
200 2.0 65 15 13 49 67 103
220 2.0 65 15 14 50 68 104
220 2.4 65 15 15 51 69 105
250 2.4 65 15 16 52 70 106
300 2.4 65 15 17 53 71 107
300 3.0 65 15 18 54 72 108

Table 6.2 List of generic lipped Z sections of grade S250 and S350 steel included
in Load Capacity Tables
S280 S350
Flange Width
Load Capacity Tables Load Capacity Tables
Depth Thickness (mm) Lip
(Pink pages) (Green pages)
(mm) (mm) (mm)
Btop Bbot Beam Column Beam Column
100 1.2 55 45 15 19 - 73 -
125 1.2 55 45 15 20 - 74 -
125 1.6 55 45 15 21 - 75 -
150 1.6 58 49 15 22 - 76 -
150 1.8 58 49 15 23 - 77 -
165 1.6 58 49 15 24 - 78 -
165 1.8 58 49 15 25 - 79 -
180 1.6 58 49 15 26 - 80 -
180 1.8 58 49 15 27 - 81 -
180 2.0 58 49 15 28 - 82 -
200 1.6 58 49 15 29 - 83 -
200 1.8 58 49 15 30 - 84 -
200 2.0 58 49 15 31 - 85 -
220 2.0 58 49 15 32 - 86 -
220 2.4 58 49 15 33 - 87 -
250 2.4 76 68 15 34 - 88 -
300 2.4 94 86 15 35 - 89 -
300 3.0 94 86 15 36 - 90 -
6.2 Load capacity tables for beams

For each section size and steel grade, a single load-span table is given. The table
gives values of maximum working load per span for a range of spans and restraint
conditions, at the limits of bending resistance, of total deflection and of web
crushing. For any particular situation, the minimum of the three values is to be
taken as the maximum working load that may be supported by each span of the
beam. Deflections tend to govern the choice of section as the span/depth ratio
of the member increases.
6.2.1 Bending resistance limits

The bending resistance of a beam depends on the distance between points of
lateral restraint, as explained in Section 3.3.4. The bending resistance in derived
in the tables is that given by BS 5950-5 for the particular section and restraint
conditions. Most beams used in floors are continuously restrained, if fixed
regularly to the flooring.
The load values in the table are the values of total working load per span which,
when multiplied by a factor of 1.6 (see Section 1.2), cause a bending moment at
midspan that is equal to the bending resistance. (That is WL/8 for distributed
loads and WL/4 for point loads.) The factor of 1.6 is conservative in all cases,
and becomes increasingly so as the ratio of dead to imposed load increases. No
distinction is made between single and multiple spans. This is a ‘safe’
assumption, based conservatively on the same moment at failure.
For C sections, values are given for both single and double sections. For Z
sections, values are only given for single sections.

6.2.2 Deflection limits
Beam deflections depend on the section stiffness, the beam span, and whether
it is simply supported or continuous. Load values in the tables correspond to the
total working load per span at which the total deflection is equal to the limits of
either span/250 or span/350 (see comment in Section 3.5.2).
Deflections are calculated using a section stiffness based on the average of the
gross and the effective second moments of area of the section. The working load
is unfactored when calculating these deflections. Deflections for the double span
case are assumed to be 60% of the value for the single span case.
The limit of span/250 corresponds to the 'normal' limitation for beams in roofs.
The limit of span/350 should be used for lightweight floors. If it is assumed that
the self weight component for floors is about 30% of the total load, this limit
correspond to approximately L/450 under imposed load. Furthermore, the
deflection under total load should not exceed 15 mm in order to satisfy the
natural frequency limit of 8 Hz (see Section 3.5.1).
6.2.3 Web crushing limits

Additionally, values are given for each section for the load at which web
crushing will occur at supports or at a point load when no web stiffener or cleat
is present. The crushing resistance depends on the support width and the lateral
restraint to the top flange. Web crushing resistance is in accordance with BS
5950-5, depending on the location of the load and the restraint to the flanges.
As for bending resistance, the load values are working loads which, when
multiplied by a factor of 1.6, will equal the crushing resistance of the web. For
single spans, the total load W is twice the crushing resistance. Continuous or
multiple spans result in increased reactions at the internal supports. Thus, an
additional stiffening cleat is required for all continuous beam applications.
6.3 Load capacity tables for columns

For each section size and steel grade, a single load-height table is given. The
table gives values of the maximum axial working load for a range of effective
lengths for both axes of the section.
Values are given for single and double C sections. Double sections are assumed
to be attached together at regular intervals to form an equivalent I section. No
tables are given for Z sections, since they are not normally used to support axial
load.
The load values in the table are the values of working load which, when
multiplied by a factor of 1.6, are equal to the compressive resistance of the
column. The column resistance is derived in accordance with BS 5950-5, as
discussed in Section 3.4. The factor of 1.6 is conservative in all cases, and
becomes increasingly so as the ratio of dead to live load increases.
In deriving the axial resistances, torsional restraints are assumed at the positions
of the major axis restraints and at the column ends. This affects the torsional-
flexural buckling mode of failure.

For the concentrically loaded case, the load eccentricity is assumed to be zero.
For the eccentrically loaded cases, the load is assumed to be applied at the face
of the section. For members in walls, the eccentric load is typically taken to be
applied at the wall face, but concentrically on the other axis. For isolated
columns, load is typically taken to be applied eccentrically to both axes, i.e. at
a corner of the section. Values are given for combinations of four different
effective lengths about the y-y or minor axis and two different effective lengths
about the x-x or major axis. Values are also given for the cases where
continuous restraint is provided about each axis, in combination with the range
of effective lengths about the other axis. (In the plane of walls, minor axis
restraint can be provided by straps.)
6.4 Guidance on selection of cold formed steel

sections
For efficient structural performance, the following general guidelines on member
selection are given:
(1) For compliance with normal deflection limits, the ratios of member span, L
to depth, D should be:
L/D # 20 simply supported floor beams
L/D # 24 continuous floor beams
L/D # 30 simply supported roof beams
L/D # 35 continuous roof beams.
(2) Restrain the compression (upper) flange of beams by attachment of flooring

or roof sheeting or other members.
(3) Limit the effects of local buckling by keeping the flange widths to steel
thickness ratio (b/t) to within the following limits:
b/t # 40 lipped sections
b/t # 12 plain sections (no lips)
b/t # 60 lipped sections with intermediate stiffener
(4) Limit the effects of web buckling or web crushing by keeping the web depth
to thickness ratio, (D/t), within the following limits:
Single span:
D/t # 120 for single sections under uniformly distributed loads
D/t # 80 for single sections under point loads
D/t # 150 for double sections back-to-back
Double span:
D/t # 80 for single sections
D/t # 120 for double sections back-to-back
(5) Avoid heavy point loads applied directly to the top flange of the member.
Allow at least 50 mm end bearing for heavily loaded beams, and 100 mm
bearing for internal supports on double span beams (or, preferably, use a
stiffening cleat).

(6) Restrain studs in their y-y (minor axis) direction at one or two points along
their length, or use double C sections). The unsupported height H divided by
the member depth should be less than 35.
Designs outside the above suggested limits are permitted, but this can result in
relatively inefficient structural performance. Designing within these limits does
not imply that structural calculations are unnecessary, but rather that the selected
section will be structurally efficient for the loads and span conditions under
consideration.
6.5 Example of use of load-span tables for beams

Consider a floor spanning 4.5 m, with beams at 600 mm spacing:
2
Imposed load = 2.5 kN/m
2
Self weight of floor = 0.5 kN/m (assumed)
2
Total working load = 3.0 kN/m
Load on beam = 3 × 0.6 × 4.5 = 8.1 kN
Choose deep lipped C section with L/D = 20 (approx) - say 200 mm deep
For D/t = 120, t = 1.67 ; say 1.8 mm thick:
From Table 12:
Bending resistance of section:

Max. load for full restraint = 10.2 kN ~ OK
Deflection of single span beam.

For * # L/350: max. load = 7.3 kN, which is not adequate.
Deflection of double span beam.

For * # L/350: max. load = 12.2 kN, which is adequate.
Web crushing: Support width = 50 mm

For unrestrained section, max. load = 8.2 kN ~ OK
Therefore, 200 mm × 1.8 mm thick C section is adequate, provided that the

beams are double span.
For single span beams, try 2.0 mm thick section.
From Table 13:
Bending resistance of beam:

Max. load for full restraint = 11.6 kN ~ OK
Deflection of single span beam.

For * # L/350: max. load = 8.3 kN, which is adequate
Web crushing: Support width = 50 mm

For unrestrained section, max. load = 10.1 kN ~ OK
Therefore, 200 mm × 2.0 mm thick C section is adequate as a single span beam

7 REFERENCES
1. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION

BS 5950-5:1998 Structural use of steelwork in building. Code of
practice for design of cold formed thin gauge sections

BS EN 10147: 2000 Continuously hot-dip zinc coated structural strip
and sheet. Technical delivery conditions

BS 2989: 1991 Specification for continuously hot-dip zinc coated
and iron-zinc alloy coated steel of structural qualities: wide strip,
sheet/plate and slit wide strip
4. Galvatite Technical Manual

British Steel Strip Products, 1993 (now Corus Colors)
5. ANDREW, T. O.
White rust on galvanized steel
British Steel Product Development Centre, Shotton, 1988
6. POPO-OLA, S.O., BIDDLE, A.R. and LAWSON, R.M.

Durability of light steel framing in residential building (P262)
The Steel Construction Institute, 2000
7. HILLIER, M., LAWSON, R. M. and GORGOLEWSKI, M.

Over-roofing of existing buildings using light steel (P246)
8. LAWSON, R. M., PEDRESCHI, R., POPO-OLA, S., and

FALKENFLETH, I.
Over-cladding of existing buildings using light steel (P247)
9. LAWSON, R. M., GRUBB, P. J., PREWER, J., and TREBILCOCK, P. J.

Modular construction using light steel framing:
An Architect’s Guide (P272)
The Steel Construction Institute,, 1999
10. LAWSON, R. M.
Design of composite slabs and beams with steel decking (P055)
11. COUCHMAN, G. H., MULLETT, D. L. and RACKHAM, J. W.

Composite slabs and beams using steel decking: Best practice for
design and construction (P300)
The Metal Cladding & Roofing Manufacturers Association and

12. LAWSON, R. M.
Building design using cold formed steel sections:
Fire protection (P129)
13. AMERICAN IRON AND STEEL INSTITUTE

Specification for the design of cold formed steel structural members
AISI, 1986 (including Commentary)
14. YU, W. W.
Cold formed steel structures
McGraw Hill, 1973
15. CANADIAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

Lightweight steel framing
CISC, Willowdale, Ontario, 1991
16. DAVIES, J. M.
Light gauge steel folded plate roofs
The Steel Construction Institute/Constrado, 1978
17. CHUNG, K. F. and LAWSON, R. M.

Structural performance of shear connections among cold-formed
steel members using web cleats of cold-formed steel strips
Engineering Structures, 22 (10), 2000 pp 1350-1366.
Elsevier Science Ltd

8 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. EUROPEAN CONVENTION FOR CONSTRUCTIONAL STEELWORK

European recommendations for the design of light gauge steel members
ECCS publication 49, 1987
2. HANCOCK, G. J.
Design of cold formed steel structures, 3rd Edition
Australian Institute of Steel Construction, 1998
3. DAVIES, J. M. and BRYAN, E. R.

Manual of stressed skin diaphragm design
Granada, 1982

European recommendations for connections in thin walled structural steel
elements
ECCS publication, 1981

Mechanical fasteners for use in steel sheeting and sections
ECCS publication, 1983
6. CURRIE, D. M.
The use of light gauge cold formed steelwork in construction; developments
in research and design
Building Research Establishment, 1989
7. RHODES, J. (Editor)
Design of cold formed steel members
Elsevier Applied Science, 1991

ENV 1993: Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
DD ENV 1993-1-3:2001 General rules. Supplementary rules for cold formed
thin gauge members and sheeting (includes UK NAD)

BS 2994: 1976 Specification for cold rolled steel sections
10. BRITISH GYPSUM LIMITED

The White Book, 1996
11. Corus Colors

C Coil and sheet steel production range
C The Colorcoat in Building, 1997

SCI publications in Light Steel series
GORGOLEWSKI, M. T., GRUBB, P. J., and LAWSON, R. M.

Building design using cold formed steel sections: Light steel framing in residential
construction (P301)
LAWSON R. M., GRUBB, P. J., PREWER, J., and TREBILCOCK, P.

Building Design Using Modular Construction: An Architect’s Guide (P272)
The Steel Construction Institute, 1999.
POPO-OLA, S.O., BIDDLE, A.R. and LAWSON, R.M.

Durability of light steel framing in residential building (P262)
ROGAN, A. L., and LAWSON, R. M.

Value and Benefit Assessment of Light Steel Framing in Housing (P260)
LAWSON, R. M., PEDRESCHI, R., POPO-OLA, S., and FALKENFLETH, I.

Over-Cladding of Existing Buildings using Light Steel (P247)
HILLIER, M. LAWSON R. M., and GORGOLEWSKI, M.

Over-Roofing of Existing Buildings using Light Steel (P246)
GRUBB, P. J. and LAWSON, R. M.

Building Design using Cold Formed Steel Sections:
Construction Detailing and Practice (P165)
TREBILCOCK, P. J.
An Architect’s Guide (P130)
LAWSON, R. M.
Fire Protection (P129)
CLOUGH, R. H. and OGDEN, R. G.

Acoustic Insulation (P128)
CHUNG, K. F.
Worked Examples (P125)

APPENDIX A Contact Information
List of cold formed section manufacturers

Albion Sections Ltd
Albion Road
West Bromwich
B70 8BD
Telephone: 0121 553 1877
Fax: 0121 523 5507
Website: www.albionsections.co.uk
Ayrshire Metal Products (Daventry) Limited

Royal Oak Way
Daventry
NN11 5NR
Telephone: 01327 300990
Fax: 01327 300885
Website: www.ayrshire.co.uk
Ayrshire Metal Products plc

17 Church Street
Irvine
KA12 8PH
Telephone: 01294 274171
Fax: 01294 275447
Hi-Span Limited
Ayton Road
Wymondham
NR18 0RD
Telephone: 01953 603081
Fax: 01953 607842
Website: www.hi-span.com
Metsec Limited
Birmingham Road
Oldbury
Warley
B69 4HE
Telephone: 0121 601 6000
Fax: 0121 601 6119
Website: www.metsec.co.uk
Steel Framing Systems

(refer to Metsec Limited)

Structural Sections Limited
PO Box 92
Downing Street
Smethwick
Warley
B66 2PA
Telephone: 0121 555 1340
fax: 0121 555 1341
Website: www.hadleyindustries.plc.uk
Ward Building Components Limited

Sherburn
Malton
YO17 8PQ
Telephone: 01944 712000
Fax: 01944 710555
Website: www.wards.co.uk
Framing systems for housing

Ayrshire Steel Framing
17 Church Street
Irvine
KA12 8PH
Telephone: 01294 274171 Fax: 01294 275447
Corus Framing (incorporating Surebuild)

Corus Building Systems
Whitehead Works
Mendalgief Road
Newport
NP20 2NF
Telephone: 01633 244000 Fax: 01633 211231
Website: www.corusgroup.com
Metek UK Ltd
Unit 4, Longbrook Trading Estate
Ashton Vale Road
Ashton
Bristol
BS3 2HT
Telephone: 01179 093893 Fax: 01179 738501
Website: www.metekbuildingsystems.co.uk
First Industries
Corbiere Works
Bourne End Industrial Estate
Hemel Hempstead
HP1 2RN
Telephone: 01422 878797 Fax: 01442 878757

Forge Llewellyn Ltd
Unit 13.3.1 The Leather Market
Weston Street
London
SE1 3ER
Telephone: 020 7357 7323 Fax: 020 7357 8157
Website: www.forge-llewellyn.co.uk
Metsec Framing (incorporating Gypframe)

Bradwell Road
Oldbury
Warley
B69 4HE
Telephone: 0121 552 1541 Fax: 0121 544 0699
Website: www.metsec.com
Other sources of information:

Corus Colors
PO Box 10
Newport
Gwent NP19 0XN
Telephone: 01633 290022
Cold Rolled Sections Association

c/o Robson Rhodes
Centre City Tower
7 Hill Street
Birmingham B5 4UU
Telephone: 0121 697 6000
Fax: 0121 697 6113
There are other manufacturers of cold formed steel sections for specific
applications, and a comprehensive list can be obtained from the Cold Rolled
Sections Association.

SECTION PROPERTY TABLES
C Sections
Note: Section property data are given for commonly available C sections,
and for generic C sections, which may be used at the scheme design
stage. These properties are calculated in accordance with BS 5950-5
and may differ slightly from manufacturers' data.
A-1
[BLANK PAGE]
A-2
B
GROSS SECTION PROPERTIES

AYRSHIRE CW SECTION x x D
Design Yield Strength = 280 N/mm2
SINGLE SECTION
D x B t Area Weight Ix x Iy y rx x ry y Zx x Zy y J Cw es
2 4 4 3 3 4 6
mm mm cm kg/m cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm mm
100 x 65 1.6 3.79 2.97 64.7 21.2 4.13 2.37 12.95 5.04 0.0307 434 -30.1
120 x 65 1.6 4.10 3.22 97.9 22.6 4.89 2.35 16.32 5.16 0.0332 638 -28.9
127 x 65 1.6 4.21 3.30 111.4 23.1 5.14 2.34 17.54 5.20 0.0341 721 -28.5
1.8 4.72 3.70 124.2 25.6 5.13 2.33 19.57 5.76 0.0487 794 -28.2
2.0 5.22 4.10 136.7 28.0 5.12 2.31 21.54 6.30 0.0669 862 -27.9
140 x 65 1.6 4.41 3.46 139.2 23.8 5.62 2.32 19.89 5.27 0.0358 891 -27.8
1.8 4.95 3.88 155.3 26.4 5.60 2.31 22.19 5.83 0.0511 982 -27.5
155 x 65 1.6 4.64 3.65 175.9 24.6 6.15 2.30 22.71 5.33 0.0377 1116 -27.0
1.8 5.21 4.09 196.4 27.3 6.14 2.29 25.35 5.90 0.0538 1230 -26.7
170 x 65 1.6 4.88 3.83 217.9 25.3 6.68 2.28 25.64 5.38 0.0396 1371 -26.2
1.8 5.47 4.30 243.4 28.1 6.67 2.27 28.64 5.97 0.0565 1512 -26.0
185 x 65 1.6 5.11 4.01 265.4 26.0 7.20 2.26 28.69 5.43 0.0415 1657 -25.6
1.8 5.74 4.51 296.5 28.8 7.19 2.24 32.06 6.02 0.0593 1829 -25.3
200 x 65 1.6 5.35 4.20 318.6 26.6 7.72 2.23 31.86 5.48 0.0434 1977 -24.9
1.8 6.00 4.71 356.1 29.5 7.70 2.22 35.62 6.07 0.0620 2183 -24.6
2.0 6.65 5.22 392.9 32.3 7.68 2.20 39.29 6.64 0.0852 2378 -24.4
220 x 65 1.6 5.66 4.44 398.9 27.3 8.40 2.20 36.27 5.53 0.0459 2455 -24.1
1.8 6.35 4.99 446.1 30.3 8.38 2.18 40.56 6.12 0.0656 2712 -23.8
2.0 7.04 5.53 492.4 33.1 8.36 2.17 44.77 6.70 0.0902 2956 -23.6
240 65 2.0 7.44 5.84 605.9 33.9 9.03 2.14 50.50 6.75 0.0952 3608 -22.8
y
B B
x x D
DOUBLE SECTION y
D x B t Area Weight Ix x Iy y rx x ry y Zx x Zy y J Cw
2 4 4 3 3 4
mm mm cm kg/m cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm6
100 x 65 1.6 7.57 5.95 129.5 81.9 4.13 3.29 25.91 12.60 0.0614 2042
120 x 65 1.6 8.20 6.43 195.7 81.9 4.89 3.16 32.63 12.60 0.0665 2908
127 x 65 1.6 8.42 6.61 222.7 81.9 5.14 3.12 35.09 12.60 0.0683 3247
1.8 9.44 7.41 248.4 91.1 5.13 3.11 39.13 14.01 0.0974 3564
2.0 10.44 8.20 273.5 100.0 5.12 3.09 43.08 15.38 0.1337 3860
140 x 65 1.6 8.82 6.92 278.4 81.9 5.62 3.05 39.78 12.60 0.0716 3927
1.8 9.89 7.77 310.6 91.1 5.60 3.03 44.39 14.01 0.1022 4312
155 x 65 1.6 9.29 7.29 351.9 81.9 6.15 2.97 45.41 12.60 0.0754 4792
1.8 10.42 8.18 392.8 91.1 6.14 2.96 50.70 14.01 0.1076 5264
170 x 65 1.6 9.76 7.66 435.8 81.9 6.68 2.90 51.28 12.60 0.0792 5744
1.8 10.95 8.60 486.8 91.1 6.67 2.88 57.28 14.02 0.1131 6311
185 x 65 1.6 10.23 8.03 530.7 81.9 7.20 2.83 57.39 12.60 0.0829 6781
1.8 11.48 9.01 593.0 91.1 7.19 2.82 64.12 14.02 0.1185 7453
200 x 65 1.6 10.69 8.39 637.1 81.9 7.72 2.77 63.73 12.60 0.0867 7905
1.8 12.01 9.42 712.2 91.1 7.70 2.75 71.23 14.02 0.1240 8690
2.0 13.31 10.44 785.7 100.0 7.68 2.74 78.59 15.39 0.1704 9426
220 x 65 1.6 11.32 8.88 797.8 81.9 8.40 2.69 72.54 12.60 0.0918 9537
1.8 12.71 9.98 892.2 91.1 8.38 2.68 81.12 14.02 0.1312 10487
2.0 14.09 11.06 984.7 100.0 8.36 2.66 89.54 15.39 0.1804 11378
240 65 2.0 14.87 11.68 1211.9 100.0 9.03 2.59 101.01 15.39 0.1905 13514
A-3
B
REDUCED SECTION PROPERTIES t
AYRSHIRE CW SECTION
x x D
SINGLE SECTION
D x B t Q po / py Zxr Zy1r Zy2r Ixr Pc Mcx Mcy1 Mcy2x
3
mm mm cm cm3 cm3 cm4 kN kNm kNm kNm
100 x 65 1.6 0.90 0.99 12.77 6.87 5.04 64 96 3.58 1.92 1.41
120 x 65 1.6 0.84 0.97 15.84 6.92 5.16 96 97 4.43 1.94 1.45
127 x 65 1.6 0.82 0.96 16.88 6.92 5.20 108 97 4.73 1.94 1.46
1.8 0.87 0.99 19.35 8.02 5.76 123 115 5.42 2.25 1.61
2.0 0.91 1.00 21.52 9.12 6.30 137 133 6.03 2.55 1.76
140 x 65 1.6 0.79 0.95 18.84 6.93 5.27 132 97 5.27 1.94 1.47
1.8 0.83 0.97 21.64 8.03 5.83 152 115 6.06 2.25 1.63
155 x 65 1.6 0.75 0.93 21.10 6.93 5.33 164 97 5.91 1.94 1.49
1.8 0.79 0.96 24.31 8.04 5.90 189 116 6.81 2.25 1.65
170 x 65 1.6 0.71 0.91 23.40 6.94 5.38 200 98 6.55 1.94 1.51
1.8 0.76 0.94 27.01 8.05 5.97 230 116 7.56 2.25 1.67
185 x 65 1.6 0.68 0.90 25.69 6.95 5.43 239 98 7.19 1.95 1.52
1.8 0.72 0.93 29.73 8.06 6.02 275 116 8.32 2.26 1.69
200 x 65 1.6 0.65 0.88 27.99 6.96 5.48 281 98 7.84 1.95 1.53
1.8 0.69 0.91 32.46 8.06 6.07 325 116 9.09 2.26 1.70
2.0 0.72 0.94 36.76 9.21 6.64 368 135 10.29 2.58 1.86
220 x 65 1.6 0.62 0.86 31.03 6.98 5.53 342 98 8.69 1.95 1.55
1.8 0.65 0.89 36.11 8.08 6.12 398 117 10.11 2.26 1.71
2.0 0.69 0.92 41.02 9.22 6.70 451 135 11.48 2.58 1.88
240 65 2.0 0.65 0.90 45.30 9.24 6.75 544 135 12.68 2.59 1.89
y
B B
x x D
DOUBLE SECTION y

3 3 3 4
mm mm cm cm cm cm kN kNm kNm kNm
100 x 65 1.6 0.90 0.99 25.55 12.60 12.60 128 191.6 7.15 3.53 3.53
120 x 65 1.6 0.84 0.97 31.67 12.60 12.60 191 193.6 8.87 3.53 3.53
127 x 65 1.6 0.82 0.96 33.77 12.60 12.60 215 193.9 9.45 3.53 3.53
1.8 0.87 0.99 38.70 14.01 14.01 246 230.0 10.84 3.92 3.92
2.0 0.91 1.00 43.04 15.38 15.38 273 265.9 12.05 4.31 4.31
140 x 65 1.6 0.79 0.95 37.67 12.60 12.60 265 194.3 10.55 3.53 3.53
1.8 0.83 0.97 43.28 14.01 14.01 303 230.8 12.12 3.92 3.92
155 x 65 1.6 0.75 0.93 42.20 12.60 12.60 329 194.7 11.82 3.53 3.53
1.8 0.79 0.96 48.62 14.01 14.01 377 231.3 13.61 3.92 3.92
170 x 65 1.6 0.71 0.91 46.79 12.60 12.60 399 195.1 13.10 3.53 3.53
1.8 0.76 0.94 54.02 14.02 14.02 460 231.7 15.13 3.92 3.92
185 x 65 1.6 0.68 0.90 51.39 12.60 12.60 477 195.5 14.39 3.53 3.53
1.8 0.72 0.93 59.46 14.02 14.02 551 232.0 16.65 3.92 3.92
200 x 65 1.6 0.65 0.88 55.97 12.60 12.60 562 195.9 15.67 3.53 3.53
1.8 0.69 0.91 64.93 14.02 14.02 650 232.4 18.18 3.92 3.92
2.0 0.72 0.94 73.52 15.39 15.39 735 269.8 20.58 4.31 4.31
220 x 65 1.6 0.62 0.86 62.05 12.60 12.60 684 196.5 17.37 3.53 3.53
1.8 0.65 0.89 72.23 14.02 14.02 795 233.0 20.22 3.93 3.93
2.0 0.69 0.92 82.03 15.39 15.39 902 270.3 22.97 4.31 4.31
240 65 2.0 0.65 0.90 90.59 15.39 15.39 1087 270.9 25.37 4.31 4.31
A-4
B
AYRSHIRE CW SECTION x x D
SINGLE SECTION
3 3 3 4
100 x 65 1.6 0.86 0.96 12.49 6.64 5.04 63.2 113.8 4.37 2.33 1.76
120 x 65 1.6 0.80 0.94 15.33 6.67 5.16 93.0 114.5 5.37 2.33 1.81
127 x 65 1.6 0.78 0.93 16.33 6.67 5.20 104.8 114.7 5.72 2.33 1.82
1.8 0.83 0.97 18.92 7.80 5.76 120.6 137.4 6.62 2.73 2.02
2.0 0.87 0.99 21.30 8.91 6.30 135.4 159.7 7.46 3.12 2.20
140 x 65 1.6 0.74 0.91 18.19 6.68 5.27 128.6 115.0 6.37 2.34 1.84
1.8 0.80 0.95 21.12 7.81 5.83 148.4 137.7 7.39 2.73 2.04
155 x 65 1.6 0.71 0.90 20.33 6.69 5.33 159.1 115.2 7.12 2.34 1.87
1.8 0.76 0.93 23.67 7.81 5.90 184.1 138.0 8.28 2.74 2.07
170 x 65 1.6 0.68 0.88 22.51 6.70 5.38 193.0 115.5 7.88 2.34 1.88
1.8 0.72 0.92 26.25 7.82 5.97 223.9 138.2 9.19 2.74 2.09
185 x 65 1.6 0.65 0.86 24.67 6.71 5.43 230.0 115.8 8.64 2.35 1.90
1.8 0.69 0.90 28.84 7.84 6.02 267.5 138.5 10.10 2.74 2.11
200 x 65 1.6 0.62 0.84 26.82 6.73 5.48 270.0 116.0 9.39 2.36 1.92
1.8 0.66 0.88 31.43 7.85 6.07 315.0 138.8 11.00 2.75 2.12
2.0 0.69 0.91 35.80 8.96 6.64 358.3 161.4 12.53 3.14 2.32
220 x 65 1.6 0.59 0.82 29.64 6.76 5.53 327.9 116.4 10.38 2.36 1.93
1.8 0.63 0.86 34.86 7.87 6.12 384.2 139.2 12.20 2.75 2.14
2.0 0.66 0.89 39.84 8.98 6.70 438.4 161.8 13.94 3.14 2.34
240 x 65 2.0 0.62 0.87 43.86 9.00 6.75 526.6 162.2 15.35 3.15 2.36
y
B B
x x D
DOUBLE SECTION y

mm mm cm3 cm3 cm3 cm4 kN kNm kNm kNm
100 x 65 1.6 0.86 0.96 24.97 12.60 12.60 126.4 227.5 8.74 4.41 4.41
120 x 65 1.6 0.80 0.94 30.66 12.60 12.60 186.0 229.1 10.73 4.41 4.41
127 x 65 1.6 0.78 0.93 32.66 12.60 12.60 209.6 229.4 11.43 4.41 4.41
1.8 0.83 0.97 37.83 14.01 14.01 241.1 274.8 13.24 4.90 4.90
2.0 0.87 0.99 42.61 15.38 15.38 270.8 319.4 14.91 5.38 5.38
140 x 65 1.6 0.74 0.91 36.38 12.60 12.60 257.3 229.9 12.73 4.41 4.41
1.8 0.80 0.95 42.23 14.01 14.01 296.7 275.4 14.78 4.90 4.90
155 x 65 1.6 0.71 0.90 40.66 12.60 12.60 318.2 230.4 14.23 4.41 4.41
1.8 0.76 0.93 47.34 14.01 14.01 368.2 275.9 16.57 4.91 4.91
170 x 65 1.6 0.68 0.88 45.01 12.60 12.60 385.9 231.0 15.75 4.41 4.41
1.8 0.72 0.92 52.51 14.02 14.02 447.7 276.5 18.38 4.91 4.91
185 x 65 1.6 0.65 0.86 49.35 12.60 12.60 460.0 231.5 17.27 4.41 4.41
1.8 0.69 0.90 57.69 14.02 14.02 535.1 277.0 20.19 4.91 4.91
200 x 65 1.6 0.62 0.84 53.64 12.60 12.60 540.1 232.1 18.78 4.41 4.41
1.8 0.66 0.88 62.86 14.02 14.02 630.1 277.6 22.00 4.91 4.91
2.0 0.69 0.91 71.61 15.39 15.39 716.5 322.7 25.06 5.39 5.39
220 x 65 1.6 0.59 0.82 59.29 12.60 12.60 655.9 232.9 20.75 4.41 4.41
1.8 0.63 0.86 69.71 14.02 14.02 768.4 278.4 24.40 4.91 4.91
2.0 0.66 0.89 79.67 15.39 15.39 876.9 323.5 27.89 5.39 5.39
240 x 65 2.0 0.62 0.87 87.72 15.39 15.39 1053.1 324.4 30.70 5.39 5.39
A-5
B

AYRSHIRE SWAGEBEAM x x D
SINGLE SECTION
2 4
mm mm cm kg/m cm cm4 cm cm cm
3
cm3 cm4 cm6 mm
220 x 65 1.5 6.01 4.71 416.9 33.5 8.33 2.36 37.90 7.36 0.0427 3595 -26.1
1.8 7.17 5.63 495.8 39.4 8.31 2.34 45.08 8.65 0.0741 4211 -25.7
2.0 7.94 6.23 547.1 43.2 8.30 2.33 49.75 9.48 0.1017 4597 -25.5
2.4 9.45 7.42 646.8 50.4 8.27 2.31 58.81 11.04 0.1754 5315 -25.0
250 x 65 1.5 6.44 5.06 566.6 34.9 9.38 2.33 45.33 7.46 0.0458 4676 -25.2
1.8 7.70 6.05 674.3 41.1 9.36 2.31 53.95 8.78 0.0795 5481 -24.9
2.0 8.53 6.70 744.4 45.1 9.34 2.30 59.56 9.62 0.1092 5986 -24.6
2.4 10.15 7.97 880.8 52.5 9.31 2.27 70.47 11.20 0.1885 6927 -24.1
300 x 65 1.8 8.58 6.74 1049.9 43.5 11.06 2.25 70.01 8.95 0.0886 8047 -23.6
2.0 9.51 7.47 1159.8 47.6 11.04 2.24 77.33 9.80 0.1218 8793 -23.3
2.4 11.33 8.90 1373.8 55.5 11.01 2.21 91.60 11.42 0.2104 10187 -22.8
3.0 14.00 10.99 1680.7 66.3 10.96 2.18 112.06 13.62 0.4089 12044 -22.1
y
B B
x x D
y
DOUBLE SECTION
2 4 4 3 3 4 6
220 x 65 1.5 12.01 9.43 833.7 112.4 8.33 3.06 75.81 17.30 0.0854 12870 -
1.8 14.35 11.26 991.6 132.9 8.31 3.04 90.16 20.45 0.1482 14990 -
2.0 15.88 12.47 1094.3 146.1 8.30 3.03 99.50 22.48 0.2034 16311 -
2.4 18.89 14.83 1293.6 171.4 8.27 3.01 117.62 26.36 0.3508 18740 -
250 x 65 1.5 12.89 10.12 1133.2 112.4 9.38 2.95 90.67 17.30 0.0916 16577 -
1.8 15.41 12.09 1348.5 132.9 9.36 2.94 107.90 20.45 0.1591 19313 -
2.0 17.06 13.39 1488.8 146.1 9.34 2.93 119.12 22.48 0.2185 21019 -
2.4 20.31 15.94 1761.6 171.4 9.31 2.91 140.95 26.37 0.3770 24158 -
300 x 65 1.8 17.17 13.48 2099.9 133.0 11.06 2.78 140.01 20.46 0.1772 27752 -
2.0 19.02 14.93 2319.6 146.2 11.04 2.77 154.66 22.49 0.2436 30211 -
2.4 22.67 17.80 2747.7 171.4 11.01 2.75 183.20 26.37 0.4209 34738 -
3.0 28.00 21.98 3361.5 206.5 10.96 2.72 224.13 31.77 0.8177 40594 -
A-6
B
AYRSHIRE SWAGEBEAM
x x D
SINGLE SECTION
3
220 x 65 1.5 0.95 0.88 33.20 10.30 7.36 367.0 159.3 9.30 2.91 2.06
1.8 0.99 0.93 41.80 12.29 8.65 460.1 198.2 11.70 3.46 2.42
2.0 1.00 0.95 47.23 13.53 9.48 519.6 221.3 13.22 3.81 2.65
2.4 1.00 0.98 57.67 15.87 11.04 634.2 264.4 16.15 4.46 3.09
250 x 65 1.5 0.94 0.85 38.49 10.56 7.46 483.1 170.0 10.78 2.97 2.09
1.8 0.99 0.90 48.74 12.62 8.78 609.6 212.5 13.65 3.54 2.46
2.0 0.99 0.93 55.26 13.90 9.62 690.7 237.6 15.47 3.90 2.69
2.4 1.00 0.96 67.83 16.30 11.20 847.7 284.2 18.99 4.56 3.14
300 x 65 1.8 0.92 0.86 60.45 12.79 8.95 907.1 220.2 16.93 3.58 2.50
2.0 0.94 0.89 68.94 14.13 9.80 1034.2 250.3 19.30 3.95 2.74
2.4 0.97 0.93 85.40 16.64 11.42 1280.8 308.2 23.91 4.66 3.20
3.0 0.99 0.97 108.96 20.03 13.62 1634.2 389.2 30.51 5.61 3.81
y
B B
x x D
DOUBLE SECTION y

3
220 x 65 1.5 0.95 0.88 66.39 17.30 17.30 734.0 318.5 18.59 4.84 4.84
1.8 0.99 0.93 83.59 20.45 20.45 920.2 396.3 23.41 5.73 5.73
2.0 1.00 0.95 94.46 22.48 22.48 1039.2 442.6 26.45 6.29 6.29
2.4 1.00 0.98 115.33 26.36 26.36 1268.4 528.8 32.29 7.38 7.38
250 x 65 1.5 0.94 0.85 76.97 17.30 17.30 966.2 340.0 21.55 4.84 4.84
1.8 0.99 0.90 97.47 20.45 20.45 1219.2 425.1 27.29 5.73 5.73
2.0 0.99 0.93 110.51 22.48 22.48 1381.5 475.2 30.94 6.30 6.30
2.4 1.00 0.96 135.65 26.37 26.37 1695.4 568.4 37.98 7.38 7.38
300 x 65 1.8 0.92 0.86 120.90 20.46 20.46 1814.2 440.3 33.85 5.73 5.73
2.0 0.94 0.89 137.89 22.49 22.49 2068.3 500.6 38.61 6.30 6.30
2.4 0.97 0.93 170.79 26.37 26.37 2561.5 616.4 47.82 7.38 7.38
3.0 0.99 0.97 217.93 31.77 31.77 3268.5 778.3 61.02 8.90 8.90
A-7
B
t
AYRSHIRE (ST HELENS) PLAIN SECTION x x D
SINGLE SECTION
2 4 4 3 3 4 6
75 x 50 3.0 4.81 3.78 43.8 12.4 3.02 1.61 11.70 3.65 0.1405 103 -18.6
4.0 6.27 4.92 55.2 15.8 2.97 1.59 14.72 4.75 0.3279 121 -17.9
5.0 7.65 6.01 64.9 18.9 2.91 1.57 17.31 5.77 0.6275 132 -17.1
100 x 50 3.0 5.55 4.36 85.4 13.8 3.92 1.57 17.09 3.83 0.1621 210 -17.4
4.0 7.26 5.70 108.6 17.7 3.87 1.56 21.72 5.00 0.3797 253 -16.8
5.0 8.89 6.98 129.0 21.3 3.81 1.55 25.81 6.10 0.7292 283 -16.1
125 x 50 3.0 6.29 4.94 144.3 14.8 4.79 1.53 23.10 3.96 0.1838 364 -16.2
4.0 8.25 6.48 184.7 19.1 4.73 1.52 29.56 5.17 0.4314 446 -15.7
5.0 10.13 7.95 220.9 23.0 4.67 1.51 35.36 6.33 0.8309 507 -15.1
150 x 50 3.0 7.03 5.52 222.9 15.6 5.63 1.49 29.73 4.05 0.2054 570 -15.2
5.0 11.37 8.93 344.5 24.4 5.50 1.47 45.95 6.50 0.9325 810 -14.1
160 x 50 4.0 9.64 7.57 335.2 20.6 5.90 1.46 41.92 5.34 0.5039 828 -14.3
175 x 50 3.0 7.77 6.10 323.5 16.3 6.45 1.45 36.98 4.12 0.2270 830 -14.3
y
B B
x x D
DOUBLE SECTION y
2 4
3
cm3 cm4 cm6 mm
75 x 50 3.0 9.62 7.55 87.7 49.4 3.02 2.27 23.39 9.88 0.2811 510 -
4.0 12.55 9.85 110.3 66.2 2.97 2.30 29.44 13.25 0.6558 599 -
5.0 15.30 12.01 129.8 83.2 2.91 2.33 34.62 16.64 1.2550 650 -
100 x 50 3.0 11.10 8.72 170.8 49.5 3.92 2.11 34.18 9.89 0.3243 936 -
4.0 14.53 11.40 217.2 66.3 3.87 2.14 43.45 13.27 0.7593 1120 -
5.0 17.78 13.96 258.0 83.4 3.81 2.17 51.63 16.68 1.4583 1241 -
125 x 50 3.0 12.58 9.88 288.7 49.5 4.79 1.98 46.20 9.90 0.3675 1490 -
4.0 16.51 12.96 369.4 66.5 4.73 2.01 59.11 13.29 0.8628 1802 -
5.0 20.26 15.91 441.9 83.6 4.67 2.03 70.73 16.72 1.6617 2022 -
150 x 50 3.0 14.06 11.04 445.8 49.5 5.63 1.88 59.46 9.91 0.4107 2173 -
5.0 22.74 17.85 689.1 83.8 5.50 1.92 91.90 16.76 1.8651 2993 -
160 x 50 4.0 19.28 15.13 670.5 66.6 5.90 1.86 83.83 13.32 1.0077 3028 -
175 x 50 3.0 15.54 12.20 646.9 49.6 6.45 1.79 73.95 9.92 0.4540 2985 -
A-8
B
t
REDUCED SECTION PROPERTIES
AYRSHIRE (ST HELENS) PLAIN SECTION x x D
SINGLE SECTION
3 3 3 4
75 x 50 3 1.00 1.00 11.66 6.09 3.65 43.8 134.1 3.27 1.71 1.02
4 1.00 1.00 14.72 7.73 4.75 55.2 175.6 4.12 2.17 1.33
5 1.00 1.00 17.31 9.13 5.77 64.9 214.1 4.85 2.56 1.62
100 x 50 3 0.99 1.00 17.03 6.62 3.83 85.2 153.9 4.77 1.86 1.07
4 1.00 1.00 21.72 8.51 5.00 108.6 203.3 6.08 2.39 1.40
5 1.00 1.00 25.81 10.21 6.10 129.0 249.0 7.23 2.87 1.71
125 x 50 3 0.96 1.00 23.00 6.86 3.96 143.9 169.8 6.44 1.92 1.11
4 1.00 1.00 29.56 8.91 5.17 184.7 230.8 8.28 2.50 1.45
5 1.00 1.00 35.36 10.79 6.33 220.9 283.7 9.90 3.03 1.77
150 x 50 3 0.90 0.99 29.58 6.94 4.05 222.2 176.9 8.28 1.95 1.13
5 1.00 1.00 45.95 11.12 6.50 344.5 318.3 12.87 3.12 1.82
160 x 50 4 0.98 1.00 41.91 9.15 5.34 335.2 265.7 11.74 2.57 1.50
175 x 50 3 0.84 0.99 36.76 6.98 4.12 322.2 182.2 10.29 1.96 1.15
y
B B
x x D
DOUBLE SECTION y

3
75 x 50 3.0 1.00 1.00 23.33 9.88 9.88 87.5 268.2 6.53 2.77 2.77
4.0 1.00 1.00 29.44 13.25 13.25 110.3 351.3 8.24 3.71 3.71
5.0 1.00 1.00 34.62 16.64 16.64 129.8 428.2 9.69 4.66 4.66
100 x 50 3.0 0.99 1.00 34.05 9.89 9.89 170.4 307.7 9.54 2.77 2.77
4.0 1.00 1.00 43.45 13.27 13.27 217.1 406.7 12.17 3.72 3.72
5.0 1.00 1.00 51.63 16.68 16.68 258.0 497.9 14.46 4.67 4.67
125 x 50 3.0 0.96 1.00 46.00 9.90 9.90 287.9 339.6 12.88 2.77 2.77
4.0 1.00 1.00 59.11 13.29 13.29 369.3 461.7 16.55 3.72 3.72
5.0 1.00 1.00 70.73 16.72 16.72 441.9 567.4 19.80 4.68 4.68
150 x 50 3.0 0.90 0.99 59.15 9.91 9.91 444.4 353.8 16.56 2.77 2.77
5.0 1.00 1.00 91.90 16.76 16.76 689.1 636.6 25.73 4.69 4.69
160 x 50 4.0 0.98 1.00 83.83 13.32 13.32 670.5 531.3 23.47 3.73 3.73
175 x 50 3.0 0.84 0.99 73.51 9.92 9.92 644.5 364.5 20.58 2.78 2.78
A-9
B
t
HI-SPAN C SECTION x x D
SINGLE SECTION
2 4 4 3 3 4 6
150 x 66 1.5 4.37 3.43 157.2 25.1 6.00 2.40 20.97 5.47 0.0311 1106 -28.7
1.6 4.66 3.66 167.2 26.6 5.99 2.39 22.29 5.79 0.0378 1169 -28.6
1.8 5.23 4.10 186.6 29.5 5.97 2.38 24.89 6.42 0.0540 1290 -28.3
2.0 5.79 4.55 205.7 32.3 5.96 2.36 27.43 7.03 0.0741 1405 -28.1
170 x 66 1.5 4.67 3.66 210.0 26.1 6.71 2.37 24.71 5.55 0.0332 1453 -27.7
1.6 4.97 3.90 223.3 27.7 6.70 2.36 26.27 5.88 0.0403 1537 -27.6
1.8 5.58 4.38 249.4 30.7 6.69 2.35 29.35 6.52 0.0576 1697 -27.3
2.0 6.18 4.85 275.0 33.6 6.67 2.33 32.37 7.13 0.0792 1849 -27.0
2.4 7.37 5.78 324.6 39.2 6.64 2.31 38.20 8.29 0.1367 2130 -26.5
200 x 66 1.5 5.10 4.01 306.7 27.4 7.75 2.32 30.68 5.64 0.0363 2084 -26.3
1.6 5.44 4.27 326.3 29.1 7.74 2.31 32.63 5.97 0.0441 2204 -26.2
1.8 6.11 4.80 364.8 32.3 7.73 2.30 36.48 6.63 0.0631 2436 -25.9
2.0 6.77 5.31 402.5 35.4 7.71 2.29 40.26 7.25 0.0867 2657 -25.7
2.4 8.07 6.34 475.8 41.1 7.68 2.26 47.59 8.43 0.1499 3065 -25.1
y
B B
x x D
DOUBLE SECTION y
2 4 4 3 3 4 6
150 x 66 1.5 8.75 6.87 314.5 85.4 6.00 3.12 41.94 12.94 0.0622 4808 -
1.6 9.32 7.32 334.3 90.7 5.99 3.12 44.59 13.74 0.0756 5072 -
1.8 10.46 8.21 373.3 100.9 5.97 3.11 49.78 15.29 0.1080 5578 -
2.0 11.58 9.09 411.4 110.9 5.96 3.09 54.86 16.80 0.1483 6052 -
170 x 66 1.5 9.33 7.32 419.9 85.4 6.71 3.03 49.41 12.94 0.0663 6130 -
1.6 9.94 7.81 446.5 90.7 6.70 3.02 52.54 13.74 0.0807 6469 -
1.8 11.16 8.76 498.8 100.9 6.69 3.01 58.70 15.29 0.1152 7116 -
2.0 12.36 9.71 550.1 110.9 6.67 2.99 64.73 16.80 0.1583 7724 -
2.4 14.73 11.56 649.3 129.9 6.64 2.97 76.40 19.68 0.2735 8827 -
200 x 66 1.5 10.21 8.01 613.4 85.4 7.75 2.89 61.36 12.94 0.0725 8415 -
1.6 10.88 8.54 652.5 90.7 7.74 2.89 65.26 13.74 0.0883 8882 -
1.8 12.22 9.59 729.5 100.9 7.73 2.87 72.97 15.29 0.1261 9775 -
2.0 13.54 10.63 805.0 110.9 7.71 2.86 80.52 16.80 0.1734 10616 -
2.4 16.15 12.68 951.6 129.9 7.68 2.84 95.17 19.69 0.2998 12144 -
A - 10
B

HI-SPAN C SECTION x x D
SINGLE SECTION
3 3 3 4
150 x 66 1.5 0.69 0.87 18.30 6.47 5.47 139.6 106.0 6.41 2.26 1.91
1.6 0.72 0.90 20.05 7.06 5.79 152.0 117.8 7.02 2.47 2.03
1.8 0.77 0.94 23.36 8.27 6.42 175.9 141.2 8.17 2.90 2.25
2.0 0.81 0.96 26.44 9.49 7.03 198.5 164.4 9.25 3.32 2.46
170 x 66 1.5 0.65 0.85 20.96 6.49 5.55 180.8 106.3 7.34 2.27 1.94
1.6 0.68 0.88 23.00 7.08 5.88 197.4 118.2 8.05 2.48 2.06
1.8 0.72 0.92 26.87 8.29 6.52 229.2 141.6 9.40 2.90 2.28
2.0 0.76 0.94 30.50 9.50 7.13 259.6 164.8 10.68 3.32 2.50
2.4 0.83 0.98 37.31 11.85 8.29 317.1 212.7 13.06 4.15 2.90
200 x 66 1.5 0.60 0.81 24.93 6.53 5.64 252.2 106.9 8.72 2.29 1.97
1.6 0.62 0.84 27.40 7.12 5.97 276.2 118.7 9.59 2.49 2.09
1.8 0.66 0.88 32.16 8.32 6.63 322.5 142.1 11.25 2.91 2.32
2.0 0.70 0.91 36.66 9.52 7.25 367.0 165.3 12.83 3.33 2.54
2.4 0.76 0.95 45.20 11.87 8.43 451.9 213.4 15.82 4.15 2.95
y
B B
x x D
DOUBLE SECTION y

3
150 x 66 1.5 0.69 0.87 36.60 12.94 12.94 279.14 211.90 12.81 4.53 4.53
1.6 0.72 0.90 40.10 13.74 13.74 304.06 235.65 14.04 4.81 4.81
1.8 0.77 0.94 46.71 15.29 15.29 351.80 282.46 16.35 5.35 5.35
2.0 0.81 0.96 52.87 16.80 16.80 397.04 328.81 18.51 5.88 5.88
170 x 66 1.5 0.65 0.85 41.92 12.94 12.94 361.65 212.62 14.67 4.53 4.53
1.6 0.68 0.88 45.99 13.74 13.74 394.76 236.37 16.10 4.81 4.81
1.8 0.72 0.92 53.74 15.29 15.29 458.44 283.16 18.81 5.35 5.35
2.0 0.76 0.94 61.01 16.80 16.80 519.12 329.55 21.35 5.88 5.88
2.4 0.83 0.98 74.63 19.68 19.68 634.23 425.49 26.12 6.89 6.89
200 x 66 1.5 0.60 0.81 49.85 12.94 12.94 504.42 213.72 17.45 4.53 4.53
1.6 0.62 0.84 54.81 13.74 13.74 552.31 237.49 19.18 4.81 4.81
1.8 0.66 0.88 64.31 15.29 15.29 644.96 284.28 22.51 5.35 5.35
2.0 0.70 0.91 73.33 16.80 16.80 733.90 330.62 25.67 5.88 5.88
2.4 0.76 0.95 90.40 19.69 19.69 903.86 426.72 31.64 6.89 6.89
A - 11
B
t
METSEC C SECTION x x D
SINGLE SECTION
mm mm cm2 kg/m cm4 cm4 cm cm cm3 cm3 cm4 cm6 mm
142 x 64 1.4 3.87 3.04 125.4 20.4 5.69 2.30 17.66 4.57 0.0238 790 -27.4
1.5 4.14 3.25 133.9 21.8 5.69 2.29 18.86 4.86 0.0294 839 -27.3
1.6 4.41 3.46 142.3 23.0 5.68 2.29 20.04 5.15 0.0358 886 -27.2
1.8 4.95 3.88 158.7 25.5 5.66 2.27 22.36 5.70 0.0511 976 -26.9
2.0 5.48 4.30 174.8 27.9 5.65 2.26 24.63 6.23 0.0701 1060 -26.6
172 x 69 1.4 4.44 3.48 206.5 26.8 6.82 2.46 24.01 5.43 0.0274 1504 -28.7
1.5 4.75 3.73 220.6 28.6 6.81 2.45 25.66 5.78 0.0338 1598 -28.6
1.6 5.07 3.98 234.6 30.3 6.81 2.44 27.29 6.12 0.0411 1690 -28.5
1.8 5.69 4.46 262.2 33.6 6.79 2.43 30.49 6.79 0.0587 1866 -28.2
2.0 6.30 4.95 289.1 36.8 6.77 2.42 33.63 7.44 0.0807 2034 -28.0
2.3 7.21 5.66 328.6 41.4 6.75 2.40 38.21 8.35 0.1227 2270 -27.5
2.5 7.80 6.13 354.1 44.3 6.74 2.38 41.19 8.93 0.1574 2417 -27.3
202 x 69 1.5 5.19 4.08 320.6 30.0 7.86 2.40 31.75 5.88 0.0369 2289 -27.2
1.6 5.53 4.34 341.0 31.8 7.85 2.40 33.77 6.23 0.0449 2422 -27.1
1.8 6.21 4.88 381.3 35.3 7.83 2.38 37.76 6.91 0.0642 2677 -26.8
2.0 6.89 5.41 420.9 38.6 7.82 2.37 41.68 7.57 0.0882 2921 -26.6
2.3 7.89 6.19 478.8 43.5 7.79 2.35 47.41 8.50 0.1343 3263 -26.2
2.5 8.54 6.71 516.4 46.5 7.77 2.33 51.14 9.09 0.1723 3477 -25.9
232 x 76 1.6 6.28 4.93 507.7 44.1 8.99 2.65 43.78 7.80 0.0510 4457 -29.9
1.8 7.06 5.54 568.3 49.0 8.97 2.63 49.00 8.67 0.0729 4939 -29.6
2.0 7.83 6.15 627.9 53.8 8.96 2.62 54.14 9.51 0.1002 5402 -29.3
2.3 8.97 7.04 715.4 60.6 8.93 2.60 61.69 10.72 0.1527 6059 -29.0
2.5 9.72 7.63 772.5 65.0 8.91 2.59 66.61 11.49 0.1961 6473 -28.7
262 x 80 1.8 7.73 6.07 781.0 57.6 10.05 2.73 59.63 9.53 0.0798 7362 -30.2
2.0 8.57 6.73 863.4 63.3 10.04 2.72 65.92 10.46 0.1098 8060 -29.9
2.3 9.83 7.72 984.7 71.4 10.01 2.70 75.18 11.80 0.1673 9055 -29.6
2.5 10.66 8.37 1064.0 76.6 9.99 2.68 81.23 12.66 0.2150 9685 -29.3
2.9 12.30 9.65 1218.7 86.5 9.96 2.65 93.04 14.28 0.3353 10864 -28.8
302 x 89 2.3 11.23 8.82 1488.9 101.4 11.51 3.00 98.61 14.98 0.1912 17159 -32.9
2.5 12.18 9.56 1610.2 108.9 11.50 2.99 106.65 16.09 0.2458 18392 -32.6
2.9 14.07 11.04 1847.7 123.4 11.46 2.96 122.38 18.22 0.3836 20724 -32.1
342 x 97 2.5 13.66 10.72 2302.7 145.4 12.98 3.26 134.67 19.60 0.2755 31640 -35.5
2.9 15.79 12.39 2646.0 165.2 12.95 3.23 154.76 22.25 0.4304 35769 -35.0
3.2 17.36 13.63 2897.9 179.3 12.92 3.21 169.49 24.14 0.5779 38686 -34.6
A - 12
y
B B

x x D
METSEC C SECTION
DOUBLE SECTION y
2 4 4 3 3 4 6
142 x 64 1.4 7.74 6.07 250.7 69.4 5.69 3.00 35.33 10.85 0.0477 3467 -
1.5 8.28 6.50 267.7 74.0 5.69 2.99 37.72 11.57 0.0588 3672 -
1.6 8.82 6.92 284.5 78.5 5.68 2.98 40.08 12.27 0.0716 3871 -
1.8 9.89 7.77 317.5 87.3 5.66 2.97 44.73 13.65 0.1022 4249 -
2.0 10.95 8.60 349.7 95.9 5.65 2.96 49.26 14.98 0.1403 4602 -
172 x 69 1.4 8.88 6.97 413.0 87.6 6.82 3.14 48.03 12.70 0.0547 6420 -
1.5 9.51 7.46 441.2 93.5 6.81 3.14 51.32 13.54 0.0675 6809 -
1.6 10.13 7.95 469.2 99.2 6.81 3.13 54.57 14.38 0.0822 7186 -
1.8 11.37 8.93 524.3 110.4 6.79 3.12 60.98 16.01 0.1174 7909 -
2.0 12.60 9.89 578.3 121.4 6.77 3.10 67.26 17.59 0.1613 8589 -
2.3 14.42 11.32 657.1 137.1 6.75 3.08 76.43 19.87 0.2454 9530 -
2.5 15.61 12.25 708.3 147.2 6.74 3.07 82.38 21.34 0.3149 10107 -
202 x 69 1.5 10.38 8.15 641.2 93.5 7.86 3.00 63.49 13.54 0.0738 9329 -
1.6 11.07 8.69 682.1 99.2 7.85 2.99 67.54 14.38 0.0898 9849 -
1.8 12.43 9.76 762.7 110.5 7.83 2.98 75.53 16.01 0.1283 10844 -
2.0 13.78 10.81 841.8 121.4 7.82 2.97 83.36 17.59 0.1764 11782 -
2.3 15.77 12.38 957.5 137.2 7.79 2.95 94.83 19.88 0.2685 13084 -
2.5 17.09 13.41 1032.8 147.3 7.77 2.94 102.28 21.34 0.3447 13883 -
232 x 76 1.6 12.57 9.86 1015.4 135.9 8.99 3.29 87.55 17.88 0.1019 17975 -
1.8 14.12 11.08 1136.6 151.5 8.97 3.28 98.00 19.94 0.1458 19846 -
2.0 15.66 12.29 1255.8 166.8 8.96 3.26 108.28 21.94 0.2005 21624 -
2.3 17.94 14.08 1430.9 188.9 8.93 3.24 123.37 24.85 0.3055 24118 -
2.5 19.45 15.27 1545.0 203.1 8.91 3.23 133.22 26.72 0.3923 25668 -
262 x 80 1.8 15.46 12.13 1562.0 174.0 10.05 3.36 119.25 21.75 0.1596 28978 -
2.0 17.15 13.46 1726.9 191.6 10.04 3.34 131.84 23.95 0.2196 31609 -
2.3 19.66 15.43 1969.4 217.1 10.01 3.32 150.36 27.14 0.3347 35315 -
2.5 21.32 16.73 2127.9 233.6 9.99 3.31 162.46 29.20 0.4300 37629 -
2.9 24.59 19.31 2437.4 265.3 9.96 3.28 186.09 33.16 0.6705 41889 -
302 x 89 2.3 22.46 17.63 2977.7 304.4 11.51 3.68 197.23 34.20 0.3824 66506 -
2.5 24.37 19.13 3220.4 327.9 11.50 3.67 213.30 36.85 0.4915 71043 -
2.9 28.14 22.09 3695.5 373.4 11.46 3.64 244.77 41.95 0.7672 79502 -
342 x 97 2.5 27.32 21.45 4605.3 432.6 12.98 3.98 269.35 44.59 0.5511 121287 -
2.9 31.57 24.78 5292.1 493.5 12.95 3.95 309.51 50.88 0.8608 136249 -
3.2 34.73 27.26 5795.9 537.6 12.92 3.93 338.98 55.42 1.1559 146652 -
A - 13
B
t
METSEC C SECTION
x x D
SINGLE SECTION
3 3 3 4
142 x 64 1.4 0.68 0.86 15.17 5.37 4.57 110.0 91.7 5.31 1.88 1.60
1.5 0.71 0.89 16.78 5.91 4.86 120.8 103.1 5.87 2.07 1.70
1.6 0.74 0.91 18.33 6.47 5.15 131.3 114.5 6.42 2.26 1.80
1.8 0.79 0.95 21.26 7.58 5.70 151.4 136.8 7.44 2.65 1.99
2.0 0.83 0.97 23.98 8.64 6.23 170.4 159.1 8.39 3.02 2.18
172 x 69 1.4 0.60 0.80 19.20 6.10 5.43 169.8 93.9 6.72 2.14 1.90
1.5 0.64 0.83 21.40 6.71 5.78 187.8 106.1 7.49 2.35 2.02
1.6 0.67 0.86 23.56 7.33 6.12 205.4 118.4 8.25 2.57 2.14
1.8 0.72 0.91 27.69 8.64 6.79 239.5 142.8 9.69 3.02 2.38
2.0 0.76 0.94 31.54 9.88 7.44 271.8 166.9 11.04 3.46 2.60
2.3 0.81 0.97 36.96 11.75 8.35 317.9 203.3 12.94 4.11 2.92
2.5 0.84 0.98 40.41 13.03 8.93 347.5 228.5 14.14 4.56 3.13
202 x 69 1.5 0.59 0.80 25.41 6.75 5.88 260.8 106.7 8.89 2.36 2.06
1.6 0.61 0.83 28.02 7.37 6.23 286.2 119.0 9.81 2.58 2.18
1.8 0.66 0.88 33.05 8.68 6.91 335.3 143.4 11.57 3.04 2.42
2.0 0.69 0.91 37.79 9.90 7.57 382.3 167.4 13.23 3.47 2.65
2.3 0.74 0.94 44.54 11.77 8.50 449.9 203.9 15.59 4.12 2.98
2.5 0.77 0.96 48.86 13.05 9.09 493.4 229.2 17.10 4.57 3.18
232 x 76 1.6 0.56 0.78 33.96 8.75 7.80 401.0 123.7 11.89 3.06 2.73
1.8 0.61 0.83 40.66 10.28 8.67 475.8 150.9 14.23 3.60 3.04
2.0 0.65 0.87 47.05 11.88 9.51 547.9 177.8 16.47 4.16 3.33
2.3 0.69 0.91 56.10 14.14 10.72 651.3 217.6 19.64 4.95 3.75
2.5 0.72 0.93 61.86 15.66 11.49 717.8 244.6 21.65 5.48 4.02
262 x 80 1.8 0.57 0.79 47.09 11.10 9.53 623.6 153.3 16.48 3.89 3.34
2.0 0.61 0.83 54.96 12.83 10.46 723.8 181.8 19.24 4.49 3.66
2.3 0.65 0.88 66.16 15.31 11.80 867.9 223.6 23.16 5.36 4.13
2.5 0.67 0.90 73.29 16.96 12.66 960.6 251.5 25.65 5.94 4.43
2.9 0.72 0.94 87.02 20.36 14.28 1139.8 309.5 30.46 7.13 5.00
302 x 89 2.3 0.61 0.84 82.57 18.61 14.98 1251.5 238.0 28.90 6.51 5.24
2.5 0.63 0.86 92.24 20.62 16.09 1395.2 269.0 32.29 7.22 5.63
2.9 0.67 0.90 110.74 24.73 18.22 1672.6 331.4 38.76 8.65 6.38
342 x 97 2.5 0.59 0.83 111.31 24.19 19.60 1910.0 283.3 38.96 8.47 6.86
2.9 0.64 0.87 135.25 29.03 22.25 2314.4 350.9 47.34 10.16 7.79
3.2 0.66 0.90 152.46 32.73 24.14 2607.3 402.4 53.36 11.46 8.45
A - 14
y
B B

x x D
METSEC C SECTION
DOUBLE SECTION y

3 3 3 4
142 x 64 1.4 0.68 0.86 30.34 10.85 10.85 220.1 183.3 10.62 3.80 3.80
1.5 0.71 0.89 33.56 11.57 11.57 241.7 206.2 11.75 4.05 4.05
1.6 0.74 0.91 36.67 12.27 12.27 262.7 228.9 12.83 4.29 4.29
1.8 0.79 0.95 42.51 13.65 13.65 302.8 273.6 14.88 4.78 4.78
2.0 0.83 0.97 47.96 14.98 14.98 340.8 318.2 16.78 5.24 5.24
172 x 69 1.4 0.60 0.80 38.40 12.70 12.70 339.6 187.8 13.44 4.44 4.44
1.5 0.64 0.83 42.80 13.54 13.54 375.6 212.2 14.98 4.74 4.74
1.6 0.67 0.86 47.12 14.38 14.38 410.9 236.9 16.49 5.03 5.03
1.8 0.72 0.91 55.37 16.01 16.01 479.0 285.7 19.38 5.60 5.60
2.0 0.76 0.94 63.09 17.59 17.59 543.7 333.7 22.08 6.16 6.16
2.3 0.81 0.97 73.93 19.87 19.87 635.9 406.7 25.87 6.96 6.96
2.5 0.84 0.98 80.83 21.34 21.34 695.0 457.0 28.29 7.47 7.47
202 x 69 1.5 0.59 0.80 50.82 13.54 13.54 521.6 213.3 17.79 4.74 4.74
1.6 0.61 0.83 56.04 14.38 14.38 572.3 238.0 19.62 5.03 5.03
1.8 0.66 0.88 66.09 16.01 16.01 670.6 286.8 23.13 5.60 5.60
2.0 0.69 0.91 75.59 17.59 17.59 764.6 334.8 26.46 6.16 6.16
2.3 0.74 0.94 89.07 19.88 19.88 899.7 407.8 31.18 6.96 6.96
2.5 0.77 0.96 97.71 21.34 21.34 986.8 458.5 34.20 7.47 7.47
232 x 76 1.6 0.56 0.78 67.93 17.88 17.88 802.0 247.4 23.77 6.26 6.26
1.8 0.61 0.83 81.31 19.94 19.94 951.6 301.9 28.46 6.98 6.98
2.0 0.65 0.87 94.10 21.94 21.94 1095.9 355.7 32.94 7.68 7.68
2.3 0.69 0.91 112.20 24.85 24.85 1302.6 435.3 39.27 8.70 8.70
2.5 0.72 0.93 123.73 26.72 26.72 1435.5 489.1 43.31 9.35 9.35
262 x 80 1.8 0.57 0.79 94.18 21.75 21.75 1247.3 306.6 32.96 7.61 7.61
2.0 0.61 0.83 109.92 23.95 23.95 1447.6 363.6 38.47 8.38 8.38
2.3 0.65 0.88 132.32 27.14 27.14 1735.8 447.3 46.31 9.50 9.50
2.5 0.67 0.90 146.59 29.20 29.20 1921.2 503.0 51.31 10.22 10.22
2.9 0.72 0.94 174.04 33.16 33.16 2279.7 618.9 60.91 11.60 11.60
302 x 89 2.3 0.61 0.84 165.15 34.20 34.20 2503.0 476.1 57.80 11.97 11.97
2.5 0.63 0.86 184.49 36.85 36.85 2790.5 538.1 64.57 12.90 12.90
2.9 0.67 0.90 221.49 41.95 41.95 3345.1 662.8 77.52 14.68 14.68
342 x 97 2.5 0.59 0.83 222.62 44.59 44.59 3820.0 566.5 77.92 15.61 15.61
2.9 0.64 0.87 270.50 50.88 50.88 4628.9 701.8 94.67 17.81 17.81
3.2 0.66 0.90 304.91 55.42 55.42 5214.7 804.7 106.72 19.40 19.40
A - 15
B
t
METSEC PLAIN SECTION
x x D
SINGLE SECTION
52 x 50 1.2 1.71 1.34 8.5 4.6 2.23 1.65 3.26 1.41 0.0076 21 -20.9
63 x 25 1.5 1.56 1.22 9.1 0.9 2.41 0.77 2.88 0.49 0.0111 6 -8.1
75 x 38 1.5 2.11 1.66 18.9 3.1 2.99 1.21 5.03 1.12 0.0150 28 -13.7
74 x 44 2.4 3.59 2.82 31.5 7.1 2.96 1.41 8.52 2.31 0.0666 59 -16.1
80 x 48 1.6 2.64 2.07 28.1 6.4 3.26 1.55 7.02 1.87 0.0214 66 -18.1
2.4 3.92 3.08 40.6 9.3 3.22 1.54 10.14 2.77 0.0728 92 -17.7
3.0 4.84 3.80 49.1 11.3 3.19 1.53 12.28 3.41 0.1414 107 -17.4
100 x 50 1.5 2.83 2.22 45.3 7.2 4.00 1.59 9.07 1.96 0.0201 119 -18.1
2.0 3.76 2.95 59.4 9.5 3.98 1.59 11.89 2.60 0.0481 152 -17.9
3.0 5.55 4.36 85.4 13.8 3.92 1.57 17.09 3.83 0.1621 210 -17.4
152 x 50 3.0 7.09 5.57 230.1 15.7 5.70 1.49 30.29 4.05 0.2071 589 -15.1
y
B B
x x D
DOUBLE SECTION y
52 x 50 1.2 3.41 2.68 16.9 19.3 2.23 2.38 6.52 3.86 0.0153 115 -
63 x 25 1.5 3.12 2.45 18.1 3.0 2.41 0.99 5.76 1.22 0.0222 23 -
75 x 38 1.5 4.23 3.32 37.7 10.7 2.99 1.59 10.07 2.81 0.0300 126 -
74 x 44 2.4 7.18 5.63 63.0 26.8 2.96 1.93 17.03 6.10 0.1332 282 -
80 x 48 1.6 5.28 4.15 56.1 23.0 3.26 2.09 14.03 4.79 0.0429 316 -
2.4 7.84 6.15 81.1 34.8 3.22 2.11 20.29 7.26 0.1455 438 -
3.0 9.68 7.60 98.2 43.7 3.19 2.13 24.57 9.11 0.2828 512 -
100 x 50 1.5 5.66 4.44 90.7 24.3 4.00 2.07 18.15 4.87 0.0402 535 -
2.0 7.51 5.90 118.8 32.7 3.98 2.09 23.78 6.54 0.0962 686 -
3.0 11.10 8.72 170.8 49.5 3.92 2.11 34.18 9.89 0.3243 936 -
152 x 50 3.0 14.18 11.13 460.2 49.5 5.70 1.87 60.57 9.91 0.4142 2234 -
Note: This table lists only a selection of the plain sections available.
A - 16
B
t
METSEC PLAIN SECTION x x D
SINGLE SECTION
3 3 3 4
52 x 50 1.2 0.69 0.68 2.22 2.26 1.41 6.7 33.0 0.62 0.63 0.39
63 x 25 1.5 0.96 1.00 2.87 0.85 0.49 9.0 41.8 0.80 0.24 0.14
75 x 38 1.5 0.82 0.90 4.54 1.95 1.12 17.7 48.8 1.27 0.54 0.31
74 x 44 2.4 0.98 0.99 8.44 3.97 2.31 31.3 98.9 2.36 1.11 0.65
80 x 48 1.6 0.78 0.83 5.84 3.22 1.87 25.0 57.6 1.63 0.90 0.52
2.4 0.97 0.98 9.93 4.76 2.77 40.0 106.2 2.78 1.33 0.77
3.0 1.00 1.00 12.26 5.80 3.41 49.1 135.1 3.43 1.62 0.96
100 x 50 1.5 0.64 0.79 7.20 3.29 1.96 39.2 50.7 2.02 0.92 0.55
2.0 0.83 0.91 10.82 4.53 2.60 56.0 87.5 3.03 1.27 0.73
3.0 0.99 1.00 17.03 6.64 3.83 85.2 153.9 4.77 1.86 1.07
152 x 50 3.0 0.89 0.99 30.13 6.96 4.05 229.4 177.1 8.44 1.95 1.14
y
B B
x x D
DOUBLE SECTION y

52 x 50 1.2 0.69 0.68 4.45 3.86 3.86 13.4 66.0 1.25 1.08 1.08
63 x 25 1.5 0.96 1.00 5.73 1.22 1.22 18.1 83.7 1.61 0.34 0.34
75 x 38 1.5 0.82 0.90 9.09 2.81 2.81 35.4 97.6 2.54 0.79 0.79
74 x 44 2.4 0.98 0.99 16.87 6.10 6.10 62.6 197.8 4.72 1.71 1.71
80 x 48 1.6 0.78 0.83 11.67 4.79 4.79 50.1 115.3 3.27 1.34 1.34
2.4 0.97 0.98 19.86 7.26 7.26 80.1 212.5 5.56 2.03 2.03
3.0 1.00 1.00 24.53 9.11 9.11 98.1 270.1 6.87 2.55 2.55
100 x 50 1.5 0.64 0.79 14.40 4.87 4.87 78.3 101.4 4.03 1.36 1.36
2.0 0.83 0.91 21.63 6.54 6.54 112.1 175.0 6.06 1.83 1.83
3.0 0.99 1.00 34.05 9.89 9.89 170.4 307.7 9.54 2.77 2.77
152 x 50 3.0 0.89 0.99 60.26 9.91 9.91 458.7 354.1 16.87 2.77 2.77
Note: This table lists only a selection of the plain sections available.
A - 17
B
t
ALBION C SECTION x x D
2
Design Yield Strength = 350 N/mm
SINGLE SECTION
127 x 50 1.6 3.80 2.98 94.5 12.8 4.99 1.84 14.89 3.70 0.0308 423 -22.0
127 x 62.5 1.6 4.19 3.29 109.8 22.0 5.12 2.29 17.30 5.22 0.0340 719 -28.2
145 x 50 1.6 4.08 3.21 128.9 13.4 5.62 1.81 17.79 3.76 0.0331 561 -21.1
2.0 5.06 3.98 158.1 16.1 5.59 1.78 21.82 4.52 0.0649 669 -20.6
165 x 62.5 1.6 4.79 3.76 201.0 24.0 6.48 2.24 24.37 5.38 0.0388 1263 -26.1
2.0 5.95 4.67 247.5 29.1 6.45 2.21 30.00 6.52 0.0762 1517 -25.6
203 x 62.5 1.6 5.53 4.34 337.8 28.7 7.81 2.28 33.29 6.35 0.0449 2380 -26.4
2.0 6.89 5.41 416.9 34.9 7.78 2.25 41.08 7.72 0.0882 2875 -25.9
2.5 8.54 6.71 511.4 42.1 7.74 2.22 50.39 9.30 0.1723 3431 -25.2
230 x 70 2.0 7.71 6.05 599.5 47.7 8.82 2.49 52.14 9.29 0.0987 4931 -28.2
2.5 9.58 7.52 737.2 57.8 8.77 2.46 64.12 11.23 0.1932 5911 -27.6
3.0 11.40 8.95 868.9 66.9 8.73 2.42 75.57 12.99 0.3329 6783 -26.9
276 x 62.5 2.0 8.32 6.53 870.5 38.1 10.23 2.14 63.09 7.92 0.1065 5657 -23.0
2.5 10.34 8.12 1071.4 45.9 10.18 2.11 77.65 9.55 0.2086 6772 -22.3
3.0 12.32 9.67 1263.8 53.0 10.13 2.07 91.59 11.02 0.3597 7758 -21.7
300 x 70 2.0 9.08 7.13 1131.5 51.3 11.16 2.38 75.44 9.50 0.1163 8909 -25.5
2.5 11.30 8.87 1395.0 62.1 11.11 2.34 93.01 11.49 0.2279 10707 -24.9
3.0 13.47 10.58 1648.4 72.0 11.06 2.31 109.91 13.30 0.3934 12320 -24.2
y
B B
x x D
DOUBLE SECTION y
127 x 50 1.6 7.60 5.97 189.0 43.6 4.99 2.39 29.77 8.71 0.0617 1763 -
127 x 62.5 1.6 8.38 6.58 219.6 78.4 5.12 3.06 34.60 12.55 0.0680 3180 -
145 x 50 1.6 8.17 6.41 257.9 43.6 5.62 2.31 35.58 8.71 0.0662 2272 -
2.0 10.13 7.95 316.2 53.0 5.59 2.29 43.63 10.59 0.1297 2679 -
165 x 62.5 1.6 9.57 7.51 402.1 78.4 6.48 2.86 48.75 12.55 0.0776 5275 -
2.0 11.89 9.34 494.9 95.8 6.45 2.84 60.01 15.33 0.1523 6284 -
203 x 62.5 1.6 11.07 8.69 675.6 90.3 7.81 2.86 66.57 14.45 0.0898 9458 -
2.0 13.78 10.81 833.7 110.6 7.78 2.83 82.16 17.70 0.1764 11329 -
2.5 17.09 13.41 1022.8 134.5 7.74 2.81 100.79 21.52 0.3447 13370 -
230 x 70 2.0 15.42 12.11 1198.9 148.6 8.82 3.10 104.27 21.23 0.1975 19416 -
2.5 19.15 15.03 1474.4 181.1 8.77 3.08 128.23 25.87 0.3863 23044 -
3.0 22.80 17.90 1737.8 211.5 8.73 3.05 151.14 30.21 0.6659 26175 -
276 x 62.5 2.0 16.64 13.06 1741.1 110.7 10.23 2.58 126.18 17.71 0.2130 20511 -
2.5 20.68 16.23 2142.9 134.6 10.18 2.55 155.30 21.53 0.4171 24250 -
3.0 24.63 19.34 2527.6 156.8 10.13 2.52 183.19 25.09 0.7195 27434 -
300 x 70 2.0 18.17 14.26 2263.0 148.6 11.16 2.86 150.89 21.24 0.2326 32543 -
2.5 22.60 17.74 2790.1 181.2 11.11 2.83 186.03 25.88 0.4558 38678 -
3.0 26.94 21.15 3296.8 211.6 11.06 2.80 219.82 30.23 0.7869 44001 -
A - 18
B
t
ALBION C SECTION x x D
2
SINGLE SECTION
127 x 50 1.6 0.79 0.96 14.22 4.75 3.70 90.3 105.2 4.98 1.66 1.30
127 x 62.5 1.6 0.79 0.94 16.23 6.53 5.22 103.8 115.5 5.68 2.28 1.83
145 x 50 1.6 0.74 0.93 16.56 4.76 3.76 120.1 105.4 5.80 1.67 1.31
2.0 0.81 0.97 21.22 6.25 4.52 153.8 144.0 7.43 2.19 1.58
165 x 62.5 1.6 0.69 0.89 21.69 6.55 5.38 180.1 116.1 7.59 2.29 1.88
2.0 0.77 0.95 28.49 8.76 6.52 235.1 160.5 9.97 3.07 2.28
203 x 62.5 1.6 0.63 0.84 28.07 7.13 6.35 286.1 122.3 9.82 2.49 2.22
2.0 0.70 0.91 37.34 9.57 7.72 379.0 168.0 13.07 3.35 2.70
2.5 0.77 0.95 48.11 12.56 9.30 488.2 228.9 16.84 4.40 3.25
230 x 70 2.0 0.66 0.88 45.72 11.26 9.29 526.5 177.3 16.00 3.94 3.25
2.5 0.72 0.93 59.70 14.91 11.23 686.5 241.7 20.90 5.22 3.93
3.0 0.78 0.96 72.92 18.32 12.99 838.4 312.3 25.52 6.41 4.55
276 x 62.5 2.0 0.58 0.83 52.39 9.66 7.92 723.0 169.6 18.34 3.38 2.77
2.5 0.64 0.89 69.24 12.61 9.55 955.4 230.3 24.23 4.41 3.34
3.0 0.69 0.93 85.36 15.28 11.02 1177.8 298.3 29.88 5.35 3.86
300 x 70 2.0 0.56 0.80 60.57 11.37 9.50 909.2 179.0 21.20 3.98 3.32
2.5 0.62 0.87 81.00 14.98 11.49 1214.9 243.4 28.35 5.24 4.02
3.0 0.67 0.91 100.53 18.35 13.30 1507.8 313.8 35.19 6.42 4.66
y
B B
x x D
DOUBLE SECTION y

127 x 50 1.6 0.79 0.96 28.44 8.71 8.71 180.7 210.4 9.95 3.05 3.05
127 x 62.5 1.6 0.79 0.94 32.46 12.55 12.55 207.7 231.0 11.36 4.39 4.39
145 x 50 1.6 0.74 0.93 33.13 8.71 8.71 240.3 210.8 11.59 3.05 3.05
2.0 0.81 0.97 42.45 10.59 10.59 307.6 288.0 14.86 3.71 3.71
165 x 62.5 1.6 0.69 0.89 43.39 12.55 12.55 360.2 232.3 15.19 4.39 4.39
2.0 0.77 0.95 56.97 15.33 15.33 470.2 320.9 19.94 5.37 5.37
203 x 62.5 1.6 0.63 0.84 56.14 14.45 14.45 572.3 244.6 19.65 5.06 5.06
2.0 0.70 0.91 74.67 17.70 17.70 758.1 335.9 26.13 6.20 6.20
2.5 0.77 0.95 96.22 21.52 21.52 976.5 457.8 33.68 7.53 7.53
230 x 70 2.0 0.66 0.88 91.43 21.23 21.23 1053.0 354.7 32.00 7.43 7.43
2.5 0.72 0.93 119.41 25.87 25.87 1373.1 483.4 41.79 9.06 9.06
3.0 0.78 0.96 145.84 30.21 30.21 1676.9 624.7 51.04 10.57 10.57
276 x 62.5 2.0 0.58 0.83 104.78 17.71 17.71 1446.0 339.1 36.67 6.20 6.20
2.5 0.64 0.89 138.48 21.53 21.53 1910.7 460.7 48.47 7.54 7.54
3.0 0.69 0.93 170.72 25.09 25.09 2355.5 596.7 59.75 8.78 8.78
300 x 70 2.0 0.56 0.80 121.14 21.24 21.24 1818.5 358.0 42.40 7.43 7.43
2.5 0.62 0.87 162.00 25.88 25.88 2429.8 486.7 56.70 9.06 9.06
3.0 0.67 0.91 201.07 30.23 30.23 3015.6 627.6 70.37 10.58 10.58
A - 19
B
t
METSEC FRAMING SFS SECTION
x x D
SINGLE SECTION
70 x 35 1.5 2.24 1.76 17.1 3.9 2.76 1.32 4.90 1.76 0.0159 46 -17.1
100 x 54 1.2 2.60 2.04 43.1 10.4 4.07 2.00 8.63 2.92 0.0117 218 -25.2
1.5 3.23 2.54 53.2 12.7 4.05 1.98 10.64 3.56 0.0230 263 -24.8
2.0 4.26 3.35 68.9 16.2 4.02 1.95 13.79 4.53 0.0546 328 -24.1
150 x 54 1.2 3.18 2.50 109.7 11.9 5.88 1.94 14.63 3.06 0.0143 518 -22.5
1.5 4.26 3.34 151.9 22.1 5.97 2.28 20.25 4.89 0.0302 946 -26.9
2.0 5.63 4.42 198.5 28.4 5.94 2.25 26.47 6.27 0.0721 1197 -26.2
200 x 54 1.2 3.76 2.95 216.1 12.9 7.58 1.86 21.61 3.15 0.0169 984 -20.4
1.5 4.99 3.91 296.6 24.2 7.71 2.20 29.67 5.04 0.0354 1801 -24.6
2.0 6.61 5.19 389.0 31.0 7.67 2.17 38.91 6.47 0.0847 2289 -23.9
250 x 54 1.5 5.42 4.26 458.7 16.7 9.20 1.76 36.70 3.91 0.0385 1985 -18.2
2.0 7.20 5.65 602.0 21.4 9.14 1.72 48.17 4.99 0.0922 2514 -17.6
300 x 54 2.0 8.18 6.42 943.4 22.3 10.74 1.65 62.90 5.05 0.1048 3818 -16.2
y
B B
x x D
y
DOUBLE SECTION
2 4 4 3 3 4 6
70 x 35 1.5 4.48 3.52 34.3 15.1 2.76 1.83 9.79 4.31 0.0319 193 -
100 x 54 1.2 5.20 4.08 86.3 38.2 4.07 2.71 17.26 7.07 0.0233 983 -
1.5 6.47 5.08 106.4 46.9 4.05 2.69 21.28 8.69 0.0460 1179 -
2.0 8.52 6.69 137.9 60.5 4.02 2.66 27.58 11.20 0.1091 1458 -
150 x 54 1.2 6.36 4.99 219.5 38.2 5.88 2.45 29.27 7.08 0.0285 2146 -
1.5 8.51 6.68 303.7 74.0 5.97 2.95 40.50 11.57 0.0605 4087 -
2.0 11.27 8.84 396.9 95.9 5.94 2.92 52.94 14.98 0.1443 5124 -
200 x 54 1.2 7.52 5.90 432.1 38.2 7.58 2.25 43.22 7.08 0.0337 3761 -
1.5 9.97 7.83 593.3 74.0 7.71 2.72 59.34 11.57 0.0709 7184 -
2.0 13.23 10.38 778.0 95.9 7.67 2.69 77.82 14.98 0.1694 9028 -
250 x 54 1.5 10.85 8.52 917.4 47.0 9.20 2.08 73.40 8.70 0.0771 7025 -
2.0 14.40 11.31 1203.9 60.6 9.14 2.05 96.33 11.21 0.1844 8761 -
300 x 54 2.0 16.36 12.84 1886.7 60.6 10.74 1.92 125.80 11.22 0.2095 12564 -
A - 20
B
METSEC FRAMING SFS SECTION

x x D
2
SINGLE SECTION
70 x 35 1.5 0.97 1.00 4.90 2.41 1.76 17.1 76.1 1.71 0.84 0.62
100 x 54 1.2 0.75 0.90 7.73 3.44 2.92 39.5 67.8 2.71 1.20 1.02
1.5 0.85 0.97 10.37 4.67 3.56 52.0 96.7 3.63 1.63 1.25
2.0 0.95 1.00 13.79 6.58 4.53 68.9 142.3 4.83 2.30 1.59
150 x 54 1.2 0.62 0.82 12.00 3.47 3.06 91.4 68.6 4.20 1.22 1.07
150 x 64 1.5 0.69 0.88 17.81 5.99 4.89 135.4 103.2 6.23 2.10 1.71
2.0 0.81 0.96 25.54 8.73 6.27 191.7 159.3 8.94 3.05 2.19
200 x 54 1.2 0.53 0.74 16.07 3.52 3.15 162.2 69.3 5.62 1.23 1.10
200 x 64 1.5 0.60 0.82 24.26 6.04 5.04 244.9 104.1 8.49 2.12 1.77
2.0 0.69 0.91 35.47 8.76 6.47 354.9 160.2 12.41 3.06 2.26
250 x 54 1.5 0.52 0.76 28.04 4.78 3.91 350.8 99.3 9.81 1.67 1.37
2.0 0.59 0.86 41.37 6.77 4.99 517.1 148.4 14.48 2.37 1.75
300 x 54 2.0 0.52 0.80 50.62 6.80 5.05 759.3 149.5 17.72 2.38 1.77
y
B B
x x D
DOUBLE SECTION y

70 x 35 1.5 0.97 1.00 9.79 4.31 4.31 34.3 152.3 3.43 1.51 1.51
100 x 54 1.2 0.75 0.90 15.46 7.07 7.07 79.0 135.6 5.41 2.48 2.48
1.5 0.85 0.97 20.74 8.69 8.69 104.1 193.4 7.26 3.04 3.04
2.0 0.95 1.00 27.58 11.20 11.20 137.8 284.6 9.65 3.92 3.92
150 x 54 1.2 0.62 0.82 24.00 7.08 7.08 182.8 137.1 8.40 2.48 2.48
150 x 64 1.5 0.69 0.88 35.61 11.57 11.57 270.8 206.5 12.46 4.05 4.05
2.0 0.81 0.96 51.08 14.98 14.98 383.4 318.6 17.88 5.24 5.24
200 x 54 1.2 0.53 0.74 32.13 7.08 7.08 324.4 138.6 11.25 2.48 2.48
200 x 64 1.5 0.60 0.82 48.53 11.57 11.57 489.8 208.3 16.98 4.05 4.05
2.0 0.69 0.91 70.94 14.98 14.98 709.7 320.3 24.83 5.24 5.24
250 x 54 1.5 0.52 0.76 56.08 8.70 8.70 701.6 198.6 19.63 3.04 3.04
2.0 0.59 0.86 82.75 11.21 11.21 1034.2 296.7 28.96 3.93 3.93
300 x 54 2.0 0.52 0.80 101.25 11.22 11.22 1518.5 299.0 35.44 3.93 3.93
A - 21
B
GROSS SECTION PROPERTIES t
STRUCTURAL SECTIONS ULTRABEAM x x D
SINGLE SECTION
2 4
3
cm3 cm4 cm6 mm
145 x 50 1.2 3.16 2.48 99.9 9.4 5.62 1.72 13.79 2.61 0.0142 377 -18.1
1.3 3.43 2.69 108.1 10.1 5.62 1.72 14.91 2.81 0.0181 405 -18.1
1.4 3.69 2.90 116.2 10.8 5.61 1.71 16.03 3.01 0.0227 434 -18.0
1.6 4.21 3.30 132.1 12.3 5.60 1.71 18.23 3.41 0.0341 488 -17.8
2.0 5.23 4.11 163.2 15.0 5.59 1.69 22.52 4.16 0.0670 592 -17.5
170 x 50 1.2 3.45 2.71 145.6 9.9 6.49 1.69 17.14 2.66 0.0155 533 -17.5
1.3 3.74 2.94 157.6 10.6 6.49 1.69 18.54 2.86 0.0198 574 -17.4
1.4 4.03 3.16 169.4 11.4 6.48 1.68 19.93 3.07 0.0248 614 -17.4
1.6 4.60 3.61 192.8 12.9 6.47 1.67 22.68 3.47 0.0373 692 -17.2
1.8 5.16 4.05 215.7 14.3 6.46 1.67 25.39 3.86 0.0533 768 -17.0
2.0 5.72 4.49 238.3 15.7 6.45 1.66 28.04 4.24 0.0733 840 -16.9
200 x 63 1.2 4.17 3.27 248.0 18.8 7.71 2.12 24.80 4.08 0.0187 1393 -21.3
1.3 4.52 3.55 268.5 20.3 7.71 2.12 26.86 4.41 0.0239 1502 -21.3
1.4 4.87 3.82 288.9 21.8 7.70 2.11 28.90 4.73 0.0300 1611 -21.2
1.6 5.57 4.37 329.3 24.7 7.69 2.11 32.94 5.37 0.0452 1822 -21.0
1.8 6.26 4.91 369.2 27.5 7.68 2.10 36.92 5.99 0.0646 2027 -20.9
2.0 6.94 5.45 408.5 30.3 7.67 2.09 40.86 6.59 0.0889 2227 -20.7
225 x 63 1.4 5.25 4.12 382.8 22.8 8.54 2.09 34.03 4.83 0.0324 2137 -21.0
1.6 6.00 4.71 436.4 25.9 8.53 2.08 38.80 5.47 0.0487 2418 -20.8
1.8 6.74 5.29 489.4 28.9 8.52 2.07 43.51 6.11 0.0696 2692 -20.6
2.0 7.48 5.87 541.6 31.8 8.51 2.06 48.15 6.73 0.0958 2957 -20.5
2.5 9.30 7.30 669.4 38.8 8.48 2.04 59.51 8.21 0.1876 3585 -20.1
255 x 75 1.6 6.93 5.44 661.2 44.6 9.77 2.54 51.87 7.97 0.0562 5399 -26.5
1.8 7.80 6.12 742.0 49.9 9.75 2.53 58.21 8.91 0.0805 6023 -26.3
2.5 10.78 8.46 1017.9 67.4 9.72 2.50 79.84 12.05 0.2174 8084 -25.7
285 x 75 1.8 8.33 6.54 967.2 51.5 10.78 2.49 67.89 9.01 0.0860 7719 -25.5
2.0 9.24 7.26 1071.7 56.8 10.77 2.48 75.21 9.94 0.1184 8500 -25.4
2.5 11.52 9.04 1327.9 69.6 10.74 2.46 93.20 12.19 0.2323 10374 -24.9
A - 22
y
B B
DOUBLE SECTION y
2 4
3
cm3 cm4 cm6 mm
145 x 50 1.2 6.33 4.97 199.9 31.1 5.62 2.22 27.58 6.22 0.0284 1411 -
1.3 6.85 5.38 216.2 33.6 5.62 2.21 29.83 6.72 0.0363 1516 -
1.4 7.38 5.79 232.4 36.1 5.61 2.21 32.06 7.21 0.0455 1619 -
1.6 8.42 6.61 264.3 40.9 5.60 2.21 36.46 8.19 0.0683 1817 -
2.0 10.46 8.21 326.4 50.4 5.59 2.19 45.04 10.07 0.1340 2186 -
170 x 50 1.2 6.91 5.42 291.3 31.1 6.49 2.12 34.28 6.22 0.0310 1960 -
1.3 7.48 5.87 315.1 33.6 6.49 2.12 37.09 6.72 0.0396 2107 -
1.4 8.06 6.33 338.8 36.1 6.48 2.12 39.87 7.22 0.0497 2250 -
1.6 9.20 7.22 385.5 41.0 6.47 2.11 45.37 8.19 0.0746 2525 -
1.8 10.33 8.11 431.5 45.7 6.46 2.10 50.77 9.14 0.1066 2788 -
2.0 11.44 8.98 476.7 50.4 6.45 2.10 56.09 10.08 0.1466 3037 -
200 x 63 1.2 8.34 6.55 496.0 61.5 7.71 2.72 49.61 9.77 0.0374 5044 -
1.3 9.04 7.10 537.0 66.6 7.71 2.71 53.72 10.57 0.0479 5434 -
1.4 9.74 7.65 577.8 71.5 7.70 2.71 57.80 11.36 0.0601 5817 -
1.6 11.13 8.74 658.6 81.4 7.69 2.70 65.88 12.92 0.0903 6563 -
1.8 12.51 9.82 738.3 91.0 7.68 2.70 73.85 14.45 0.1292 7281 -
2.0 13.88 10.90 817.0 100.5 7.67 2.69 81.72 15.95 0.1778 7974 -
225 x 63 1.4 10.50 8.24 765.6 71.5 8.54 2.61 68.06 11.34 0.0647 7636 -
1.6 12.00 9.42 872.8 81.3 8.53 2.60 77.60 12.90 0.0973 8612 -
1.8 13.48 10.58 978.7 90.9 8.52 2.60 87.01 14.43 0.1392 9552 -
2.0 14.96 11.74 1083.3 100.4 8.51 2.59 96.31 15.94 0.1916 10456 -
2.5 18.60 14.60 1338.8 123.4 8.48 2.58 119.03 19.58 0.3753 12566 -
255 x 75 1.6 13.87 10.89 1322.4 139.2 9.77 3.17 103.74 18.56 0.1125 20084 -
1.8 15.60 12.24 1484.1 155.9 9.75 3.16 116.41 20.79 0.1610 22335 -
2.5 21.55 16.92 2035.7 212.6 9.72 3.14 159.69 28.35 0.4348 29667 -
285 x 75 1.8 16.65 13.07 1934.5 155.9 10.78 3.06 135.77 20.79 0.1719 28065 -
2.0 18.49 14.51 2143.3 172.4 10.77 3.05 150.43 22.99 0.2367 30804 -
2.5 23.03 18.08 2655.7 212.6 10.74 3.04 186.39 28.35 0.4646 37274 -
A - 23
B
x x D
STRUCTURAL SECTIONS ULTRABEAM
SINGLE SECTION
3 3 3 4
145 x 50 1.2 0.86 0.87 12.02 3.54 2.61 88.5 95.7 4.21 1.24 0.91
1.3 0.88 0.90 13.46 3.85 2.81 98.6 106.0 4.71 1.35 0.98
1.4 0.90 0.93 14.86 4.16 3.01 108.4 116.3 5.20 1.46 1.05
1.6 0.93 0.96 17.52 4.78 3.41 127.3 136.9 6.13 1.67 1.19
2.0 0.97 1.00 22.51 6.00 4.16 163.2 177.7 7.88 2.10 1.46
170 x 50 1.2 0.79 0.83 14.31 3.59 2.66 123.2 95.8 5.01 1.26 0.93
1.3 0.81 0.87 16.06 3.90 2.86 137.6 106.1 5.62 1.37 1.00
1.4 0.82 0.89 17.77 4.21 3.07 151.8 116.3 6.22 1.48 1.07
1.6 0.85 0.93 21.06 4.84 3.47 179.3 137.0 7.37 1.69 1.22
1.8 0.88 0.95 24.21 5.46 3.86 205.9 158.3 8.47 1.91 1.35
2.0 0.90 0.97 27.27 6.07 4.24 231.8 180.2 9.55 2.12 1.48
200 x 63 1.2 0.79 0.76 18.74 5.45 4.08 194.5 114.7 6.56 1.91 1.43
1.3 0.81 0.79 21.35 5.93 4.41 219.7 128.5 7.47 2.07 1.54
1.4 0.83 0.83 23.97 6.40 4.73 244.9 142.2 8.39 2.24 1.66
1.6 0.87 0.88 29.15 7.35 5.37 294.7 169.3 10.20 2.57 1.88
1.8 0.89 0.92 34.11 8.30 5.99 342.9 195.9 11.94 2.91 2.10
2.0 0.92 0.95 38.85 9.25 6.59 389.3 222.7 13.60 3.24 2.31
225 x 63 1.4 0.78 0.80 27.22 6.58 4.83 311.8 143.7 9.53 2.30 1.69
1.6 0.81 0.86 33.21 7.55 5.47 377.0 170.8 11.62 2.64 1.92
1.8 0.84 0.90 38.99 8.52 6.11 440.4 197.5 13.65 2.98 2.14
2.0 0.86 0.92 44.54 9.48 6.73 501.9 224.4 15.59 3.32 2.35
2.5 0.90 0.97 57.72 11.85 8.21 649.3 294.4 20.20 4.15 2.87
255 x 75 1.6 0.75 0.79 40.78 10.71 7.97 531.9 182.0 14.27 3.75 2.79
1.8 0.78 0.84 48.83 12.11 8.91 631.0 213.1 17.09 4.24 3.12
2.5 0.85 0.94 75.15 16.98 12.05 959.2 320.1 26.30 5.94 4.22
285 x 75 1.8 0.73 0.81 54.90 12.20 9.01 791.1 213.5 19.22 4.27 3.15
2.0 0.75 0.85 63.94 13.60 9.94 916.5 243.9 22.38 4.76 3.48
2.5 0.79 0.92 85.35 17.08 12.19 1217.4 320.1 29.87 5.98 4.27
A - 24
y
B B
DOUBLE SECTION y

3 3 3 4
145 x 50 1.2 0.86 0.87 24.04 6.22 6.22 177.1 191.3 8.42 2.18 2.18
1.3 0.88 0.90 26.92 6.72 6.72 197.2 212.1 9.42 2.35 2.35
1.4 0.90 0.93 29.72 7.21 7.21 216.7 232.7 10.40 2.53 2.53
1.6 0.93 0.96 35.04 8.19 8.19 254.5 273.8 12.27 2.87 2.87
2.0 0.97 1.00 45.01 10.07 10.07 326.3 355.3 15.75 3.53 3.53
170 x 50 1.2 0.79 0.83 28.62 6.22 6.22 246.3 191.6 10.02 2.18 2.18
1.3 0.81 0.87 32.13 6.72 6.72 275.2 212.2 11.24 2.35 2.35
1.4 0.82 0.89 35.54 7.22 7.22 303.5 232.7 12.44 2.53 2.53
1.6 0.85 0.93 42.12 8.19 8.19 358.5 274.1 14.74 2.87 2.87
1.8 0.88 0.95 48.42 9.14 9.14 411.7 316.6 16.95 3.20 3.20
2.0 0.90 0.97 54.55 10.08 10.08 463.6 360.4 19.09 3.53 3.53
200 x 63 1.2 0.79 0.76 37.49 9.77 9.77 388.9 229.3 13.12 3.42 3.42
1.3 0.81 0.79 42.70 10.57 10.57 439.4 256.9 14.94 3.70 3.70
1.4 0.83 0.83 47.94 11.36 11.36 489.9 284.5 16.78 3.97 3.97
1.6 0.87 0.88 58.30 12.92 12.92 589.4 338.5 20.40 4.52 4.52
1.8 0.89 0.92 68.23 14.45 14.45 685.7 391.9 23.88 5.06 5.06
2.0 0.92 0.95 77.71 15.95 15.95 778.6 445.4 27.20 5.58 5.58
225 x 63 1.4 0.78 0.80 54.44 11.34 11.34 623.5 287.5 19.05 3.97 3.97
1.6 0.81 0.86 66.42 12.90 12.90 754.1 341.6 23.25 4.52 4.52
1.8 0.84 0.90 77.98 14.43 14.43 880.9 395.0 27.29 5.05 5.05
2.0 0.86 0.92 89.07 15.94 15.94 1003.7 448.9 31.18 5.58 5.58
2.5 0.90 0.97 115.44 19.58 19.58 1298.6 588.7 40.40 6.85 6.85
255 x 75 1.6 0.75 0.79 81.56 18.56 18.56 1063.8 364.1 28.55 6.49 6.49
1.8 0.78 0.84 97.66 20.79 20.79 1262.0 426.2 34.18 7.28 7.28
2.5 0.85 0.94 150.29 28.35 28.35 1918.3 640.3 52.60 9.92 9.92
285 x 75 1.8 0.73 0.81 109.80 20.79 20.79 1582.2 427.1 38.43 7.28 7.28
2.0 0.75 0.85 127.87 22.99 22.99 1833.1 487.7 44.76 8.05 8.05
2.5 0.79 0.92 170.71 28.35 28.35 2434.8 640.2 59.75 9.92 9.92
A - 25
B

WARD MULTIBEAM x x D
SINGLE SECTION
145 x 60 1.30 3.89 3.05 128.9 17.87 5.76 2.14 17.78 4.68 0.0206 948 -20.6
1.45 4.33 3.40 143.1 19.69 5.75 2.13 19.74 5.15 0.0287 1039 -20.3
1.55 4.62 3.63 152.4 20.88 5.74 2.12 21.03 5.46 0.0351 1098 -20.1
1.70 5.06 3.97 166.3 22.60 5.73 2.11 22.94 5.90 0.0465 1182 -19.8
175 x 60 1.40 4.59 3.61 214.7 19.54 6.84 2.06 24.54 4.99 0.0283 1496 -16.5
1.50 4.92 3.86 229.4 20.76 6.83 2.05 26.22 5.29 0.0349 1586 -16.3
1.60 5.24 4.11 243.9 21.96 6.82 2.05 27.88 5.59 0.0425 1673 -16.1
1.70 5.56 4.36 258.3 23.12 6.82 2.04 29.52 5.89 0.0510 1757 -16.0
2.00 6.50 5.11 300.5 26.45 6.80 2.02 34.35 6.72 0.0833 1995 -15.4
205 x 60 1.45 5.18 4.06 322.4 20.54 7.89 1.99 31.46 5.13 0.0343 2150 -13.6
1.55 5.53 4.34 343.7 21.77 7.88 1.98 33.54 5.44 0.0420 2274 -13.4
1.65 5.88 4.62 364.8 22.97 7.88 1.98 35.59 5.73 0.0508 2395 -13.2
1.80 6.40 5.03 396.0 24.71 7.86 1.96 38.64 6.16 0.0661 2570 -12.9
1.90 6.75 5.30 416.6 25.84 7.86 1.96 40.65 6.44 0.0778 2683 -12.7
2.00 7.09 5.57 436.9 26.93 7.85 1.95 42.64 6.71 0.0908 2791 -12.5
235 x 60 1.70 6.55 5.14 519.5 23.92 8.90 1.91 44.22 5.87 0.0602 3274 -10.9
1.90 7.31 5.74 577.0 26.23 8.89 1.89 49.11 6.43 0.0843 3581 -10.5
2.00 7.68 6.03 605.3 27.34 8.88 1.89 51.53 6.70 0.0983 3727 -10.3
2.30 8.79 6.90 688.8 30.50 8.85 1.86 58.63 7.46 0.1496 4141 -9.8
265 x 60 1.80 7.46 5.86 731.9 25.42 9.91 1.85 55.24 6.15 0.0770 4417 -8.9
2.00 8.27 6.49 808.3 27.70 9.89 1.83 61.01 6.69 0.1059 4803 -8.6
2.25 9.27 7.28 901.8 30.37 9.86 1.81 68.07 7.33 0.1509 5253 -8.1
2.55 10.45 8.21 1011.3 33.34 9.84 1.79 76.33 8.04 0.2195 5749 -7.6
3.00 12.20 9.57 1169.6 37.31 9.79 1.75 88.29 8.98 0.3562 6402 -6.8
300 x 60 1.80 8.08 6.34 988.6 25.75 11.06 1.79 65.92 6.14 0.0834 5731 -7.3
2.00 8.95 7.03 1092.3 28.05 11.04 1.77 72.83 6.69 0.1147 6233 -6.9
2.25 10.04 7.88 1219.3 30.75 11.02 1.75 81.30 7.32 0.1635 6821 -6.5
2.55 11.33 8.89 1368.2 33.75 10.99 1.73 91.23 8.03 0.2380 7469 -5.9
3.00 13.23 10.39 1584.1 37.75 10.94 1.69 105.62 8.97 0.3864 8324 -5.1
350 x 60 1.80 8.95 7.03 1442.1 26.14 12.69 1.71 82.41 6.13 0.0925 7911 -5.4
2.00 9.93 7.80 1594.1 28.47 12.67 1.69 91.10 6.68 0.1272 8608 -5.0
2.25 11.15 8.75 1780.8 31.20 12.64 1.67 101.77 7.32 0.1815 9423 -4.6
2.55 12.59 9.88 1999.9 34.23 12.61 1.65 114.29 8.02 0.2643 10321 -4.1
3.00 14.71 11.55 2318.4 38.27 12.55 1.61 132.50 8.96 0.4296 11511 -3.3
A - 26
y
B B

DOUBLE SECTION y
145 x 60 1.30 7.78 6.11 257.7 72.7 5.76 3.06 35.56 12.11 0.0412 2988 -
1.45 8.66 6.80 286.2 80.3 5.75 3.04 39.48 13.39 0.0574 3257 -
1.55 9.25 7.26 304.9 85.3 5.74 3.04 42.06 14.22 0.0703 3428 -
1.70 10.12 7.94 332.6 92.6 5.73 3.03 45.88 15.43 0.0929 3670 -
175 x 60 1.40 9.19 7.21 429.4 78.7 6.84 2.93 49.08 13.12 0.0566 4166 -
1.50 9.83 7.72 458.7 83.8 6.83 2.92 52.44 13.97 0.0699 4397 -
1.60 10.48 8.22 487.8 88.9 6.82 2.91 55.76 14.81 0.0850 4619 -
1.70 11.12 8.73 516.5 93.8 6.82 2.90 59.04 15.63 0.1021 4831 -
2.00 13.01 10.21 600.9 108.0 6.80 2.88 68.70 18.01 0.1666 5414 -
205 x 60 1.45 10.36 8.13 644.8 82.3 7.89 2.82 62.92 13.72 0.0686 5490 -
1.55 11.06 8.68 687.4 87.4 7.88 2.81 67.07 14.57 0.0841 5784 -
1.65 11.76 9.23 729.5 92.5 7.88 2.80 71.19 15.42 0.1016 6065 -
1.80 12.81 10.05 792.0 99.9 7.86 2.79 77.28 16.65 0.1322 6466 -
1.90 13.50 10.60 833.2 104.8 7.86 2.79 81.30 17.46 0.1556 6719 -
2.00 14.18 11.13 873.9 109.5 7.85 2.78 85.27 18.25 0.1816 6962 -
235 x 60 1.70 13.11 10.29 1038.9 96.2 8.90 2.71 88.43 16.03 0.1204 7786 -
1.90 14.61 11.47 1153.9 106.1 8.89 2.69 98.22 17.69 0.1685 8445 -
2.00 15.36 12.06 1210.7 111.0 8.88 2.69 103.05 18.49 0.1967 8755 -
2.30 17.58 13.80 1377.5 125.0 8.85 2.67 117.26 20.83 0.2993 9608 -
265 x 60 1.80 14.92 11.71 1463.8 102.5 9.91 2.62 110.49 17.08 0.1540 10009 -
2.00 16.54 12.98 1616.5 112.4 9.89 2.61 122.02 18.74 0.2117 10801 -
2.25 18.54 14.55 1803.6 124.4 9.86 2.59 136.14 20.73 0.3018 11704 -
2.55 20.90 16.41 2022.5 138.0 9.84 2.57 152.66 23.01 0.4390 12666 -
3.00 24.39 19.15 2339.2 157.2 9.79 2.54 176.57 26.20 0.7123 13879
300 x 60 1.80 16.15 12.68 1977.2 104.0 11.06 2.54 131.83 17.33 0.1668 12509 -
2.00 17.91 14.06 2184.5 114.1 11.04 2.52 145.65 19.02 0.2293 13515 -
2.25 20.08 15.77 2438.7 126.4 11.02 2.51 162.60 21.06 0.3270 14668 -
2.55 22.66 17.79 2736.4 140.4 10.99 2.49 182.45 23.39 0.4759 15907 -
3.00 26.46 20.77 3168.2 160.0 10.94 2.46 211.24 26.67 0.7728 17487 -
350 x 60 1.80 17.91 14.06 2884.1 106.1 12.69 2.43 164.83 17.69 0.1849 16656 -
2.00 19.87 15.60 3188.2 116.6 12.67 2.42 182.21 19.43 0.2544 18023 -
2.25 22.29 17.50 3561.6 129.2 12.64 2.41 203.54 21.53 0.3629 19602 -
2.55 25.17 19.76 3999.8 143.7 12.61 2.39 228.59 23.94 0.5286 21312 -
3.00 29.42 23.10 4636.8 164.1 12.55 2.36 264.99 27.35 0.8593 23531 -
A - 27
B

SINGLE SECTION
145 x 60 1.30 0.92 0.83 14.83 5.54 4.68 111.2 139.6 5.78 2.16 1.83
1.45 0.95 0.88 17.47 6.21 5.15 129.3 160.6 6.81 2.42 2.01
1.55 0.97 0.91 19.19 6.65 5.46 141.1 174.2 7.48 2.59 2.13
1.70 0.98 0.94 21.67 7.32 5.90 158.3 193.7 8.45 2.85 2.30
175 x 60 1.40 0.89 0.84 20.68 6.08 4.99 184.7 160.3 8.07 2.37 1.94
1.50 0.92 0.87 22.88 6.51 5.29 203.1 176.3 8.92 2.54 2.06
1.60 0.94 0.90 25.02 6.94 5.59 221.1 192.1 9.76 2.71 2.18
1.70 0.96 0.92 27.10 7.37 5.89 238.6 207.3 10.57 2.87 2.30
2.00 0.99 0.96 32.98 8.62 6.72 288.9 249.9 12.86 3.36 2.62
205 x 60 1.45 0.83 0.83 26.12 6.36 5.13 271.6 168.5 10.19 2.48 2.00
1.55 0.86 0.86 28.77 6.79 5.44 297.8 184.6 11.22 2.65 2.12
1.65 0.87 0.88 31.35 7.20 5.73 323.4 200.7 12.23 2.81 2.24
1.80 0.90 0.91 35.10 7.82 6.16 360.9 224.3 13.69 3.05 2.40
1.90 0.91 0.92 37.51 8.23 6.44 385.2 239.8 14.63 3.21 2.51
2.00 0.92 0.94 39.87 8.63 6.71 409.1 255.2 15.55 3.37 2.62
235 x 60 1.70 0.82 0.86 38.16 7.44 5.87 450.2 208.6 14.88 2.90 2.29
1.90 0.84 0.90 44.04 8.25 6.43 518.3 239.8 17.18 3.22 2.51
2.00 0.85 0.91 46.89 8.64 6.70 551.4 255.3 18.29 3.37 2.61
2.30 0.88 0.94 55.17 9.79 7.46 648.3 302.0 21.52 3.82 2.91
265 x 60 1.80 0.77 0.85 47.17 7.86 6.15 626.4 224.5 18.40 3.07 2.40
2.00 0.79 0.88 53.98 8.65 6.69 715.8 255.4 21.05 3.37 2.61
2.25 0.81 0.91 62.21 9.60 7.33 824.3 294.1 24.26 3.74 2.86
2.55 0.84 0.94 71.76 10.68 8.04 950.7 341.6 27.99 4.17 3.13
3.00 0.87 0.97 85.55 12.21 8.98 1133.4 416.0 33.36 4.76 3.50
300 x 60 1.80 0.71 0.81 53.65 7.87 6.14 806.0 225.0 20.92 3.07 2.40
2.00 0.73 0.85 61.77 8.65 6.69 927.0 255.8 24.09 3.37 2.61
2.25 0.75 0.88 71.63 9.59 7.32 1074.5 294.3 27.94 3.74 2.86
2.55 0.77 0.91 83.12 10.66 8.03 1246.6 341.7 32.41 4.16 3.13
3.00 0.81 0.94 99.75 12.16 8.97 1496.0 415.9 38.90 4.74 3.50
350 x 60 1.80 0.65 0.75 61.96 7.88 6.13 1085.4 225.8 24.17 3.07 2.39
2.00 0.66 0.79 72.12 8.65 6.68 1262.4 256.7 28.13 3.37 2.60
2.25 0.68 0.83 84.52 9.58 7.32 1479.0 295.2 32.96 3.74 2.85
2.55 0.70 0.87 99.03 10.64 8.02 1732.8 342.4 38.62 4.15 3.13
3.00 0.73 0.91 120.11 12.12 8.96 2101.7 416.2 46.84 4.73 3.49
A - 28
y
B B

2
DOUBLE SECTION y

3 3 3 4
145 x 60 1.30 0.92 0.83 29.65 12.11 12.11 222.3 279.2 11.56 4.72 4.72
1.45 0.95 0.88 34.93 13.39 13.39 258.6 321.1 13.62 5.22 5.22
1.55 0.97 0.91 38.38 14.22 14.22 282.3 348.3 14.97 5.54 5.54
1.70 0.98 0.94 43.34 15.43 15.43 316.7 387.4 16.90 6.02 6.02
175 x 60 1.40 0.89 0.84 41.36 13.12 13.12 369.4 320.6 16.13 5.12 5.12
1.50 0.92 0.87 45.75 13.97 13.97 406.2 352.7 17.84 5.45 5.45
1.60 0.94 0.90 50.04 14.81 14.81 442.2 384.1 19.52 5.78 5.78
1.70 0.96 0.92 54.20 15.63 15.63 477.3 414.7 21.14 6.10 6.10
2.00 0.99 0.96 65.95 18.01 18.01 577.9 499.8 25.72 7.02 7.02
205 x 60 1.45 0.83 0.83 52.24 13.72 13.72 543.2 336.9 20.37 5.35 5.35
1.55 0.86 0.86 57.53 14.57 14.57 595.5 369.3 22.44 5.68 5.68
1.65 0.87 0.88 62.70 15.42 15.42 646.8 401.3 24.45 6.01 6.01
1.80 0.90 0.91 70.19 16.65 16.65 721.8 448.6 27.37 6.49 6.49
1.90 0.91 0.92 75.02 17.46 17.46 770.5 479.7 29.26 6.81 6.81
2.00 0.92 0.94 79.74 18.25 18.25 818.3 510.5 31.10 7.12 7.12
235 x 60 1.70 0.82 0.86 76.31 16.03 16.03 900.4 417.2 29.76 6.25 6.25
1.90 0.84 0.90 88.08 17.69 17.69 1036.5 479.6 34.35 6.90 6.90
2.00 0.85 0.91 93.78 18.49 18.49 1102.9 510.6 36.58 7.21 7.21
2.30 0.88 0.94 110.34 20.83 20.83 1296.5 604.0 43.03 8.12 8.12
265 x 60 1.80 0.77 0.85 94.35 17.08 17.08 1252.7 448.9 36.79 6.66 6.66
2.00 0.79 0.88 107.97 18.74 18.74 1431.6 510.7 42.11 7.31 7.31
2.25 0.81 0.91 124.42 20.73 20.73 1648.6 588.2 48.52 8.08 8.08
2.55 0.84 0.94 143.52 23.01 23.01 1901.4 683.3 55.97 8.97 8.97
3.00 0.87 0.97 171.10 26.20 26.20 2266.7 832.0 66.73 10.22 10.22
300 x 60 1.80 0.71 0.81 107.30 17.33 17.33 1612.1 449.9 41.85 6.76 6.76
2.00 0.73 0.85 123.55 19.02 19.02 1854.1 511.6 48.18 7.42 7.42
2.25 0.75 0.88 143.26 21.06 21.06 2148.9 588.7 55.87 8.21 8.21
2.55 0.77 0.91 166.23 23.39 23.39 2493.2 683.3 64.83 9.12 9.12
3.00 0.81 0.94 199.50 26.67 26.67 2992.1 831.8 77.80 10.40 10.40
350 x 60 1.80 0.65 0.75 123.92 17.69 17.69 2170.7 451.6 48.33 6.90 6.90
2.00 0.66 0.79 144.24 19.43 19.43 2524.8 513.3 56.25 7.58 7.58
2.25 0.68 0.83 169.04 21.53 21.53 2958.1 590.4 65.92 8.40 8.40
2.55 0.70 0.87 198.05 23.94 23.94 3465.6 684.7 77.24 9.34 9.34
3.00 0.73 0.91 240.22 27.35 27.35 4203.4 832.3 93.69 10.67 10.67
A - 29
B
WARD MULTICHANNEL
2 x x D
SINGLE SECTION
70 x 50 1.3 2.33 1.83 19.5 8.2 2.89 1.87 5.59 2.66 0.0124 97 -25.0
145 x 65 1.5 4.21 3.31 142.0 22.8 5.80 2.32 19.59 4.99 0.0299 912 -27.6
2.0 5.57 4.38 185.5 29.2 5.77 2.29 25.59 6.40 0.0714 1154 -27.0
175 x 65 1.6 4.96 3.89 233.1 25.6 6.86 2.27 26.65 5.40 0.0402 1463 -26.0
1.8 5.56 4.37 260.4 28.4 6.84 2.26 29.77 5.98 0.0574 1614 -25.7
2.4 7.34 5.76 338.8 36.0 6.79 2.22 38.73 7.59 0.1363 2020 -24.9
205 x 65 1.6 5.42 4.26 337.6 26.8 7.89 2.22 32.95 5.49 0.0440 2091 -24.7
1.8 6.09 4.78 377.4 29.7 7.87 2.21 36.83 6.08 0.0629 2309 -24.4
2.4 8.05 6.32 492.2 37.8 7.82 2.17 48.03 7.72 0.1494 2897 -23.6
220 x 70 2.0 7.24 5.68 515.7 40.0 8.44 2.35 46.89 7.57 0.0927 3548 -25.8
2.7 9.67 7.59 678.7 51.2 8.38 2.30 61.71 9.67 0.2281 4473 -24.9
250 x 70 1.8 7.06 5.54 632.2 37.8 9.46 2.31 50.59 7.00 0.0729 4356 -24.9
2.4 9.35 7.34 827.3 48.2 9.41 2.27 66.20 8.92 0.1735 5500 -24.1
270 x 95 2.4 11.00 8.63 1206.5 108.6 10.47 3.14 89.38 15.14 0.2042 14139 -34.7
300 x 70 2.7 11.80 9.26 1431.2 55.5 11.01 2.17 95.43 9.95 0.2783 9170 -22.0
300 x 95 2.7 13.13 10.31 1725.1 123.6 11.46 3.07 115.02 16.90 0.3097 19861 -33.1
350 x 95 3.2 17.05 13.38 2913.4 147.8 13.07 2.94 166.50 19.69 0.5674 32471 -30.6
y
B B
x x D
DOUBLE SECTION y
70 x 50 1.3 4.67 3.66 39.1 33.6 2.89 2.68 11.18 6.72 0.0247 437 -
145 x 65 1.5 8.43 6.61 283.9 77.2 5.80 3.03 39.17 11.88 0.0599 3989 -
2.0 11.15 8.75 371.0 100.0 5.77 2.99 51.19 15.38 0.1428 5005 -
175 x 65 1.6 9.91 7.78 466.2 81.9 6.86 2.87 53.29 12.60 0.0804 6080 -
1.8 11.13 8.73 520.8 91.1 6.84 2.86 59.53 14.02 0.1149 6681 -
2.4 14.68 11.53 677.6 117.0 6.79 2.82 77.46 18.00 0.2726 8258 -
205 x 65 1.6 10.85 8.52 675.3 81.9 7.89 2.75 65.89 12.60 0.0880 8299 -
1.8 12.18 9.56 754.9 91.1 7.87 2.73 73.66 14.02 0.1258 9123 -
2.4 16.10 12.64 984.4 117.0 7.82 2.70 96.05 18.00 0.2989 11293 -
220 x 70 2.0 14.48 11.37 1031.3 122.5 8.44 2.91 93.77 17.50 0.1854 13986 -
2.7 19.34 15.19 1357.5 158.4 8.38 2.86 123.43 22.63 0.4562 17369 -
250 x 70 1.8 14.12 11.08 1264.5 111.5 9.46 2.81 101.17 15.93 0.1458 16574 -
2.4 18.70 14.68 1654.6 143.5 9.41 2.77 132.39 20.51 0.3471 20642 -
270 x 95 2.4 22.00 17.27 2413.0 336.0 10.47 3.91 178.76 35.37 0.4084 57371 -
300 x 70 2.7 23.60 18.53 2862.4 158.5 11.01 2.59 190.85 22.65 0.5566 32202 -
300 x 95 2.7 26.26 20.61 3450.2 372.6 11.46 3.77 230.04 39.22 0.6194 77504 -
350 x 95 3.2 34.09 26.76 5826.9 430.8 13.07 3.55 333.00 45.34 1.1348 119341 -
A - 30
B
WARD MULTICHANNEL
2 x x D
SINGLE SECTION
70 x 50 1.3 0.91 0.98 5.48 3.37 2.66 19.3 74.5 1.92 1.18 0.93
145 x 65 1.5 0.70 0.88 17.28 6.04 4.99 127.2 103.5 6.05 2.11 1.75
2.0 0.82 0.97 24.82 8.84 6.40 180.1 160.4 8.69 3.09 2.24
175 x 65 1.6 0.67 0.87 23.23 6.64 5.40 205.0 115.6 8.13 2.32 1.89
1.8 0.71 0.91 27.12 7.77 5.98 238.0 138.3 9.49 2.72 2.09
2.4 0.81 0.97 37.66 11.10 7.59 329.5 208.0 13.18 3.89 2.66
205 x 65 1.6 0.61 0.84 27.53 6.68 5.49 284.0 116.1 9.64 2.34 1.92
1.8 0.65 0.88 32.29 7.80 6.08 331.7 138.9 11.30 2.73 2.13
2.4 0.74 0.95 45.40 11.12 7.72 465.3 208.6 15.89 3.89 2.70
220 x 70 2.0 0.66 0.89 41.60 9.95 7.57 458.3 167.5 14.56 3.48 2.65
2.7 0.76 0.95 58.89 14.23 9.67 647.7 255.9 20.61 4.98 3.38
250 x 70 1.8 0.58 0.82 41.47 8.77 7.00 520.2 144.0 14.51 3.07 2.45
2.4 0.66 0.90 59.88 12.49 8.92 748.5 217.3 20.96 4.37 3.12
270 x 95 2.4 0.65 0.87 77.95 20.07 15.14 1058.9 250.7 27.28 7.02 5.30
300 x 70 2.7 0.62 0.89 84.97 14.27 9.95 1274.4 257.6 29.74 4.99 3.48
300 x 95 2.7 0.65 0.89 101.90 23.28 16.90 1531.2 299.9 35.66 8.15 5.92
350 x 95 3.2 0.64 0.89 148.90 28.82 19.69 2606.0 383.0 52.12 10.09 6.89
y
B B
x x D
DOUBLE SECTION y

70 x 50 1.3 0.91 0.98 10.96 6.72 6.72 38.6 149.1 3.83 2.35 2.35
145 x 65 1.5 0.70 0.88 34.56 11.88 11.88 254.5 207.0 12.10 4.16 4.16
2.0 0.82 0.97 49.63 15.38 15.38 360.2 320.7 17.37 5.38 5.38
175 x 65 1.6 0.67 0.87 46.46 12.60 12.60 409.9 231.2 16.26 4.41 4.41
1.8 0.71 0.91 54.23 14.02 14.02 476.0 276.6 18.98 4.91 4.91
2.4 0.81 0.97 75.32 18.00 18.00 658.9 416.0 26.36 6.30 6.30
205 x 65 1.6 0.61 0.84 55.06 12.60 12.60 568.1 232.3 19.27 4.41 4.41
1.8 0.65 0.88 64.58 14.02 14.02 663.4 277.8 22.60 4.91 4.91
2.4 0.74 0.95 90.81 18.00 18.00 930.6 417.1 31.78 6.30 6.30
220 x 70 2.0 0.66 0.89 83.19 17.50 17.50 916.6 335.0 29.12 6.12 6.12
2.7 0.76 0.95 117.78 22.63 22.63 1295.4 511.8 41.22 7.92 7.92
250 x 70 1.8 0.58 0.82 82.94 15.93 15.93 1040.5 287.9 29.03 5.58 5.58
2.4 0.66 0.90 119.76 20.51 20.51 1497.0 434.6 41.92 7.18 7.18
270 x 95 2.4 0.65 0.87 155.89 35.37 35.37 2117.7 501.4 54.56 12.38 12.38
300 x 70 2.7 0.62 0.89 169.94 22.65 22.65 2548.7 515.3 59.48 7.93 7.93
300 x 95 2.7 0.65 0.89 203.80 39.22 39.22 3062.3 599.9 71.33 13.73 13.73
350 x 95 3.2 0.64 0.89 297.81 45.34 45.34 5211.9 766.0 104.23 15.87 15.87
A - 31
B
t
GENERIC C SECTION x x D
2
SINGLE SECTION
100 x 55 1.2 2.67 2.09 44.3 11.5 4.07 2.07 8.87 3.22 0.0120 255 -26.6
125 x 55 1.2 2.96 2.32 73.9 12.4 5.00 2.05 11.83 3.31 0.0133 401 -25.1
1.6 3.93 3.08 97.0 16.1 4.97 2.02 15.52 4.28 0.0319 513 -24.6
150 x 65 1.6 4.63 3.63 165.4 25.6 5.98 2.35 22.06 5.66 0.0376 1127 -28.1
1.8 5.19 4.08 184.7 28.4 5.96 2.34 24.63 6.27 0.0536 1244 -27.8
165 x 65 1.6 4.86 3.82 206.2 26.4 6.51 2.33 25.00 5.72 0.0394 1387 -27.3
1.8 5.46 4.28 230.4 29.3 6.50 2.32 27.93 6.34 0.0563 1532 -27.1
180 x 65 1.6 5.10 4.00 252.5 27.1 7.04 2.31 28.06 5.77 0.0413 1681 -26.6
1.8 5.72 4.49 282.2 30.1 7.02 2.29 31.36 6.40 0.0591 1856 -26.4
2.0 6.34 4.98 311.2 33.0 7.01 2.28 34.59 7.00 0.0812 2023 -26.1
200 x 65 1.6 5.41 4.25 323.2 28.0 7.73 2.28 32.32 5.83 0.0439 2125 -25.7
1.8 6.07 4.77 361.3 31.1 7.71 2.26 36.14 6.47 0.0627 2348 -25.5
2.0 6.73 5.28 398.7 34.0 7.70 2.25 39.87 7.08 0.0862 2560 -25.2
220 x 65 2.0 7.12 5.59 499.6 35.0 8.37 2.22 45.43 7.14 0.0912 3174 -24.4
2.4 8.50 6.67 590.9 40.7 8.34 2.19 53.73 8.30 0.1578 3664 -23.8
250 x 65 2.4 9.21 7.23 802.8 42.1 9.34 2.14 64.23 8.40 0.1709 4903 -22.7
300 x 65 2.4 10.39 8.15 1249.4 44.1 10.97 2.06 83.31 8.53 0.1928 7444 -21.0
3.0 12.88 10.11 1531.2 52.4 10.90 2.02 102.09 10.14 0.3762 8780 -20.2
y
B B
x x D
DOUBLE SECTION y
100 x 55 1.2 5.34 4.19 88.6 42.8 4.07 2.83 17.73 7.79 0.0239 1135 -
125 x 55 1.2 5.92 4.64 147.8 42.9 5.00 2.69 23.66 7.79 0.0265 1733 -
1.6 7.85 6.17 194.0 55.9 4.97 2.67 31.05 10.17 0.0637 2198 -
150 x 65 1.6 9.26 7.27 330.9 87.0 5.98 3.07 44.13 13.39 0.0751 4869 -
1.8 10.39 8.15 369.4 96.9 5.96 3.05 49.27 14.90 0.1072 5353 -
165 x 65 1.6 9.73 7.63 412.5 87.0 6.51 2.99 50.01 13.39 0.0789 5859 -
1.8 10.91 8.57 460.7 96.9 6.50 2.98 55.86 14.90 0.1127 6443 -
180 x 65 1.6 10.19 8.00 505.0 87.0 7.04 2.92 56.13 13.39 0.0827 6940 -
1.8 11.44 8.98 564.3 96.9 7.02 2.91 62.72 14.91 0.1181 7634 -
2.0 12.68 9.95 622.4 106.4 7.01 2.90 69.17 16.37 0.1623 8285 -
200 x 65 1.6 10.82 8.49 646.4 87.1 7.73 2.84 64.65 13.39 0.0878 8524 -
1.8 12.15 9.54 722.6 96.9 7.71 2.82 72.27 14.91 0.1254 9379 -
2.0 13.46 10.57 797.3 106.4 7.70 2.81 79.75 16.38 0.1724 10183 -
220 x 65 2.0 14.25 11.18 999.2 106.5 8.37 2.73 90.85 16.38 0.1824 12277 -
2.4 17.00 13.34 1181.9 124.7 8.34 2.71 107.46 19.18 0.3155 14042 -
250 x 65 2.4 18.41 14.45 1605.5 124.7 9.34 2.60 128.46 19.19 0.3418 18067 -
300 x 65 2.4 20.77 16.31 2498.9 124.8 10.97 2.45 166.61 19.19 0.3857 25902 -
3.0 25.76 20.22 3062.3 150.1 10.90 2.41 204.18 23.09 0.7523 30070 -
A - 32
B
t
SINGLE SECTION
100 x 55 1.2 0.80 0.93 8.27 3.83 3.22 41.9 59.5 2.32 1.07 0.90
125 x 55 1.2 0.72 0.90 10.60 3.84 3.31 67.0 59.8 2.97 1.08 0.93
1.6 0.83 0.98 15.14 5.67 4.28 94.7 91.7 4.24 1.59 1.20
150 x 65 1.6 0.76 0.94 20.64 7.22 5.66 155.5 99.1 5.78 2.02 1.58
1.8 0.81 0.96 23.75 8.43 6.27 178.4 117.5 6.65 2.36 1.76
165 x 65 1.6 0.73 0.92 22.96 7.23 5.72 190.2 99.2 6.43 2.02 1.60
1.8 0.77 0.95 26.49 8.44 6.34 218.8 117.7 7.42 2.36 1.78
180 x 65 1.6 0.70 0.90 25.29 7.24 5.77 228.5 99.4 7.08 2.03 1.62
1.8 0.74 0.93 29.25 8.44 6.40 263.5 117.9 8.19 2.36 1.79
2.0 0.77 0.95 33.02 9.64 7.00 297.2 136.8 9.25 2.70 1.96
200 x 65 1.6 0.66 0.88 28.40 7.26 5.83 284.9 99.7 7.95 2.03 1.63
1.8 0.70 0.91 32.94 8.46 6.47 329.7 118.2 9.22 2.37 1.81
2.0 0.73 0.94 37.30 9.65 7.08 373.0 137.1 10.44 2.70 1.98
220 x 65 2.0 0.69 0.92 41.62 9.66 7.14 457.8 137.3 11.65 2.70 2.00
2.4 0.75 0.95 51.20 11.91 8.30 563.1 177.7 14.34 3.34 2.33
250 x 65 2.4 0.69 0.93 59.65 11.92 8.40 745.5 178.1 16.70 3.34 2.35
300 x 65 2.4 0.62 0.89 74.02 11.95 8.53 1110.1 179.0 20.72 3.35 2.39
3.0 0.69 0.94 95.70 14.88 10.14 1435.4 247.4 26.80 4.17 2.84
y
B B
x x D
DOUBLE SECTION y

100 x 55 1.2 0.80 0.93 16.54 7.79 7.79 83.8 118.9 4.63 2.18 2.18
125 x 55 1.2 0.72 0.90 21.19 7.79 7.79 134.1 119.6 5.93 2.18 2.18
1.6 0.83 0.98 30.29 10.17 10.17 189.4 183.4 8.48 2.85 2.85
150 x 65 1.6 0.76 0.94 41.28 13.39 13.39 311.0 198.1 11.56 3.75 3.75
1.8 0.81 0.96 47.51 14.90 14.90 356.8 235.1 13.30 4.17 4.17
165 x 65 1.6 0.73 0.92 45.92 13.39 13.39 380.5 198.5 12.86 3.75 3.75
1.8 0.77 0.95 52.98 14.90 14.90 437.6 235.5 14.83 4.17 4.17
180 x 65 1.6 0.70 0.90 50.59 13.39 13.39 457.0 198.9 14.16 3.75 3.75
1.8 0.74 0.93 58.49 14.91 14.91 527.0 235.9 16.38 4.17 4.17
2.0 0.77 0.95 66.04 16.37 16.37 594.4 273.7 18.49 4.58 4.58
200 x 65 1.6 0.66 0.88 56.79 13.39 13.39 569.7 199.4 15.90 3.75 3.75
1.8 0.70 0.91 65.88 14.91 14.91 659.4 236.4 18.45 4.17 4.17
2.0 0.73 0.94 74.60 16.38 16.38 746.1 274.2 20.89 4.59 4.59
220 x 65 2.0 0.69 0.92 83.24 16.38 16.38 915.6 274.7 23.31 4.59 4.59
2.4 0.75 0.95 102.40 19.18 19.18 1126.2 355.5 28.67 5.37 5.37
250 x 65 2.4 0.69 0.93 119.31 19.19 19.19 1491.1 356.3 33.41 5.37 5.37
300 x 65 2.4 0.62 0.89 148.03 19.19 19.19 2220.2 358.0 41.45 5.37 5.37
3.0 0.69 0.94 191.41 23.09 23.09 2870.7 494.9 53.59 6.46 6.46
A - 33
B
t
SINGLE SECTION
3 3 3 4
100 x 55 1.2 0.75 0.89 7.89 3.66 3.22 40.4 69.6 2.76 1.28 1.13
125 x 55 1.2 0.68 0.85 10.08 3.67 3.31 64.4 70.0 3.53 1.29 1.16
1.6 0.80 0.95 14.81 5.44 4.28 92.7 109.8 5.18 1.91 1.50
150 x 65 1.6 0.72 0.90 19.91 6.91 5.66 150.8 117.3 6.97 2.42 1.98
1.8 0.77 0.94 23.15 8.09 6.27 174.2 140.3 8.10 2.83 2.19
165 x 65 1.6 0.69 0.88 22.10 6.93 5.72 184.0 117.6 7.74 2.42 2.00
1.8 0.74 0.92 25.76 8.10 6.34 213.2 140.6 9.02 2.84 2.22
180 x 65 1.6 0.66 0.87 24.31 6.94 5.77 220.5 117.9 8.51 2.43 2.02
1.8 0.70 0.91 28.39 8.11 6.40 256.3 140.9 9.94 2.84 2.24
2.0 0.74 0.93 32.25 9.29 7.00 290.5 163.8 11.29 3.25 2.45
200 x 65 1.6 0.62 0.84 27.22 6.97 5.83 274.0 118.2 9.53 2.44 2.04
1.8 0.66 0.88 31.89 8.13 6.47 319.7 141.2 11.16 2.85 2.26
2.0 0.70 0.91 36.33 9.31 7.08 363.6 164.1 12.72 3.26 2.48
220 x 65 2.0 0.66 0.89 40.42 9.32 7.14 444.9 164.5 14.15 3.26 2.50
2.4 0.71 0.93 50.07 11.60 8.30 550.7 212.1 17.53 4.06 2.91
250 x 65 2.4 0.66 0.90 58.12 11.62 8.40 726.4 212.7 20.34 4.07 2.94
300 x 65 2.4 0.59 0.86 71.64 11.66 8.53 1074.4 214.0 25.07 4.08 2.98
3.0 0.65 0.91 93.38 14.68 10.14 1400.6 293.5 32.68 5.14 3.55
y
B B
x x D
y
DOUBLE SECTION
3 3 3 4
100 x 55 1.2 0.75 0.89 15.79 7.79 7.79 80.8 139.2 5.53 2.73 2.73
125 x 55 1.2 0.68 0.85 20.16 7.79 7.79 128.7 140.0 7.06 2.73 2.73
1.6 0.80 0.95 29.62 10.17 10.17 185.5 219.6 10.37 3.56 3.56
150 x 65 1.6 0.72 0.90 39.81 13.39 13.39 301.5 234.6 13.93 4.69 4.69
1.8 0.77 0.94 46.30 14.90 14.90 348.5 280.7 16.20 5.22 5.22
165 x 65 1.6 0.69 0.88 44.20 13.39 13.39 368.0 235.2 15.47 4.69 4.69
1.8 0.74 0.92 51.53 14.90 14.90 426.5 281.2 18.03 5.22 5.22
180 x 65 1.6 0.66 0.87 48.61 13.39 13.39 441.0 235.7 17.01 4.69 4.69
1.8 0.70 0.91 56.78 14.91 14.91 512.5 281.7 19.87 5.22 5.22
2.0 0.74 0.93 64.50 16.37 16.37 580.9 327.5 22.57 5.73 5.73
200 x 65 1.6 0.62 0.84 54.43 13.39 13.39 548.0 236.5 19.05 4.69 4.69
1.8 0.66 0.88 63.78 14.91 14.91 639.3 282.5 22.32 5.22 5.22
2.0 0.70 0.91 72.67 16.38 16.38 727.1 328.2 25.43 5.73 5.73
220 x 65 2.0 0.66 0.89 80.85 16.38 16.38 889.8 329.0 28.30 5.73 5.73
2.4 0.71 0.93 100.14 19.18 19.18 1101.4 424.3 35.05 6.71 6.71
250 x 65 2.4 0.66 0.90 116.25 19.19 19.19 1452.9 425.5 40.69 6.72 6.72
300 x 65 2.4 0.59 0.86 143.28 19.19 19.19 2148.9 428.0 50.15 6.72 6.72
3.0 0.65 0.91 186.77 23.09 23.09 2801.1 587.0 65.37 8.08 8.08
A - 34
SECTION PROPERTY TABLES
Z Sections
Note: Section property data are given for commonly available Z sections,
and for generic Z sections, which may be used at the scheme design
stage. These properties are calculated in accordance with BS 5950-5
and may differ slightly from manufacturers' data.
A - 35
B top
x x D

AYRSHIRE ZED
B bot
SINGLE SECTION
D x B t Area Weight Ix x Iy y rx x ry y Zx x Zy y Ix y θ J Cw es
mm top bot mm cm2 kg/m cm4 cm4 cm cm cm3 cm3 cm4 (deg) cm4 cm6 mm
125 x 55 45 1.3 3.15 2.47 77.1 20.3 4.95 2.54 11.87 3.44 29.2 22.90 0.0166 514 2.5
1.4 3.39 2.66 82.9 21.8 4.95 2.53 12.76 3.70 31.4 22.89 0.0209 552 2.5
1.5 3.63 2.85 88.6 23.2 4.94 2.53 13.64 3.95 33.6 22.88 0.0258 588 2.5
1.7 4.12 3.23 99.9 26.2 4.93 2.52 15.37 4.46 37.8 22.86 0.0378 661 2.6
2.0 4.84 3.80 116.4 30.4 4.91 2.51 17.92 5.21 44.0 22.83 0.0619 766 2.7
140 x 58 49 1.3 3.42 2.69 104.7 23.9 5.53 2.64 14.49 3.84 36.9 21.20 0.0181 774 2.2
1.4 3.69 2.90 112.6 25.7 5.52 2.64 15.58 4.13 39.6 21.19 0.0227 831 2.3
1.5 3.95 3.10 120.4 27.5 5.52 2.64 16.66 4.42 42.4 21.18 0.0281 887 2.3
1.7 4.48 3.52 135.8 30.9 5.51 2.63 18.79 4.99 47.8 21.16 0.0412 997 2.3
2.0 5.27 4.13 158.5 36.0 5.49 2.61 21.93 5.83 55.7 21.13 0.0674 1157 2.4
155 x 58 49 1.3 3.61 2.83 132.7 23.9 6.06 2.57 16.61 3.84 41.1 18.52 0.0191 969 2.1
1.4 3.89 3.06 142.7 25.7 6.06 2.57 17.87 4.13 44.1 18.51 0.0240 1040 2.2
1.5 4.17 3.28 152.7 27.5 6.05 2.57 19.11 4.41 47.2 18.50 0.0296 1110 2.2
1.7 4.73 3.71 172.3 30.9 6.04 2.56 21.57 4.98 53.2 18.48 0.0434 1248 2.3
2.0 5.56 4.37 201.3 36.0 6.02 2.54 25.19 5.82 62.0 18.45 0.0712 1449 2.3
170 x 58 49 1.3 3.80 2.98 164.8 23.9 6.59 2.51 18.83 3.83 45.2 16.36 0.0201 1187 2.1
1.4 4.10 3.22 177.3 25.7 6.58 2.51 20.26 4.12 48.6 16.34 0.0253 1274 2.1
1.5 4.39 3.45 189.7 27.5 6.57 2.50 21.68 4.41 52.0 16.33 0.0312 1360 2.1
1.7 4.98 3.91 214.2 30.9 6.56 2.49 24.48 4.98 58.6 16.31 0.0457 1530 2.2
2.0 5.85 4.60 250.3 36.0 6.54 2.48 28.60 5.81 68.4 16.27 0.0750 1776 2.3
185 x 58 49 1.3 3.99 3.13 201.1 23.9 7.10 2.45 21.15 3.83 49.4 14.57 0.0211 1430 2.0
1.4 4.30 3.38 216.4 25.7 7.09 2.45 22.76 4.12 53.1 14.56 0.0265 1535 2.0
1.5 4.61 3.62 231.6 27.5 7.09 2.44 24.35 4.40 56.8 14.55 0.0328 1639 2.1
1.7 5.23 4.10 261.6 31.0 7.07 2.43 27.51 4.97 64.1 14.53 0.0480 1843 2.1
2.0 6.15 4.83 305.9 36.0 7.05 2.42 32.16 5.81 74.7 14.49 0.0787 2140 2.2
200 x 58 49 1.3 4.18 3.28 242.0 24.0 7.61 2.39 23.57 3.82 53.6 13.09 0.0221 1697 2.0
1.4 4.50 3.54 260.4 25.7 7.60 2.39 25.36 4.11 57.6 13.08 0.0278 1822 2.0
1.5 4.83 3.79 278.7 27.5 7.60 2.39 27.14 4.40 61.6 13.06 0.0343 1945 2.0
1.7 5.48 4.30 314.9 31.0 7.58 2.38 30.67 4.97 69.5 13.04 0.0503 2188 2.1
2.0 6.44 5.06 368.4 36.0 7.56 2.36 35.88 5.80 81.1 13.01 0.0825 2541 2.1
2.5 8.04 6.31 455.3 44.1 7.53 2.34 44.33 7.15 99.8 12.95 0.1621 3102 2.3
240 x 76 68 2.0 7.97 6.26 675.7 75.0 9.20 3.07 55.69 10.14 161.5 14.14 0.1021 7634 1.6
2.5 9.93 7.79 834.6 91.1 9.17 3.03 68.79 12.35 197.6 14.00 0.2003 9235 1.7
3.2 12.61 9.90 1048.1 111.5 9.12 2.97 86.38 15.19 244.9 13.80 0.4196 11254 1.8
300 x 94 86 2.5 12.29 9.65 1619.3 166.9 11.48 3.69 107.02 18.18 370.9 13.53 0.2479 26439 1.6
3.0 14.69 11.53 1923.2 195.2 11.44 3.65 127.10 21.33 436.9 13.41 0.4290 30844 1.7
A - 36
B top
x x D
REDUCED SECTION PROPERTIES PRINCIPAL

AYRSHIRE ZED AXIS
Design Yield Strength = 280 N/mm2 PROPERTIES
B bot
SINGLE SECTION
D x B t Q po / py Zxr Zy1r Zy2r Ixr Pc Mcx Mcy1 Mcy2x Iu u Iv v
mm top bot mm cm3 cm3 cm3 cm4 kN kNm kNm kNm cm4 cm4
125 x 55 45 1.3 0.71 0.94 11.15 3.65 3.44 72.0 62.4 3.12 1.02 0.96 89.5 7.9
1.4 0.73 0.95 12.17 3.94 3.70 78.9 69.5 3.41 1.10 1.04 96.2 8.5
1.5 0.75 0.97 13.18 4.22 3.95 85.5 76.7 3.69 1.18 1.11 102.8 9.1
1.7 0.79 0.99 15.17 4.78 4.46 98.5 91.3 4.25 1.34 1.25 115.8 10.2
2.0 0.85 1.00 17.92 5.60 5.21 116.4 114.6 5.02 1.57 1.46 134.9 11.9
140 x 58 49 1.3 0.67 0.91 13.25 4.04 3.84 95.0 64.1 3.71 1.13 1.08 119.0 9.6
1.4 0.69 0.93 14.52 4.36 4.13 104.5 71.7 4.06 1.22 1.16 127.9 10.3
1.5 0.72 0.95 15.76 4.67 4.42 113.7 79.2 4.41 1.31 1.24 136.8 11.0
1.7 0.75 0.97 18.21 5.28 4.99 131.6 94.4 5.10 1.48 1.40 154.3 12.4
2.0 0.80 0.99 21.80 6.20 5.83 157.6 118.5 6.10 1.73 1.63 180.0 14.5
155 x 58 49 1.3 0.64 0.89 14.83 4.04 3.84 117.6 64.2 4.15 1.13 1.07 146.5 10.2
1.4 0.66 0.91 16.28 4.36 4.13 129.6 71.8 4.56 1.22 1.16 157.5 10.9
1.5 0.68 0.93 17.72 4.67 4.41 141.3 79.3 4.96 1.31 1.24 168.5 11.7
1.7 0.71 0.95 20.54 5.28 4.98 164.0 94.5 5.75 1.48 1.40 190.1 13.2
2.0 0.76 0.98 24.68 6.20 5.82 197.2 118.4 6.91 1.73 1.63 222.0 15.3
170 x 58 49 1.3 0.60 0.87 16.39 4.04 3.83 142.6 64.3 4.59 1.13 1.07 178.1 10.7
1.4 0.63 0.89 18.04 4.36 4.12 157.3 71.9 5.05 1.22 1.15 191.5 11.5
1.5 0.65 0.91 19.67 4.67 4.41 171.8 79.4 5.51 1.31 1.23 204.9 12.2
1.7 0.68 0.94 22.89 5.28 4.98 200.2 94.6 6.41 1.48 1.39 231.3 13.8
2.0 0.72 0.97 27.61 6.20 5.81 241.6 118.4 7.73 1.74 1.63 270.3 16.0
185 x 58 49 1.3 0.58 0.85 17.94 4.05 3.83 169.7 64.5 5.02 1.13 1.07 214.0 11.1
1.4 0.60 0.87 19.80 4.36 4.12 187.7 72.0 5.54 1.22 1.15 230.2 11.9
1.5 0.62 0.89 21.63 4.67 4.40 205.4 79.5 6.06 1.31 1.23 246.3 12.7
1.7 0.65 0.92 25.25 5.28 4.97 240.1 94.7 7.07 1.48 1.39 278.2 14.4
2.0 0.69 0.95 30.58 6.20 5.81 290.8 118.5 8.56 1.74 1.63 325.2 16.7
200 x 58 49 1.3 0.55 0.83 19.46 4.05 3.82 198.9 64.6 5.45 1.13 1.07 254.4 11.5
1.4 0.57 0.85 21.53 4.36 4.11 220.5 72.1 6.03 1.22 1.15 273.8 12.4
1.5 0.59 0.87 23.58 4.67 4.40 241.8 79.7 6.60 1.31 1.23 293.0 13.2
1.7 0.62 0.90 27.63 5.29 4.97 283.6 94.8 7.74 1.48 1.39 331.0 14.9
2.0 0.66 0.94 33.59 6.20 5.80 344.9 118.6 9.40 1.74 1.62 387.2 17.3
2.5 0.72 0.98 43.25 7.68 7.15 444.2 162.5 12.11 2.15 2.00 478.2 21.2
240 x 76 68 2.0 0.62 0.90 49.92 10.76 10.14 604.5 138.5 13.98 3.01 2.84 716.3 34.3
2.5 0.68 0.94 64.98 13.14 12.35 788.2 188.0 18.19 3.68 3.46 883.9 41.8
3.2 0.75 0.99 85.15 16.23 15.19 1033.1 264.9 23.84 4.54 4.25 1108.3 51.4
300 x 94 86 2.5 0.61 0.90 96.02 19.09 18.18 1450.4 211.6 26.89 5.34 5.09 1708.5 77.7
3.0 0.66 0.94 119.13 22.43 21.33 1802.2 271.7 33.36 6.28 5.97 2027.3 91.1
A - 37
B top
GROSS SECTION PROPERTIES x x D
AYRSHIRE ZETA
B bot
SINGLE SECTION
125 x 60 50 1.3 3.52 2.76 84.5 12.2 4.90 1.86 12.73 2.57 7.3 5.74 0.0186 564 -4.81
1.4 3.79 2.98 90.8 13.1 4.89 1.86 13.68 2.77 7.9 5.73 0.0234 606 -4.95
1.5 4.06 3.19 97.0 14.0 4.89 1.86 14.63 2.96 8.4 5.71 0.0289 647 -4.88
1.7 4.60 3.61 109.4 15.8 4.88 1.85 16.49 3.34 9.4 5.68 0.0423 728 -4.97
2.0 5.40 4.24 127.5 18.5 4.86 1.85 19.22 3.91 10.9 5.64 0.0691 847 -4.82
150 x 72 65 1.3 4.18 3.28 149.0 22.4 5.97 2.32 19.04 3.76 22.4 9.77 0.0221 1428 -1.95
1.4 4.50 3.53 160.2 24.1 5.97 2.32 20.48 4.05 24.1 9.76 0.0277 1534 -2.09
1.5 4.82 3.79 171.4 25.8 5.96 2.31 21.90 4.33 25.8 9.75 0.0343 1639 -2.01
1.7 5.46 4.29 193.5 29.2 5.95 2.31 24.73 4.89 29.1 9.74 0.0502 1847 -2.09
2.0 6.42 5.04 226.1 34.1 5.94 2.30 28.90 5.73 33.9 9.72 0.0822 2153 -1.89
175 x 72 65 1.3 4.49 3.53 213.3 22.5 6.89 2.24 23.43 3.75 26.1 7.66 0.0238 1900 -1.62
1.4 4.84 3.80 229.5 24.2 6.89 2.23 25.20 4.04 28.1 7.65 0.0298 2041 -1.75
1.5 5.19 4.07 245.5 25.8 6.88 2.23 26.97 4.32 30.0 7.64 0.0369 2182 -1.68
1.7 5.88 4.61 277.4 29.2 6.87 2.23 30.46 4.88 33.9 7.63 0.0540 2459 -1.75
2.0 6.91 5.42 324.4 34.1 6.85 2.22 35.62 5.71 39.5 7.61 0.0885 2866 -1.56
200 x 72 65 1.3 4.81 3.77 291.7 22.5 7.79 2.16 28.10 3.75 29.8 6.25 0.0254 2435 -1.37
1.4 5.18 4.07 313.9 24.2 7.78 2.16 30.23 4.03 32.1 6.24 0.0319 2617 -1.49
1.5 5.55 4.36 335.9 25.9 7.78 2.16 32.36 4.31 34.3 6.23 0.0394 2797 -1.42
1.6 5.92 4.65 357.8 27.5 7.77 2.16 34.47 4.60 36.5 6.23 0.0480 2975 -1.35
1.8 6.66 5.23 401.3 30.8 7.76 2.15 38.65 5.15 40.8 6.21 0.0688 3327 -1.41
2.0 7.40 5.81 444.3 34.1 7.75 2.15 42.79 5.70 45.1 6.20 0.0947 3675 -1.30
2.5 9.22 7.24 549.7 42.2 7.72 2.14 52.93 7.06 55.5 6.17 0.1860 4522 -1.43
B top
REDUCED SECTION PROPERTIES x x D PRINCIPAL

AYRSHIRE ZETA AXIS
B bot
SINGLE SECTION
125 x 60 50 1.3 0.99 0.97 12.41 3.72 2.57 82.3 97.7 3.48 1.04 0.72 85.2 11.4
1.4 0.99 0.99 13.50 4.00 2.77 89.5 105.6 3.78 1.12 0.77 91.6 12.3
1.5 1.00 1.00 14.57 4.28 2.96 96.6 113.4 4.08 1.20 0.83 97.9 13.2
1.7 1.00 1.00 16.49 4.83 3.34 109.4 128.7 4.62 1.35 0.94 110.3 14.9
2.0 1.00 1.00 19.22 5.64 3.91 127.5 151.1 5.38 1.58 1.09 128.6 17.4
150 x 72 65 1.3 0.93 0.95 18.00 4.70 3.76 140.4 108.4 5.04 1.31 1.05 152.8 18.6
1.4 0.94 0.96 19.65 5.09 4.05 153.5 118.7 5.50 1.42 1.13 164.4 20.0
1.5 0.95 0.97 21.28 5.47 4.33 166.4 128.9 5.96 1.53 1.21 175.8 21.4
1.7 0.97 0.99 24.50 6.22 4.89 191.7 149.1 6.86 1.74 1.37 198.5 24.2
2.0 0.99 1.00 28.90 7.29 5.73 226.1 178.0 8.09 2.04 1.60 231.9 28.3
175 x 72 65 1.3 0.86 0.92 21.49 4.55 3.75 195.2 108.4 6.02 1.28 1.05 216.8 18.9
1.4 0.88 0.93 23.52 4.94 4.04 213.9 118.8 6.59 1.38 1.13 233.3 20.4
1.5 0.89 0.95 25.54 5.33 4.32 232.4 129.3 7.15 1.49 1.21 249.6 21.8
1.7 0.91 0.97 29.53 6.11 4.88 268.8 150.6 8.27 1.71 1.37 281.9 24.6
2.0 0.95 0.99 35.41 7.23 5.71 322.4 183.2 9.91 2.03 1.60 329.7 28.8
200 x 72 65 1.3 0.81 0.88 24.79 4.45 3.75 257.0 108.4 6.94 1.25 1.05 294.9 19.2
1.4 0.82 0.90 27.24 4.83 4.03 282.6 118.8 7.63 1.35 1.13 317.4 20.7
1.5 0.83 0.92 29.67 5.21 4.31 307.9 129.3 8.31 1.46 1.21 339.7 22.1
1.6 0.84 0.93 32.08 5.59 4.60 333.0 139.8 8.98 1.57 1.29 361.8 23.5
1.8 0.87 0.95 36.85 6.35 5.15 382.6 161.5 10.32 1.78 1.44 405.7 26.4
2.0 0.89 0.97 41.57 7.11 5.70 431.6 183.8 11.64 1.99 1.60 449.2 29.2
2.5 0.94 1.00 52.93 8.93 7.06 549.7 242.1 14.82 2.50 1.98 555.7 36.2
A - 38
B top
x x D

AYRSHIRE ZETA II
B bot
SINGLE SECTION
225 x 78 68 1.4 5.51 4.32 419.4 60.4 8.73 3.31 36.56 7.44 117.7 16.62 0.0340 4923 2.9
1.5 5.90 4.63 448.6 64.3 8.72 3.30 39.09 7.94 125.6 16.59 0.0419 5237 2.9
1.6 6.29 4.94 477.4 68.1 8.71 3.29 41.61 8.43 133.5 16.55 0.0511 5545 2.9
1.8 7.07 5.55 534.5 75.7 8.69 3.27 46.58 9.39 148.9 16.49 0.0730 6142 2.9
2.0 7.84 6.16 590.6 83.0 8.68 3.25 51.46 10.33 163.9 16.42 0.1005 6714 2.9
2.5 9.75 7.65 726.8 100.0 8.64 3.20 63.32 12.56 199.8 16.26 0.1966 8039 2.9
245 x 78 68 1.4 5.78 4.54 512.7 60.4 9.42 3.23 41.07 7.44 128.6 14.81 0.0356 5957 2.8
1.5 6.19 4.86 548.3 64.3 9.41 3.22 43.93 7.93 137.3 14.78 0.0440 6338 2.8
1.6 6.61 5.19 583.7 68.2 9.40 3.21 46.76 8.42 145.9 14.75 0.0536 6712 2.8
1.8 7.42 5.83 653.7 75.7 9.38 3.19 52.37 9.39 162.7 14.69 0.0767 7436 2.8
2.0 8.24 6.47 722.5 83.0 9.37 3.17 57.88 10.32 179.1 14.63 0.1055 8131 2.8
2.5 10.24 8.04 889.9 100.0 9.32 3.13 71.28 12.55 218.5 14.47 0.2065 9742 2.8
265 x 78 68 1.5 6.49 5.09 660.5 64.3 10.09 3.15 48.96 7.93 149.0 13.28 0.0461 7557 2.7
1.6 6.92 5.43 703.2 68.2 10.08 3.14 52.13 8.42 158.3 13.25 0.0561 8003 2.7
1.8 7.78 6.10 787.7 75.7 10.06 3.12 58.39 9.38 176.6 13.19 0.0803 8869 2.7
2.0 8.63 6.77 871.0 83.0 10.05 3.10 64.56 10.31 194.4 13.13 0.1105 9700 2.7
2.5 10.73 8.42 1073.5 100.1 10.00 3.05 79.56 12.54 237.1 12.99 0.2165 11627 2.7
3.0 12.79 10.04 1268.2 115.6 9.96 3.01 93.97 14.61 277.2 12.84 0.3736 13346 2.7
285 x 78 68 1.5 6.78 5.32 785.6 64.3 10.77 3.08 54.20 7.92 160.6 12.00 0.0482 8893 2.6
1.6 7.23 5.68 836.6 68.2 10.76 3.07 57.71 8.41 170.7 11.98 0.0586 9419 2.6
1.8 8.13 6.38 937.3 75.7 10.74 3.05 64.66 9.37 190.4 11.92 0.0839 10440 2.6
2.0 9.02 7.08 1036.7 83.0 10.72 3.03 71.50 10.31 209.7 11.87 0.1155 11420 2.6
2.5 11.22 8.81 1278.6 100.1 10.67 2.99 88.18 12.53 255.8 11.73 0.2264 13696 2.6
3.0 13.39 10.51 1511.4 115.6 10.63 2.94 104.22 14.60 299.0 11.60 0.3909 15729 2.6
B top
x x D

AYRSHIRE ZETA II AXIS
B bot
SINGLE SECTION
225 x 78 68 1.4 0.70 0.79 28.99 7.96 7.44 329.7 135.7 10.15 2.79 2.60 454.6 25.2
1.5 0.73 0.83 32.45 8.50 7.94 366.1 150.7 11.36 2.97 2.78 486.0 26.9
1.6 0.75 0.86 35.64 9.02 8.43 402.3 165.9 12.48 3.16 2.95 517.1 28.5
1.8 0.79 0.89 41.52 10.06 9.39 472.8 196.1 14.53 3.52 3.29 578.5 31.6
2.0 0.82 0.92 47.24 11.07 10.33 540.4 225.8 16.54 3.87 3.62 638.9 34.7
2.5 0.88 0.96 60.95 13.47 12.56 699.4 298.8 21.33 4.72 4.40 785.1 41.8
245 x 78 68 1.4 0.67 0.77 31.56 7.97 7.44 389.7 135.9 11.05 2.79 2.60 546.7 26.4
1.5 0.70 0.81 35.38 8.50 7.93 433.9 150.9 12.38 2.98 2.78 584.6 28.1
1.6 0.72 0.83 38.84 9.03 8.42 477.8 166.0 13.59 3.16 2.95 622.1 29.8
1.8 0.76 0.87 45.45 10.07 9.39 563.5 196.2 15.91 3.52 3.29 696.3 33.0
2.0 0.78 0.90 51.89 11.08 10.32 646.0 225.8 18.16 3.88 3.61 769.3 36.2
2.5 0.83 0.95 67.38 13.49 12.55 841.1 298.8 23.58 4.72 4.39 946.3 43.6
265 x 78 68 1.5 0.67 0.78 38.18 8.51 7.93 506.0 151.1 13.36 2.98 2.77 695.6 29.2
1.6 0.69 0.80 41.93 9.04 8.42 558.5 166.3 14.67 3.16 2.95 740.5 30.9
1.8 0.72 0.84 49.30 10.08 9.38 661.1 196.4 17.25 3.53 3.28 829.1 34.3
2.0 0.75 0.88 56.49 11.09 10.31 760.3 226.0 19.77 3.88 3.61 916.3 37.6
2.5 0.80 0.93 73.83 13.50 12.54 996.1 298.7 25.84 4.72 4.39 1128.2 45.4
3.0 0.84 0.96 90.43 15.75 14.61 1220.3 374.4 31.65 5.51 5.11 1331.4 52.4
285 x 78 68 1.5 0.64 0.75 40.76 8.51 7.92 581.7 151.4 14.26 2.98 2.77 819.8 30.2
1.6 0.66 0.78 44.90 9.04 8.41 643.7 166.5 15.71 3.17 2.94 872.8 32.0
1.8 0.69 0.82 53.05 10.08 9.37 765.2 196.7 18.57 3.53 3.28 977.5 35.5
2.0 0.72 0.85 61.04 11.09 10.31 883.0 226.2 21.36 3.88 3.61 1080.7 38.9
2.5 0.76 0.91 80.31 13.51 12.53 1164.3 298.8 28.11 4.73 4.39 1331.7 46.9
3.0 0.80 0.95 98.79 15.76 14.60 1432.7 374.4 34.58 5.52 5.11 1572.8 54.2
A - 39
B top
x x D

AYRSHIRE ZETA III
B bot
SINGLE SECTION
140 x 55 45 1.30 3.37 2.64 98.6 18.7 5.41 2.36 13.63 3.33 31.7 19.25 0.0178 596 2.7
1.40 3.63 2.85 105.7 20.0 5.40 2.35 14.62 3.56 34.0 19.20 0.0224 635 2.7
1.50 3.88 3.05 112.8 21.2 5.39 2.34 15.60 3.79 36.2 19.15 0.0276 673 2.7
1.70 4.39 3.44 126.8 23.6 5.38 2.32 17.53 4.23 40.4 19.04 0.0403 745 2.7
2.00 5.13 4.03 147.0 26.9 5.35 2.29 20.32 4.86 46.5 18.89 0.0657 843 2.7
155 x 55 45 1.30 3.56 2.79 125.4 18.7 5.94 2.30 15.69 3.32 35.4 16.79 0.0188 742 2.7
1.40 3.83 3.01 134.6 20.0 5.93 2.29 16.84 3.55 37.9 16.75 0.0236 791 2.7
1.50 4.10 3.22 143.6 21.2 5.92 2.28 17.97 3.78 40.4 16.70 0.0291 838 2.7
1.70 4.63 3.64 161.5 23.6 5.90 2.26 20.20 4.22 45.1 16.61 0.0426 927 2.7
2.00 5.42 4.26 187.4 26.9 5.88 2.23 23.44 4.85 52.0 16.46 0.0695 1051 2.7
170 x 55 45 1.30 3.75 2.94 156.2 18.8 6.46 2.24 17.85 3.32 39.1 14.81 0.0198 906 2.6
1.40 4.03 3.17 167.7 20.0 6.45 2.23 19.16 3.55 41.8 14.77 0.0249 965 2.6
1.50 4.32 3.39 179.1 21.2 6.44 2.22 20.46 3.78 44.5 14.72 0.0307 1023 2.6
1.70 4.88 3.83 201.4 23.6 6.42 2.20 23.00 4.22 49.8 14.64 0.0449 1133 2.7
2.00 5.72 4.49 233.9 26.9 6.40 2.17 26.71 4.85 57.4 14.50 0.0732 1285 2.7
185 x 55 45 1.30 3.94 3.09 191.3 18.8 6.97 2.18 20.11 3.31 42.8 13.18 0.0208 1089 2.6
1.40 4.24 3.33 205.4 20.0 6.96 2.17 21.59 3.54 45.8 13.14 0.0261 1160 2.6
1.50 4.54 3.56 219.3 21.3 6.95 2.16 23.06 3.77 48.7 13.10 0.0322 1229 2.6
1.70 5.13 4.03 246.8 23.6 6.93 2.15 25.94 4.21 54.5 13.02 0.0471 1362 2.6
2.00 6.01 4.72 286.8 27.0 6.91 2.12 30.14 4.84 62.8 12.90 0.0770 1545 2.6
200 x 55 45 1.30 4.13 3.24 230.7 18.8 7.48 2.13 22.47 3.31 46.4 11.83 0.0218 1290 2.5
1.40 4.44 3.49 247.8 20.0 7.47 2.12 24.13 3.54 49.7 11.79 0.0274 1375 2.5
1.50 4.76 3.73 264.7 21.3 7.46 2.11 25.77 3.77 52.9 11.75 0.0338 1457 2.5
1.70 5.38 4.22 298.0 23.6 7.44 2.10 29.01 4.21 59.2 11.67 0.0494 1614 2.5
2.00 6.31 4.95 346.5 27.0 7.41 2.07 33.73 4.83 68.2 11.56 0.0808 1832 2.5
2.50 7.82 6.14 423.9 31.9 7.36 2.02 41.25 5.80 82.1 11.37 0.1577 2148 2.5
PRINCIPAL
AYRSHIRE ZETA III REDUCED SECTION PROPERTIES AXIS
SINGLE SECTION
140 x 55 45 1.30 0.98 0.93 12.67 3.65 3.33 91.0 115.6 4.43 1.28 1.16 109.6 7.7
1.40 0.99 0.95 13.83 3.91 3.56 99.7 125.5 4.84 1.37 1.25 117.6 8.2
1.50 0.99 0.96 14.97 4.16 3.79 108.0 135.0 5.24 1.46 1.33 125.4 8.7
1.70 1.00 0.98 17.18 4.65 4.23 124.2 153.3 6.01 1.63 1.48 140.7 9.6
2.00 1.00 1.00 20.32 5.35 4.86 147.0 179.6 7.11 1.87 1.70 162.9 11.0
155 x 55 45 1.30 0.98 0.91 14.29 3.66 3.32 113.5 121.7 5.00 1.28 1.16 136.1 8.1
1.40 0.99 0.93 15.63 3.91 3.55 124.5 132.3 5.47 1.37 1.24 146.0 8.6
1.50 0.99 0.94 16.94 4.17 3.78 135.2 142.5 5.93 1.46 1.32 155.8 9.1
1.70 1.00 0.97 19.51 4.66 4.22 155.9 161.9 6.83 1.63 1.48 174.9 10.2
2.00 1.00 0.99 23.23 5.36 4.85 185.7 189.8 8.13 1.88 1.70 202.7 11.6
170 x 55 45 1.30 0.95 0.89 15.92 3.66 3.32 138.7 124.4 5.57 1.28 1.16 166.5 8.4
1.40 0.96 0.91 17.45 3.92 3.55 152.4 136.2 6.11 1.37 1.24 178.7 9.0
1.50 0.98 0.93 18.95 4.17 3.78 165.7 147.6 6.63 1.46 1.32 190.8 9.5
1.70 0.99 0.95 21.89 4.66 4.22 191.6 169.2 7.66 1.63 1.48 214.4 10.6
2.00 1.00 0.98 26.15 5.37 4.85 229.0 199.7 9.15 1.88 1.70 248.7 12.1
185 x 55 45 1.30 0.91 0.87 17.56 3.67 3.31 166.3 124.7 6.15 1.28 1.16 201.3 8.7
1.40 0.92 0.89 19.29 3.92 3.54 183.1 137.0 6.75 1.37 1.24 216.1 9.3
1.50 0.94 0.91 20.99 4.18 3.77 199.4 149.1 7.35 1.46 1.32 230.7 9.9
1.70 0.96 0.94 24.31 4.67 4.21 231.3 172.8 8.51 1.63 1.47 259.4 11.0
2.00 0.98 0.97 29.15 5.38 4.84 277.3 206.9 10.20 1.88 1.69 301.2 12.6
200 x 55 45 1.30 0.86 0.85 19.20 3.67 3.31 196.5 124.7 6.72 1.28 1.16 240.5 9.0
1.40 0.88 0.88 21.14 3.93 3.54 216.7 137.0 7.40 1.37 1.24 258.2 9.7
1.50 0.90 0.89 23.04 4.18 3.77 236.4 149.2 8.06 1.46 1.32 275.7 10.3
1.70 0.92 0.92 26.77 4.67 4.21 275.0 173.6 9.37 1.64 1.47 310.2 11.4
2.00 0.95 0.95 32.20 5.38 4.83 330.8 210.1 11.27 1.88 1.69 360.5 13.0
2.50 0.984 0.99 40.85 6.47 5.80 419.8 269.2 14.30 2.26 2.03 440.5 15.4
A - 40
B

HI-SPAN ZED x x D
SINGLE SECTION
150 x 66 60 1.4 4.12 3.23 147.3 38.2 5.98 3.04 19.36 5.95 56.2 22.93 0.0254 1429 1.62
1.5 4.41 3.46 157.5 40.7 5.97 3.04 20.70 6.34 60.0 22.89 0.0313 1521 1.62
1.6 4.70 3.69 167.6 43.1 5.97 3.03 22.02 6.73 63.8 22.85 0.0382 1611 1.62
1.8 5.28 4.15 187.4 48.0 5.96 3.01 24.64 7.50 71.1 22.78 0.0545 1787 1.61
2.0 5.86 4.60 207.0 52.6 5.94 3.00 27.21 8.24 78.3 22.70 0.0750 1956 1.61
170 x 66 60 1.4 4.39 3.45 196.9 38.2 6.70 2.95 22.86 5.94 64.1 19.47 0.0271 1882 1.57
1.5 4.70 3.69 210.5 40.7 6.69 2.94 24.44 6.34 68.5 19.44 0.0334 2004 1.57
1.6 5.02 3.94 224.0 43.1 6.68 2.93 26.01 6.73 72.7 19.40 0.0407 2123 1.57
1.8 5.63 4.42 250.8 48.0 6.67 2.92 29.11 7.49 81.1 19.33 0.0582 2356 1.57
2.0 6.25 4.91 277.0 52.6 6.66 2.90 32.16 8.23 89.3 19.26 0.0800 2580 1.56
2.4 7.46 5.86 328.3 61.5 6.63 2.87 38.11 9.65 105.1 19.12 0.1385 3002 1.55
205 x 66 60 1.4 4.87 3.82 305.0 38.2 7.92 2.80 29.41 5.93 78.0 15.15 0.0300 2843 1.48
1.5 5.21 4.09 326.3 40.7 7.91 2.79 31.46 6.33 83.3 15.12 0.0370 3028 1.48
1.6 5.56 4.37 347.4 43.1 7.90 2.79 33.49 6.72 88.5 15.09 0.0451 3210 1.48
1.8 6.25 4.91 389.1 48.0 7.89 2.77 37.52 7.48 98.7 15.03 0.0645 3563 1.47
2.0 6.94 5.44 430.2 52.6 7.88 2.76 41.48 8.22 108.7 14.96 0.0888 3904 1.47
2.4 8.29 6.51 510.5 61.5 7.85 2.72 49.21 9.64 127.9 14.84 0.1539 4548 1.46
230 x 83 75 1.6 6.45 5.06 521.2 78.6 8.99 3.49 44.65 9.73 147.7 16.86 0.0523 7106 2.08
1.8 7.25 5.69 584.4 87.6 8.98 3.47 50.06 10.86 165.1 16.81 0.0749 7909 2.08
2.0 8.05 6.32 646.7 96.3 8.96 3.46 55.41 11.96 182.2 16.75 0.1031 8687 2.07
2.4 9.63 7.56 769.1 113.2 8.93 3.43 65.88 14.08 215.2 16.64 0.1789 10173 2.06
3.2 12.73 10.00 1004.1 144.1 8.88 3.36 86.00 18.02 277.3 16.41 0.4238 12869 2.04
255 x 83 75 1.8 7.69 6.04 744.2 87.6 9.84 3.37 57.56 10.85 183.7 14.61 0.0794 9954 1.99
2.0 8.54 6.71 823.9 96.4 9.82 3.36 63.72 11.95 202.6 14.56 0.1094 10936 1.99
2.4 10.22 8.03 980.4 113.2 9.79 3.33 75.82 14.07 239.4 14.45 0.1898 12813 1.98
3.0 12.71 9.97 1207.7 136.7 9.75 3.28 93.39 17.06 291.9 14.30 0.3711 15413 1.96
3.2 13.52 10.62 1281.6 144.1 9.73 3.26 99.10 18.00 308.6 14.24 0.4501 16224 1.96

HI-SPAN ZED PRINCIPAL
Design Yield Strength = 350 N/mm2 AXIS
PROPERTIES
SINGLE SECTION
mm mm cm3 cm3 cm3 cm4 kN kNm kNm kNm cm4 cm4
150 x 66 60 1.4 0.62 0.86 16.71 6.22 5.95 126.7 90.0 5.85 2.18 2.08 171.1 14.4
1.5 0.65 0.90 18.54 6.64 6.34 139.5 101.0 6.49 2.32 2.22 182.8 15.3
1.6 0.68 0.92 20.25 7.05 6.73 152.1 112.0 7.09 2.47 2.36 194.4 16.3
1.8 0.72 0.95 23.31 7.86 7.50 176.4 133.7 8.16 2.75 2.62 217.3 18.1
2.0 0.76 0.97 26.29 8.65 8.24 199.6 155.1 9.20 3.03 2.88 239.7 19.9
170 x 66 60 1.4 0.59 0.84 19.15 6.22 5.94 164.2 90.2 6.70 2.18 2.08 219.5 15.5
1.5 0.61 0.87 21.28 6.64 6.34 181.2 101.2 7.45 2.32 2.22 234.7 16.5
1.6 0.64 0.89 23.22 7.05 6.73 197.9 112.2 8.13 2.47 2.35 249.7 17.5
1.8 0.68 0.92 26.85 7.86 7.49 230.3 133.8 9.40 2.75 2.62 279.2 19.5
2.0 0.71 0.94 30.39 8.65 8.23 261.3 155.2 10.64 3.03 2.88 308.3 21.4
2.4 0.76 0.98 37.23 10.16 9.65 320.6 199.0 13.03 3.56 3.38 364.7 25.1
205 x 66 60 1.4 0.53 0.79 23.30 6.22 5.93 240.0 90.6 8.16 2.18 2.08 326.2 17.0
1.5 0.56 0.83 25.96 6.64 6.33 266.0 101.7 9.09 2.32 2.22 348.8 18.2
1.6 0.58 0.85 28.35 7.05 6.72 291.7 112.6 9.92 2.47 2.35 371.2 19.3
1.8 0.61 0.88 33.04 7.86 7.48 341.5 134.3 11.56 2.75 2.62 415.6 21.5
2.0 0.64 0.91 37.62 8.65 8.22 389.7 155.6 13.17 3.03 2.88 459.2 23.6
2.4 0.69 0.95 46.53 10.16 9.64 482.5 199.1 16.28 3.56 3.37 544.4 27.6
230 x 83 75 1.6 0.52 0.78 34.71 10.21 9.73 405.1 117.3 12.15 3.57 3.41 566.0 33.8
1.8 0.57 0.84 41.96 11.40 10.86 483.8 144.0 14.69 3.99 3.80 634.2 37.7
2.0 0.61 0.88 48.50 12.57 11.96 560.7 170.9 16.97 4.40 4.19 701.6 41.5
2.4 0.66 0.92 60.72 14.83 14.08 707.2 223.6 21.25 5.19 4.93 833.4 48.9
3.2 0.74 0.98 83.88 19.04 18.02 979.3 331.6 29.36 6.66 6.31 1085.7 62.4
255 x 83 75 1.8 0.54 0.81 46.74 11.40 10.85 596.5 144.3 16.36 3.99 3.80 792.1 39.7
2.0 0.57 0.85 54.10 12.57 11.95 693.7 171.3 18.93 4.40 4.18 876.6 43.7
2.4 0.63 0.90 68.18 14.83 14.07 880.0 224.0 23.86 5.19 4.92 1042.1 51.5
3.0 0.68 0.95 88.43 18.03 17.06 1143.5 303.7 30.95 6.31 5.97 1282.1 62.3
3.2 0.70 0.96 94.99 19.04 18.00 1228.4 331.7 33.25 6.66 6.30 1359.9 65.8
A - 41
B
t
METSEC ZED x x D
2
SINGLE SECTION
mm mm cm2 kg/m cm4 cm4 cm cm cm3 cm3 cm4 (deg) cm4 cm6 mm
142 x 57.5 1.4 3.91 3.07 123.9 31.8 5.63 2.85 17.25 5.44 47.0 22.78 0.0241 1098 1.21
1.5 4.19 3.29 132.4 33.9 5.62 2.84 18.43 5.80 50.1 22.74 0.0298 1168 1.24
1.6 4.47 3.51 140.9 35.9 5.61 2.83 19.61 6.16 53.2 22.70 0.0363 1237 1.26
1.8 5.02 3.94 157.5 39.9 5.60 2.82 21.92 6.86 59.3 22.63 0.0518 1371 1.31
2.0 5.56 4.37 173.9 43.7 5.59 2.80 24.20 7.53 65.3 22.55 0.0712 1500 1.36
172 x 62.5 1.4 4.46 3.50 203.8 39.4 6.76 2.97 23.45 6.21 66.3 19.44 0.0275 2021 1.19
1.5 4.78 3.75 217.9 42.0 6.75 2.96 25.08 6.62 70.8 19.41 0.0339 2152 1.21
1.6 5.09 4.00 231.9 44.5 6.75 2.96 26.69 7.03 75.2 19.37 0.0413 2281 1.24
1.8 5.72 4.49 259.6 49.5 6.74 2.94 29.88 7.83 83.9 19.30 0.0591 2532 1.28
2.0 6.35 4.98 286.9 54.4 6.72 2.93 33.02 8.61 92.4 19.24 0.0813 2774 1.33
2.3 7.27 5.71 326.9 61.4 6.70 2.90 37.62 9.74 104.7 19.13 0.1238 3120 1.40
2.5 7.89 6.19 353.0 65.8 6.69 2.89 40.63 10.46 112.7 19.06 0.1591 3339 1.45
202 x 62.5 1.5 5.21 4.09 317.7 42.0 7.81 2.84 31.16 6.62 83.8 15.65 0.0370 3061 1.19
1.6 5.56 4.37 338.2 44.5 7.80 2.83 33.18 7.02 89.0 15.62 0.0451 3245 1.22
1.8 6.25 4.91 378.8 49.5 7.78 2.82 37.16 7.82 99.4 15.56 0.0645 3603 1.27
2.0 6.94 5.44 418.8 54.4 7.77 2.80 41.09 8.60 109.4 15.49 0.0888 3949 1.31
2.3 7.95 6.24 477.7 61.4 7.75 2.78 46.86 9.73 124.1 15.40 0.1354 4445 1.39
2.5 8.62 6.77 516.2 65.8 7.74 2.76 50.63 10.45 133.6 15.34 0.1740 4760 1.43
232 x 72.5 1.6 6.34 4.98 510.8 65.7 8.98 3.22 43.48 8.87 132.5 15.39 0.0514 6227 1.59
1.8 7.13 5.60 572.7 73.1 8.96 3.20 48.74 9.90 148.1 15.33 0.0736 6928 1.64
2.0 7.92 6.21 633.7 80.4 8.95 3.19 53.93 10.90 163.3 15.28 0.1014 7606 1.68
2.3 9.08 7.13 723.8 90.9 8.93 3.16 61.59 12.35 185.5 15.19 0.1546 8584 1.76
2.5 9.85 7.74 782.8 97.7 8.91 3.15 66.62 13.29 200.0 15.14 0.1988 9210 1.80
262 x 76.0 1.8 7.78 6.11 784.2 82.9 10.04 3.26 59.04 10.66 182.3 13.73 0.0804 10128 1.79
2.0 8.64 6.78 868.2 91.2 10.02 3.25 65.36 11.74 201.1 13.68 0.1106 11128 1.83
2.3 9.92 7.79 992.3 103.2 10.00 3.23 74.70 13.31 228.6 13.61 0.1689 12572 1.91
2.5 10.76 8.45 1073.8 110.9 9.99 3.21 80.83 14.33 246.5 13.56 0.2171 13498 1.95
2.9 12.44 9.76 1233.6 125.7 9.96 3.18 92.85 16.29 281.1 13.46 0.3392 15263 2.05
302 x 86.0 2.3 11.32 8.89 1501.9 146.8 11.52 3.60 98.25 16.77 333.9 13.12 0.1927 23886 1.87
2.5 12.29 9.65 1626.3 158.0 11.50 3.59 106.39 18.07 360.4 13.07 0.2479 25685 1.92
2.9 14.21 11.16 1871.1 179.6 11.47 3.55 122.40 20.58 412.0 12.99 0.3875 29135 2.01
342 x 96.0 2.5 13.77 10.81 2330.1 212.4 13.01 3.93 134.79 21.79 497.7 12.59 0.2777 44418 1.87
2.9 15.93 12.50 2683.8 241.9 12.98 3.90 155.24 24.86 569.8 12.51 0.4343 50497 1.96
3.2 17.54 13.77 2944.4 263.1 12.96 3.87 170.32 27.09 622.2 12.45 0.5837 54856 2.03
A - 42
B
t
METSEC ZED x x D AXIS
2
Design Yield Strength = 350 N/mm PROPERTIES
SINGLE SECTION
D x B t Q po / p y Zxr Zy1r Zy2r Ixr Pc Mcx Mcy1 Mcy2x Iu u Iv v
142 x 57.5 1.4 0.66 0.89 15.43 5.65 5.44 109.9 90.4 5.40 1.98 1.91 143.6 12.1
1.5 0.69 0.92 16.92 6.03 5.80 120.4 100.6 5.92 2.11 2.03 153.4 12.8
1.6 0.71 0.93 18.30 6.40 6.16 130.7 110.8 6.41 2.24 2.16 163.1 13.6
1.8 0.74 0.96 20.99 7.13 6.86 150.5 130.8 7.35 2.50 2.40 182.3 15.2
2.0 0.78 0.98 23.61 7.84 7.53 169.5 151.0 8.26 2.74 2.64 201.0 16.6
172 x 62.5 1.4 0.59 0.83 19.54 6.42 6.21 169.7 92.1 6.84 2.25 2.17 227.2 16.0
1.5 0.62 0.87 21.70 6.86 6.62 187.3 103.2 7.59 2.40 2.32 242.8 17.1
1.6 0.64 0.89 23.77 7.28 7.03 204.6 114.2 8.32 2.55 2.46 258.4 18.1
1.8 0.68 0.92 27.50 8.12 7.83 238.0 135.9 9.62 2.84 2.74 289.0 20.2
2.0 0.71 0.94 31.13 8.94 8.61 270.0 157.4 10.89 3.13 3.01 319.1 22.1
2.3 0.75 0.97 36.42 10.12 9.74 316.4 190.2 12.75 3.54 3.41 363.2 25.0
2.5 0.77 0.98 39.87 10.89 10.46 346.4 213.0 13.96 3.81 3.66 392.0 26.9
202 x 62.5 1.5 0.57 0.83 25.76 6.86 6.62 260.6 103.5 9.02 2.40 2.32 341.1 18.5
1.6 0.59 0.85 28.22 7.28 7.02 285.5 114.6 9.88 2.55 2.46 363.1 19.7
1.8 0.62 0.88 32.87 8.12 7.82 334.0 136.3 11.50 2.84 2.74 406.5 21.9
2.0 0.65 0.91 37.40 8.94 8.60 380.8 157.7 13.09 3.13 3.01 449.2 24.0
2.3 0.68 0.94 44.05 10.12 9.73 448.9 190.4 15.42 3.54 3.41 511.9 27.2
2.5 0.71 0.96 48.38 10.89 10.45 493.2 213.0 16.93 3.81 3.66 552.8 29.2
232 x 72.5 1.6 0.53 0.80 34.62 9.23 8.87 403.6 118.5 12.12 3.23 3.11 547.3 29.2
1.8 0.58 0.84 41.17 10.31 9.90 479.2 143.8 14.41 3.61 3.46 613.3 32.5
2.0 0.61 0.88 47.24 11.36 10.90 552.6 168.7 16.54 3.98 3.81 678.3 35.8
2.3 0.65 0.91 56.12 12.90 12.35 658.6 205.4 19.64 4.52 4.32 774.1 40.6
2.5 0.67 0.93 61.91 13.89 13.29 727.1 230.0 21.67 4.86 4.65 836.9 43.6
262 x 76.0 1.8 0.54 0.81 47.68 11.14 10.66 626.4 145.8 16.69 3.90 3.73 828.7 38.3
2.0 0.57 0.84 55.08 12.28 11.74 727.7 172.0 19.28 4.30 4.11 917.2 42.2
2.3 0.61 0.88 65.93 13.95 13.31 874.3 210.5 23.08 4.88 4.66 1047.7 47.8
2.5 0.63 0.90 73.01 15.03 14.33 969.2 236.0 25.55 5.26 5.01 1133.2 51.5
2.9 0.66 0.94 86.85 17.12 16.29 1153.7 288.3 30.40 5.99 5.70 1300.9 58.5
302 x 86.0 2.3 0.57 0.84 82.86 17.46 16.77 1260.6 224.1 29.00 6.11 5.87 1579.7 68.9
2.5 0.59 0.87 92.32 18.83 18.07 1407.8 252.9 32.31 6.59 6.32 1710.0 74.3
2.9 0.62 0.91 110.82 21.49 20.58 1693.1 310.1 38.79 7.52 7.20 1966.1 84.6
342 x 96.0 2.5 0.55 0.83 112.06 22.59 21.79 1926.4 265.0 39.22 7.91 7.63 2441.2 101.2
2.9 0.59 0.87 135.83 25.82 24.86 2344.3 328.6 47.54 9.04 8.70 2810.2 115.5
3.2 0.61 0.90 153.24 28.16 27.09 2647.6 376.0 53.63 9.86 9.48 3081.8 125.8
A - 43
B
t
ALBION ZED x x D
2
SINGLE SECTION
mm mm cm2 kg/m cm4 cm4 cm cm cm3 cm3 cm4 (deg) cm4 cm6 mm
120 x 50 1.5 3.51 2.75 79.3 20.2 4.76 2.40 13.23 4.11 30.1 22.74 0.0249 489 0.36
1.6 3.74 2.93 84.3 21.4 4.75 2.39 14.06 4.35 31.9 22.69 0.0303 517 0.39
145 x 50 1.5 3.87 3.04 123.4 20.2 5.65 2.29 17.02 4.11 36.7 17.72 0.0275 742 0.36
1.6 4.13 3.24 131.2 21.4 5.64 2.28 18.10 4.35 38.9 17.67 0.0335 784 0.39
145 x 62.5 1.4 4.09 3.21 137.1 39.4 5.79 3.10 18.92 6.37 55.3 24.26 0.0252 1398 0.34
1.5 4.38 3.44 146.6 42.0 5.78 3.09 20.23 6.80 59.0 24.23 0.0311 1489 0.37
1.6 4.67 3.67 156.0 44.5 5.78 3.09 21.52 7.22 62.7 24.19 0.0379 1578 0.39
1.8 5.25 4.12 174.5 49.5 5.77 3.07 24.07 8.04 70.0 24.12 0.0542 1750 0.44
2.0 5.82 4.57 192.7 54.3 5.75 3.06 26.58 8.84 77.0 24.04 0.0745 1916 0.49
175 x 50 1.5 4.31 3.38 192.3 20.2 6.68 2.17 21.98 4.11 44.7 13.72 0.0306 1123 0.36
1.6 4.59 3.61 204.6 21.4 6.67 2.16 23.39 4.35 47.4 13.68 0.0373 1188 0.39
175 x 62.5 1.4 4.50 3.53 212.2 39.4 6.87 2.96 24.26 6.37 67.5 19.00 0.0277 2108 0.34
1.5 4.82 3.78 226.9 42.0 6.86 2.95 25.94 6.80 72.1 18.96 0.0342 2245 0.36
1.6 5.14 4.03 241.5 44.5 6.86 2.94 27.61 7.22 76.6 18.93 0.0417 2380 0.39
1.8 5.78 4.53 270.4 49.5 6.84 2.93 30.91 8.04 85.5 18.86 0.0596 2642 0.44
2.0 6.41 5.03 298.8 54.3 6.83 2.91 34.16 8.84 94.1 18.80 0.0820 2894 0.49
2.3 7.34 5.76 340.5 61.3 6.81 2.89 38.93 10.00 106.7 18.69 0.1250 3256 0.57
2.5 7.96 6.25 367.8 65.8 6.80 2.87 42.04 10.74 114.8 18.63 0.1606 3485 0.61
200 x 62.5 1.5 5.18 4.07 310.4 42.0 7.74 2.84 31.04 6.80 82.9 15.86 0.0368 3008 0.36
1.6 5.53 4.34 330.4 44.5 7.73 2.84 33.05 7.22 88.1 15.83 0.0449 3189 0.39
1.8 6.22 4.88 370.1 49.5 7.72 2.82 37.02 8.04 98.3 15.77 0.0642 3542 0.44
2.0 6.90 5.41 409.2 54.3 7.70 2.81 40.93 8.84 108.3 15.70 0.0883 3882 0.49
2.5 8.57 6.73 504.2 65.8 7.67 2.77 50.43 10.74 132.2 15.55 0.1730 4679 0.61
200 x 75 1.8 6.66 5.22 413.3 79.9 7.88 3.46 41.34 10.78 134.6 19.45 0.0687 5446 0.44
2.0 7.39 5.80 457.2 87.8 7.87 3.45 45.73 11.87 148.4 19.39 0.0946 5980 0.49
2.3 8.47 6.65 521.9 99.4 7.85 3.42 52.20 13.46 168.6 19.30 0.1442 6748 0.57
2.5 9.19 7.21 564.2 106.8 7.84 3.41 56.43 14.49 181.8 19.24 0.1854 7240 0.61
225 x 62.5 1.6 5.92 4.65 436.6 44.5 8.59 2.74 38.82 7.22 99.7 13.48 0.0480 4129 0.39
1.8 6.66 5.22 489.2 49.5 8.57 2.73 43.49 8.04 111.2 13.42 0.0687 4587 0.44
2.0 7.39 5.80 541.1 54.4 8.56 2.71 48.11 8.84 122.5 13.36 0.0946 5029 0.49
2.3 8.47 6.65 617.5 61.3 8.54 2.69 54.90 10.00 139.0 13.28 0.1442 5662 0.57
2.5 9.19 7.21 667.5 65.8 8.52 2.68 59.34 10.74 149.6 13.22 0.1854 6066 0.61
225 x 75 1.8 7.10 5.57 544.0 79.9 8.76 3.35 48.37 10.78 152.1 16.62 0.0733 7070 0.44
2.0 7.88 6.18 602.0 87.8 8.74 3.34 53.52 11.87 167.8 16.57 0.1009 7765 0.49
2.3 9.04 7.09 687.5 99.4 8.72 3.32 61.13 13.46 190.7 16.48 0.1539 8768 0.57
2.5 9.80 7.70 743.6 106.8 8.71 3.30 66.11 14.49 205.6 16.42 0.1978 9410 0.61
240 x 75 1.8 7.36 5.78 633.0 79.9 9.27 3.29 52.76 10.78 162.7 15.23 0.0760 8157 0.44
2.0 8.17 6.41 700.6 87.8 9.26 3.28 58.39 11.87 179.4 15.18 0.1046 8960 0.49
2.3 9.38 7.36 800.4 99.4 9.24 3.26 66.71 13.46 203.9 15.10 0.1596 10119 0.57
2.5 10.17 7.99 865.8 106.8 9.23 3.24 72.16 14.49 219.9 15.04 0.2052 10861 0.61
2.8 11.36 8.92 962.4 117.6 9.20 3.22 80.21 15.98 243.1 14.96 0.2884 11931 0.69
300 x 75 2.3 10.73 8.42 1361.1 99.4 11.26 3.04 90.75 13.46 256.9 11.08 0.1827 16583 0.56
2.5 11.65 9.14 1473.3 106.8 11.25 3.03 98.24 14.49 277.0 11.03 0.2350 17807 0.61
2.8 13.02 10.22 1639.2 117.6 11.22 3.01 109.30 15.98 306.4 10.97 0.3305 19573 0.69
A - 44
B
t
ALBION ZED x x D AXIS
2
Design Yield Strength = 350 N/mm PROPERTIES
SINGLE SECTION
D x B t Q po / p y Zxr Zy1r Zy2r Ixr Pc Mcx Mcy1 Mcy2x Iu u Iv v
120 x 50 1.5 0.74 0.95 12.5 4.1 4.11 75.4 90.4 4.39 1.43 1.44 91.9 7.6
1.6 0.76 0.96 13.5 4.3 4.35 81.3 98.9 4.73 1.51 1.52 97.7 8.1
145 x 50 1.5 0.67 0.91 15.5 4.1 4.11 112.9 90.6 5.44 1.43 1.44 135.1 8.5
1.6 0.69 0.93 16.8 4.3 4.35 122.1 99.0 5.89 1.51 1.52 143.6 9.0
145 x 62.5 1.4 0.64 0.85 16.1 6.3 6.37 119.2 91.9 5.62 2.22 2.23 162.1 14.4
1.5 0.67 0.88 17.8 6.8 6.80 131.1 103.0 6.23 2.36 2.38 173.2 15.4
1.6 0.70 0.91 19.5 7.2 7.22 142.8 114.1 6.82 2.51 2.53 184.2 16.3
1.8 0.74 0.94 22.7 8.0 8.04 165.4 135.8 7.95 2.80 2.81 205.8 18.2
2.0 0.77 0.97 25.7 8.8 8.84 186.9 157.4 9.01 3.07 3.09 227.0 20.0
175 x 50 1.5 0.60 0.87 19.1 4.1 4.11 167.8 90.9 6.70 1.43 1.44 203.2 9.3
1.6 0.62 0.89 20.8 4.3 4.35 182.1 99.3 7.28 1.51 1.52 216.1 9.9
175 x 62.5 1.4 0.59 0.81 19.7 6.3 6.37 176.1 92.2 6.91 2.22 2.23 235.5 16.1
1.5 0.61 0.84 21.9 6.8 6.80 194.3 103.3 7.67 2.36 2.38 251.7 17.2
1.6 0.64 0.87 24.0 7.2 7.22 212.2 114.4 8.41 2.51 2.53 267.8 18.2
1.8 0.67 0.91 28.1 8.0 8.04 246.9 136.1 9.84 2.80 2.81 299.6 20.3
2.0 0.70 0.94 32.0 8.8 8.84 280.3 157.5 11.20 3.07 3.09 330.8 22.3
2.3 0.74 0.96 37.6 9.9 10.00 328.7 190.2 13.15 3.48 3.50 376.6 25.2
2.5 0.76 0.98 41.1 10.7 10.74 360.0 213.0 14.40 3.74 3.76 406.5 27.1
200 x 62.5 1.5 0.57 0.81 25.3 6.8 6.80 255.6 103.6 8.85 2.36 2.38 333.9 18.4
1.6 0.59 0.84 27.8 7.2 7.22 279.9 114.7 9.73 2.51 2.53 355.4 19.5
1.8 0.63 0.88 32.6 8.0 8.04 327.2 136.4 11.42 2.80 2.81 397.9 21.7
2.0 0.65 0.91 37.3 8.8 8.84 373.0 157.8 13.04 3.07 3.09 439.6 23.9
2.5 0.71 0.96 48.3 10.7 10.74 482.7 213.0 16.90 3.74 3.76 541.0 29.0
200 x 75 1.8 0.62 0.86 35.4 10.7 10.78 358.8 144.7 12.38 3.75 3.77 460.8 32.3
2.0 0.66 0.90 41.0 11.8 11.87 412.6 170.6 14.34 4.13 4.16 509.4 35.6
2.3 0.70 0.94 48.9 13.4 13.46 489.8 208.5 17.11 4.68 4.71 580.9 40.3
2.5 0.73 0.95 53.9 14.4 14.49 539.3 233.8 18.86 5.04 5.07 627.6 43.4
225 x 62.5 1.6 0.56 0.81 31.4 7.2 7.22 355.9 115.0 11.01 2.51 2.53 460.5 20.6
1.8 0.59 0.85 37.1 8.0 8.04 418.2 136.7 12.98 2.80 2.81 515.8 23.0
2.0 0.61 0.88 42.5 8.8 8.84 478.7 158.1 14.88 3.07 3.09 570.2 25.2
2.3 0.64 0.92 50.4 9.9 10.00 567.0 190.7 17.64 3.48 3.50 650.3 28.5
2.5 0.66 0.94 55.5 10.7 10.74 624.5 213.2 19.43 3.74 3.76 702.6 30.6
225 x 75 1.8 0.58 0.83 40.2 10.7 10.78 457.6 145.1 14.07 3.75 3.77 589.4 34.4
2.0 0.62 0.87 46.7 11.8 11.87 528.1 171.0 16.33 4.13 4.16 651.9 37.9
2.3 0.66 0.91 55.9 13.4 13.46 629.5 208.8 19.55 4.68 4.71 744.0 43.0
2.5 0.68 0.93 61.7 14.4 14.49 694.9 234.0 21.61 5.04 5.07 804.2 46.2
240 x 75 1.8 0.56 0.82 43.0 10.7 10.78 522.1 145.3 15.06 3.75 3.77 677.3 35.6
2.0 0.60 0.86 50.0 11.8 11.87 603.8 171.2 17.52 4.13 4.16 749.3 39.2
2.3 0.64 0.90 60.1 13.4 13.46 721.8 209.0 21.02 4.68 4.71 855.4 44.4
2.5 0.66 0.92 66.5 14.4 14.49 798.0 234.2 23.26 5.04 5.07 924.9 47.7
2.8 0.69 0.94 75.8 15.9 15.98 909.5 272.9 26.53 5.56 5.59 1027.3 52.6
300 x 75 2.3 0.56 0.85 76.7 13.4 13.46 1152.0 210.1 26.85 4.68 4.71 1411.4 49.1
2.5 0.58 0.87 85.5 14.4 14.49 1282.2 235.3 29.91 5.04 5.07 1527.4 52.8
2.8 0.60 0.90 98.2 15.9 15.98 1473.6 273.8 34.39 5.56 5.59 1698.6 58.2
A - 45
B top
t
x x D
STRUCTURAL SECTIONS ULTRAZED
B bot
SINGLE SECTION
2 4 4 3 3 4 4 6
mm top bot mm cm kg/m cm cm cm cm cm cm cm (deg) cm cm mm
145 x 62.5 56.5 1.2 3.60 2.83 120.4 29.6 5.78 2.87 16.35 4.45 45.5 22.53 0.0162 881 2.6
1.3 3.91 3.07 130.5 32.1 5.78 2.86 17.72 4.83 49.3 22.53 0.0207 954 2.6
1.4 4.22 3.31 140.5 34.5 5.77 2.86 19.08 5.20 53.1 22.53 0.0260 1027 2.6
1.6 4.84 3.80 160.5 39.5 5.76 2.86 21.79 5.94 60.6 22.53 0.0392 1171 2.6
1.8 5.45 4.28 180.2 44.3 5.75 2.85 24.48 6.67 68.1 22.54 0.0563 1314 2.6
2.0 6.07 4.76 199.9 49.2 5.74 2.85 27.15 7.40 75.5 22.54 0.0777 1455 2.6
170 x 67.5 61.5 1.2 4.01 3.15 182.6 36.2 6.75 3.00 21.18 5.06 61.2 19.94 0.0180 1539 2.5
1.3 4.35 3.42 197.9 39.2 6.74 3.00 22.97 5.49 66.3 19.94 0.0230 1668 2.5
1.4 4.70 3.69 213.2 42.3 6.74 3.00 24.74 5.91 71.4 19.94 0.0289 1795 2.4
1.6 5.38 4.22 243.7 48.3 6.73 3.00 28.28 6.75 81.6 19.93 0.0437 2048 2.5
1.8 6.07 4.76 273.9 54.3 6.72 2.99 31.79 7.59 91.7 19.93 0.0627 2299 2.5
2.0 6.76 5.30 303.9 60.2 6.71 2.99 35.29 8.42 101.7 19.92 0.0865 2547 2.4
200 x 76.0 71.0 1.2 4.66 3.66 289.7 56.2 7.89 3.48 28.69 6.90 97.9 20.00 0.0209 3174 2.1
1.3 5.05 3.97 314.0 60.9 7.88 3.47 31.09 7.47 106.1 19.99 0.0267 3434 2.1
1.4 5.45 4.28 338.2 65.6 7.88 3.47 33.49 8.04 114.2 19.98 0.0336 3691 2.1
1.6 6.24 4.90 386.2 74.7 7.87 3.46 38.25 9.18 130.4 19.97 0.0506 4201 2.1
1.8 7.03 5.52 433.9 83.8 7.85 3.45 42.97 10.29 146.3 19.95 0.0726 4700 2.2
2.0 7.82 6.14 481.2 92.8 7.84 3.44 47.65 11.40 162.1 19.93 0.1002 5192 2.0
225 x 76.0 71.0 1.4 5.79 4.55 445.5 65.6 8.77 3.36 39.24 8.04 129.4 17.14 0.0357 4823 2.1
1.5 6.21 4.88 477.3 70.2 8.76 3.36 42.04 8.60 138.6 17.13 0.0441 5158 2.0
1.6 6.63 5.21 508.9 74.8 8.76 3.36 44.84 9.17 147.7 17.12 0.0538 5490 2.1
2.0 8.31 6.52 634.5 92.8 8.74 3.34 55.90 11.39 183.7 17.08 0.1064 6790 1.9
255 x 76.0 71.0 1.6 7.10 5.57 683.7 74.8 9.81 3.24 53.18 9.16 168.6 14.48 0.0576 7306 2.0
1.8 8.00 6.28 768.6 83.9 9.80 3.24 59.79 10.28 189.2 14.46 0.0826 8180 2.0
2.0 8.90 6.99 852.9 92.8 9.79 3.23 66.35 11.38 209.7 14.44 0.1140 9042 1.9
2.5 11.14 8.74 1061.2 114.8 9.76 3.21 82.57 14.09 260.0 14.39 0.2247 11138 1.8
3.0 13.36 10.49 1266.1 136.1 9.73 3.19 98.52 16.71 309.0 14.34 0.3903 13150 1.8
285 x 76.0 71.0 1.8 8.53 6.70 1001.2 83.9 10.83 3.14 69.73 10.27 212.6 12.44 0.0881 10553 1.9
2.0 9.49 7.45 1111.4 92.8 10.82 3.13 77.41 11.37 235.6 12.42 0.1215 11667 1.8
2.3 10.92 8.57 1275.3 106.1 10.81 3.12 88.83 13.00 269.7 12.38 0.1859 13306 1.9
2.5 11.88 9.32 1383.8 114.8 10.79 3.11 96.39 14.08 292.2 12.36 0.2395 14379 1.7
3.0 14.25 11.19 1652.1 136.1 10.77 3.09 115.10 16.70 347.4 12.31 0.4162 16986 1.8
B top
t
x x D
STRUCTURAL SECTIONS ULTRAZED AXIS
B bot
SINGLE SECTION
145 x 62.5 56.5 1.2 0.84 0.90 14.78 4.67 4.45 108.6 106.1 5.17 1.64 1.56 139.3 10.7
1.3 0.86 0.92 16.34 5.07 4.83 120.2 117.0 5.72 1.77 1.69 150.9 11.6
1.4 0.87 0.94 17.89 5.46 5.20 131.7 128.1 6.26 1.91 1.82 162.6 12.5
1.6 0.89 0.96 20.97 6.24 5.94 154.4 150.9 7.34 2.18 2.08 185.6 14.3
1.8 0.91 0.98 24.03 7.01 6.67 176.9 174.6 8.41 2.45 2.34 208.5 16.1
2.0 0.94 1.00 27.06 7.77 7.40 199.2 198.9 9.47 2.72 2.59 231.2 17.9
170 x 67.5 61.5 1.2 0.78 0.86 18.15 5.30 5.06 155.8 109.4 6.35 1.86 1.77 204.8 14.0
1.3 0.79 0.88 20.19 5.75 5.49 173.6 121.0 7.07 2.01 1.92 222.0 15.2
1.4 0.81 0.90 22.22 6.19 5.91 191.3 132.6 7.78 2.17 2.07 239.1 16.3
1.6 0.83 0.93 26.25 7.08 6.75 226.1 156.2 9.19 2.48 2.36 273.3 18.7
1.8 0.85 0.95 30.25 7.96 7.59 260.5 180.7 10.59 2.78 2.66 307.1 21.0
2.0 0.87 0.97 34.21 8.83 8.42 294.7 206.2 11.97 3.09 2.95 340.8 23.4
200 x 76.0 71.0 1.2 0.83 0.83 23.70 7.15 6.90 237.4 134.6 8.30 2.50 2.42 325.3 20.6
1.3 0.84 0.85 26.56 7.74 7.47 266.2 149.5 9.30 2.71 2.62 352.6 22.3
1.4 0.86 0.88 29.32 8.33 8.04 294.6 164.3 10.26 2.92 2.82 379.7 24.0
1.6 0.89 0.91 34.79 9.51 9.18 350.6 193.8 12.18 3.33 3.21 433.6 27.4
1.8 0.91 0.94 40.18 10.67 10.29 405.5 223.4 14.06 3.73 3.60 487.0 30.7
2.0 0.93 0.96 45.52 11.81 11.40 459.5 253.6 15.93 4.13 3.99 539.9 34.0
225 x 76.0 71.0 1.4 0.81 0.85 33.19 8.34 8.04 375.2 164.4 11.62 2.92 2.81 485.4 25.6
1.5 0.82 0.87 36.41 8.93 8.60 412.2 179.1 12.74 3.13 3.01 520.0 27.5
1.6 0.83 0.88 39.60 9.52 9.17 448.8 193.8 13.86 3.33 3.21 554.4 29.3
2.0 0.87 0.93 52.22 11.82 11.39 592.7 253.6 18.28 4.14 3.99 690.9 36.4
255 x 76.0 71.0 1.6 0.78 0.84 44.82 9.52 9.16 575.4 194.0 15.69 3.33 3.21 727.2 31.2
1.8 0.80 0.88 52.36 10.69 10.28 672.8 223.5 18.33 3.74 3.60 817.4 35.0
2.0 0.81 0.90 59.83 11.83 11.38 769.0 253.7 20.94 4.14 3.98 906.9 38.8
2.5 0.85 0.95 78.29 14.65 14.09 1006.3 332.9 27.40 5.13 4.93 1127.9 48.1
3.0 0.89 0.98 96.44 17.39 16.71 1239.4 417.9 33.76 6.09 5.85 1345.0 57.1
285 x 76.0 71.0 1.8 0.75 0.84 58.54 10.69 10.27 840.3 223.9 20.49 3.74 3.59 1048.1 37.0
2.0 0.76 0.87 67.29 11.84 11.37 966.0 253.9 23.55 4.15 3.98 1163.2 41.0
2.3 0.79 0.90 80.30 13.55 13.00 1152.8 300.6 28.10 4.74 4.55 1334.5 46.9
2.5 0.80 0.92 88.90 14.66 14.08 1276.3 332.9 31.12 5.13 4.93 1447.8 50.8
3.0 0.84 0.96 110.19 17.40 16.70 1581.7 418.0 38.57 6.09 5.85 1727.9 60.3
B
t
GENERIC Z SECTIONS x x D
SINGLE SECTION
2 4
mm top bot mm cm kg/m cm cm4 cm cm cm
3
cm3 cm4 (deg) cm
4
cm6 mm
100 x 55 45 1.2 2.65 2.08 42.8 18.2 4.02 2.62 8.29 3.48 21.2 29.96 0.0119 297 2.65
125 x 55 45 1.2 2.94 2.30 71.7 18.2 4.94 2.49 11.17 3.47 27.0 22.63 0.0132 479 2.63
1.6 3.91 3.07 94.5 23.7 4.92 2.46 14.72 4.52 35.3 22.46 0.0317 619 2.63
150 x 58 49 1.6 4.41 3.46 151.1 28.2 5.86 2.53 19.75 5.05 48.2 19.03 0.0357 1086 2.18
1.8 4.95 3.88 169.0 31.3 5.84 2.51 22.08 5.62 53.6 18.96 0.0511 1202 2.17
165 x 58 49 1.6 4.64 3.64 189.1 28.2 6.38 2.46 22.49 5.05 53.3 16.75 0.0376 1338 2.13
1.8 5.21 4.09 211.5 31.3 6.37 2.45 25.15 5.61 59.3 16.68 0.0538 1481 2.13
180 x 58 49 1.6 4.87 3.83 232.3 28.2 6.90 2.40 25.35 5.04 58.4 14.89 0.0395 1618 2.09
1.8 5.48 4.30 259.9 31.3 6.89 2.39 28.37 5.61 65.0 14.82 0.0565 1792 2.08
2.0 6.07 4.77 287.1 34.3 6.88 2.37 31.33 6.15 71.5 14.75 0.0778 1959 2.07
200 x 58 49 1.6 5.19 4.07 298.5 28.2 7.59 2.33 29.35 5.04 65.2 12.88 0.0421 2038 2.02
1.8 5.83 4.58 334.1 31.3 7.57 2.32 32.86 5.60 72.6 12.82 0.0602 2258 2.01
2.0 6.47 5.08 369.1 34.3 7.56 2.30 36.30 6.14 79.9 12.75 0.0828 2469 2.00
220 x 58 49 2.0 6.86 5.38 464.1 34.3 8.23 2.24 41.54 6.14 88.2 11.16 0.0878 3042 1.93
2.4 8.19 6.43 550.5 39.9 8.20 2.21 49.26 7.17 103.6 11.04 0.1521 3530 1.91
250 x 76 68 2.4 9.78 7.67 885.0 87.9 9.51 3.00 70.05 11.92 198.8 13.26 0.1815 9774 1.55
300 x 94 86 2.4 11.81 9.27 1557.5 161.0 11.49 3.69 102.94 17.53 357.3 13.55 0.2192 25520 1.46
3.0 14.69 11.53 1923.2 195.2 11.44 3.65 127.10 21.33 436.9 13.41 0.4290 30844 1.44

GENERIC Z SECTIONS AXIS
SINGLE SECTION
D x B t Q p o / py Zxr Zy1r Zy2r Ixr Pc Mcx Mcy1 Mcy2x Iu u Iv v
3
mm top bot mm cm cm3 cm3 cm4 kN kNm kNm kNm cm
4
cm4
100 x 55 45 1.2 0.76 0.97 7.97 3.81 3.48 40.7 56.2 2.23 1.07 0.97 55.0 6.0
125 x 55 45 1.2 0.68 0.93 10.28 3.81 3.47 65.4 56.3 2.88 1.07 0.97 83.0 7.0
1.6 0.78 0.98 14.39 4.98 4.52 92.3 84.9 4.03 1.40 1.27 109.1 9.1
150 x 58 49 1.6 0.71 0.95 18.69 5.52 5.05 142.9 87.7 5.23 1.54 1.42 167.7 11.6
1.8 0.74 0.97 21.37 6.14 5.62 163.5 103.1 5.98 1.72 1.57 187.4 12.8
165 x 58 49 1.6 0.68 0.93 20.88 5.52 5.05 175.4 87.8 5.85 1.54 1.41 205.1 12.1
1.8 0.71 0.95 23.94 6.14 5.61 201.3 103.1 6.70 1.72 1.57 229.3 13.5
180 x 58 49 1.6 0.64 0.91 23.08 5.52 5.04 211.3 87.9 6.46 1.54 1.41 247.8 12.7
1.8 0.67 0.94 26.54 6.14 5.61 243.1 103.2 7.43 1.72 1.57 277.1 14.1
2.0 0.70 0.96 29.93 6.75 6.15 274.3 119.1 8.38 1.89 1.72 305.9 15.4
200 x 58 49 1.6 0.61 0.89 26.01 5.52 5.04 264.2 88.1 7.28 1.54 1.41 313.4 13.3
1.8 0.63 0.91 30.03 6.14 5.60 305.3 103.3 8.41 1.72 1.57 350.6 14.8
2.0 0.66 0.94 33.98 6.75 6.14 345.5 119.2 9.51 1.89 1.72 387.2 16.2
220 x 58 49 2.0 0.62 0.92 38.08 6.75 6.14 425.5 119.4 10.66 1.89 1.72 481.6 16.9
2.4 0.67 0.95 46.94 7.91 7.17 524.5 153.4 13.14 2.21 2.01 570.7 19.7
250 x 76 68 2.4 0.65 0.93 65.05 12.76 11.92 821.6 177.9 18.21 3.57 3.34 931.8 41.1
300 x 94 86 2.4 0.60 0.89 91.30 18.54 17.53 1377.9 199.7 25.56 5.19 4.91 1643.6 74.9
3.0 0.66 0.94 119.13 22.59 21.33 1802.2 271.7 33.36 6.33 5.97 2027.3 91.1

GENERIC Z SECTIONS
SINGLE SECTION
D x B t Q p o / py Zxr Zy1r Zy2r Ixr Pc Mcx Mcy1 Mcy2x
3
mm top bot mm cm cm3 cm3 cm4 kN kNm kNm kNm
100 x 55 45 1.2 0.72 0.95 7.77 3.80 3.48 39.3 66.33 2.72 1.33 1.22
125 x 55 45 1.2 0.65 0.90 9.97 3.80 3.47 62.9 66.49 3.49 1.33 1.21
1.6 0.75 0.96 14.11 4.98 4.52 90.5 101.93 4.94 1.74 1.58
150 x 58 49 1.6 0.68 0.93 18.25 5.51 5.05 139.3 105.26 6.39 1.93 1.77
1.8 0.72 0.95 20.94 6.14 5.62 160.1 123.89 7.33 2.15 1.97
165 x 58 49 1.6 0.65 0.91 20.33 5.51 5.05 170.5 105.40 7.11 1.93 1.77
1.8 0.68 0.93 23.40 6.14 5.61 196.6 124.00 8.19 2.15 1.96
180 x 58 49 1.6 0.62 0.89 22.40 5.51 5.04 204.8 105.58 7.84 1.93 1.77
1.8 0.65 0.91 25.88 6.14 5.61 237.0 124.15 9.06 2.15 1.96
2.0 0.67 0.93 29.28 6.74 6.15 268.3 143.11 10.25 2.36 2.15
200 x 58 49 1.6 0.58 0.86 25.14 5.51 5.04 255.2 105.83 8.80 1.93 1.76
1.8 0.61 0.89 29.19 6.14 5.60 296.6 124.40 10.21 2.15 1.96
2.0 0.63 0.91 33.15 6.74 6.14 337.0 143.33 11.60 2.36 2.15
220 x 58 49 2.0 0.60 0.89 37.03 6.74 6.14 413.7 143.61 12.96 2.36 2.15
2.4 0.64 0.93 45.91 7.90 7.17 513.0 183.68 16.07 2.77 2.51
250 x 76 68 2.4 0.62 0.91 63.36 12.76 11.92 800.0 213.82 22.18 4.46 4.17
300 x 94 86 2.4 0.58 0.86 88.19 18.53 17.53 1327.2 237.76 30.87 6.49 6.14
3.0 0.63 0.91 116.20 22.58 21.33 1757.1 326.13 40.67 7.90 7.46
A - 48
LOAD CAPACITY TABLES FOR BEAMS
S280
Generic C Sections
Note: These tables are presented for generic C sections, which may be used
for scheme design.
B-1
BENDING Table 1
GENERIC C SECTION Depth 100 mm Thickness 1.2 mm

Design Strength 280 N/mm2
Uniformly Distributed Load

Design Case Maximum working load (kN) on one span, for span (m)
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single & double spans:
No lateral restraint 11.6 7.7 5.8 4.2 2.6 1.7 1.1 0.8 0.6
Restraint at mid-span 11.6 7.7 5.8 4.6 3.9 3.3 2.9 2.5 1.9
Full lateral restraint 11.6 7.7 5.8 4.6 3.9 3.3 2.9 2.6 2.3
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 26.4 11.7 6.6 4.2 2.9 2.2 1.6 1.3 1.1
Deflection < L/350 18.9 8.4 4.7 3.0 2.1 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.8
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 44.0 19.6 11.0 7.0 4.9 3.6 2.7 2.2 1.8
Deflection < L/350 31.4 14.0 7.9 5.0 3.5 2.6 2.0 1.6 1.3
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 52.8 23.5 13.2 8.4 5.9 4.3 3.3 2.6 2.1
Deflection < L/350 37.7 16.8 9.4 6.0 4.2 3.1 2.4 1.9 1.5
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 88.0 39.1 22.0 14.1 9.8 7.2 5.5 4.3 3.5
Deflection < L/350 62.9 27.9 15.7 10.1 7.0 5.1 3.9 3.1 2.5
Central Point Load

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 16.5 7.3 4.1 2.6 1.8 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.7
Deflection < L/350 11.8 5.2 2.9 1.9 1.3 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.5
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 33.0 14.7 8.2 5.3 3.7 2.7 2.1 1.6 1.3
Deflection < L/350 23.6 10.5 5.9 3.8 2.6 1.9 1.5 1.2 0.9
Note: Deflection is calculated for self weight plus imposed load
Web Crushing at Support for Single Span

Design Case Maximum load (kN) at support, for bearing width (mm)
35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 3.9 4.3 4.9 5.6 6.2 6.8
Restrained 8.3 8.9 9.8 10.6 11.2 11.8
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 7.8 8.6 9.8 11.1 12.4 13.6
Restrained 16.5 17.8 19.6 21.1 22.4 23.6
For double span beams, web cleats should be provided to prevent crushing at internal supports
B-2
BENDING Table 2


1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 42.2 18.8 10.6 6.8 4.7 3.4 2.6 2.1 1.7
Deflection < L/350 30.2 13.4 7.5 4.8 3.4 2.5 1.9 1.5 1.2
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 70.4 31.3 17.6 11.3 7.8 5.7 4.4 3.5 2.8
Deflection < L/350 50.3 22.3 12.6 8.0 5.6 4.1 3.1 2.5 2.0
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 84.4 37.5 21.1 13.5 9.4 6.9 5.3 4.2 3.4
Deflection < L/350 60.3 26.8 15.1 9.7 6.7 4.9 3.8 3.0 2.4
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 140.7 62.6 35.2 22.5 15.6 11.5 8.8 7.0 5.6
Deflection < L/350 100.5 44.7 25.1 16.1 11.2 8.2 6.3 5.0 4.0
Central Point Load

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 26.4 11.7 6.6 4.2 2.9 2.2 1.6 1.3 1.1
Deflection < L/350 18.8 8.4 4.7 3.0 2.1 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.8
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 52.8 23.5 13.2 8.4 5.9 4.3 3.3 2.6 2.1
Deflection < L/350 37.7 16.8 9.4 6.0 4.2 3.1 2.4 1.9 1.5

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 3.7 4.1 4.7 5.3 5.9 6.5
Restrained 8.5 9.1 10.0 10.8 11.5 12.1
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 7.5 8.2 9.4 10.6 11.8 13.0
Restrained 16.9 18.3 20.1 21.6 23.0 24.2
B-3
BENDING Table 3


1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 59.6 26.5 14.9 9.5 6.6 4.9 3.7 2.9 2.4
Deflection < L/350 42.6 18.9 10.7 6.8 4.7 3.5 2.7 2.1 1.7
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 99.4 44.2 24.9 15.9 11.0 8.1 6.2 4.9 4.0
Deflection < L/350 71.0 31.6 17.8 11.4 7.9 5.8 4.4 3.5 2.8
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 119.3 53.0 29.8 19.1 13.3 9.7 7.5 5.9 4.8
Deflection < L/350 85.2 37.9 21.3 13.6 9.5 7.0 5.3 4.2 3.4
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 198.8 88.4 49.7 31.8 22.1 16.2 12.4 9.8 8.0
Deflection < L/350 142.0 63.1 35.5 22.7 15.8 11.6 8.9 7.0 5.7
Central Point Load

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 37.3 16.6 9.3 6.0 4.1 3.0 2.3 1.8 1.5
Deflection < L/350 26.6 11.8 6.7 4.3 3.0 2.2 1.7 1.3 1.1
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 74.6 33.1 18.6 11.9 8.3 6.1 4.7 3.7 3.0
Deflection < L/350 53.3 23.7 13.3 8.5 5.9 4.3 3.3 2.6 2.1

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 6.6 7.1 8.0 8.9 9.7 10.6
Restrained 13.8 14.8 16.2 17.3 18.3 19.2
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 13.3 14.3 16.0 17.7 19.4 21.1
Restrained 27.6 29.6 32.3 34.6 36.7 38.5
B-4
BENDING Table 4


2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 24.5 15.7 10.9 8.0 6.1 4.8 3.9 2.7 2.0
Deflection < L/350 17.5 11.2 7.8 5.7 4.4 3.5 2.8 1.7 1.1
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 40.8 26.1 18.1 13.3 10.2 8.1 6.5 4.5 3.3
Deflection < L/350 29.1 18.7 13.0 9.5 7.3 5.8 4.7 2.8 1.8
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 49.0 31.3 21.8 16.0 12.2 9.7 7.8 5.4 4.0
Deflection < L/350 35.0 22.4 15.5 11.4 8.7 6.9 5.6 3.4 2.1
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 81.6 52.2 36.3 26.7 20.4 16.1 13.1 9.1 6.7
Deflection < L/350 58.3 37.3 25.9 19.0 14.6 11.5 9.3 5.7 3.6
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 27.2 15.3 9.8 6.8 5.0 3.8 2.4 1.7 1.2
Deflection < L/350 19.4 10.9 7.0 4.9 3.6 2.7 1.7 1.1 0.7
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 54.4 30.6 19.6 13.6 10.0 7.7 4.9 3.4 2.5
Deflection < L/350 38.9 21.9 14.0 9.7 7.1 5.5 3.5 2.1 1.3

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 6.4 6.9 7.7 8.6 9.4 10.2
Restrained 14.1 15.1 16.5 17.6 18.7 19.6
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 12.8 13.8 15.5 17.1 18.7 20.4
Restrained 28.1 30.1 32.9 35.3 37.3 39.2
B-5
BENDING Table 5


2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 28.1 18.0 12.5 9.2 7.0 5.5 4.5 3.1 2.3
Deflection < L/350 20.1 12.8 8.9 6.6 5.0 4.0 3.2 2.0 1.2
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 46.8 30.0 20.8 15.3 11.7 9.2 7.5 5.2 3.8
Deflection < L/350 33.4 21.4 14.9 10.9 8.4 6.6 5.3 3.3 2.0
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 56.2 35.9 25.0 18.3 14.0 11.1 9.0 6.2 4.6
Deflection < L/350 40.1 25.7 17.8 13.1 10.0 7.9 6.4 3.9 2.5
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 93.6 59.9 41.6 30.6 23.4 18.5 15.0 10.4 7.6
Deflection < L/350 66.9 42.8 29.7 21.8 16.7 13.2 10.7 6.5 4.1
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 31.2 17.6 11.2 7.8 5.7 4.4 2.8 2.0 1.4
Deflection < L/350 22.3 12.5 8.0 5.6 4.1 3.1 2.0 1.2 0.8
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 62.4 35.1 22.5 15.6 11.5 8.8 5.6 3.9 2.9
Deflection < L/350 44.6 25.1 16.0 11.1 8.2 6.3 4.0 2.4 1.5

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 8.1 8.7 9.7 10.6 11.5 12.5
Restrained 17.2 18.4 20.0 21.4 22.6 23.7
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 16.3 17.4 19.3 21.2 23.1 25.0
Restrained 34.4 36.8 40.1 42.8 45.3 47.5
B-6
BENDING Table 6


2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 29.9 19.2 13.3 9.8 7.5 5.9 4.8 3.3 2.4
Deflection < L/350 21.4 13.7 9.5 7.0 5.3 4.2 3.4 2.1 1.3
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 49.9 31.9 22.2 16.3 12.5 9.9 8.0 5.5 4.1
Deflection < L/350 35.7 22.8 15.8 11.6 8.9 7.0 5.7 3.5 2.2
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 59.9 38.3 26.6 19.6 15.0 11.8 9.6 6.7 4.9
Deflection < L/350 42.8 27.4 19.0 14.0 10.7 8.5 6.8 4.2 2.6
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 99.8 63.9 44.4 32.6 25.0 19.7 16.0 11.1 8.1
Deflection < L/350 71.3 45.6 31.7 23.3 17.8 14.1 11.4 6.9 4.4
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 33.3 18.7 12.0 8.3 6.1 4.7 3.0 2.1 1.5
Deflection < L/350 23.8 13.4 8.6 5.9 4.4 3.3 2.1 1.3 0.8
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 66.6 37.4 24.0 16.6 12.2 9.4 6.0 4.2 3.1
Deflection < L/350 47.5 26.7 17.1 11.9 8.7 6.7 4.3 2.6 1.6

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 6.3 6.8 7.6 8.4 9.2 10.0
Restrained 14.2 15.2 16.6 17.8 18.9 19.8
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 12.6 13.5 15.1 16.7 18.4 20.0
Restrained 28.4 30.5 33.3 35.7 37.8 39.6
B-7
BENDING Table 7


2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 34.4 22.0 15.3 11.2 8.6 6.8 5.5 3.8 2.8
Deflection < L/350 24.6 15.7 10.9 8.0 6.2 4.9 3.9 2.4 1.5
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 57.4 36.7 25.5 18.7 14.4 11.3 9.2 6.4 4.7
Deflection < L/350 41.0 26.2 18.2 13.4 10.3 8.1 6.6 4.0 2.5
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 68.9 44.1 30.6 22.5 17.2 13.6 11.0 7.7 5.6
Deflection < L/350 49.2 31.5 21.9 16.1 12.3 9.7 7.9 4.8 3.0
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 114.8 73.5 51.0 37.5 28.7 22.7 18.4 12.8 9.4
Deflection < L/350 82.0 52.5 36.4 26.8 20.5 16.2 13.1 8.0 5.0
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 38.3 21.5 13.8 9.6 7.0 5.4 3.4 2.4 1.8
Deflection < L/350 27.3 15.4 9.8 6.8 5.0 3.8 2.5 1.5 0.9
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 76.5 43.1 27.6 19.1 14.1 10.8 6.9 4.8 3.5
Deflection < L/350 54.7 30.8 19.7 13.7 10.0 7.7 4.9 3.0 1.9

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 8.0 8.6 9.5 10.4 11.3 12.3
Restrained 17.4 18.6 20.2 21.6 22.9 24.0
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 16.0 17.1 19.0 20.8 22.7 24.5
Restrained 34.7 37.2 40.5 43.3 45.7 48.0
B-8
BENDING Table 8


2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 36.0 23.0 16.0 11.7 9.0 7.1 5.8 4.0 2.9
Deflection < L/350 25.7 16.4 11.4 8.4 6.4 5.1 4.1 2.5 1.6
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 60.0 38.4 26.6 19.6 15.0 11.8 9.6 6.7 4.9
Deflection < L/350 42.8 27.4 19.0 14.0 10.7 8.5 6.9 4.2 2.6
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 71.9 46.0 32.0 23.5 18.0 14.2 11.5 8.0 5.9
Deflection < L/350 51.4 32.9 22.8 16.8 12.8 10.2 8.2 5.0 3.1
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 119.9 76.7 53.3 39.2 30.0 23.7 19.2 13.3 9.8
Deflection < L/350 85.7 54.8 38.1 28.0 21.4 16.9 13.7 8.3 5.2
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 40.0 22.5 14.4 10.0 7.3 5.6 3.6 2.5 1.8
Deflection < L/350 28.6 16.1 10.3 7.1 5.2 4.0 2.6 1.6 1.0
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 79.9 45.0 28.8 20.0 14.7 11.2 7.2 5.0 3.7
Deflection < L/350 57.1 32.1 20.6 14.3 10.5 8.0 5.1 3.1 2.0

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 6.1 6.6 7.4 8.2 9.0 9.8
Restrained 14.4 15.4 16.8 18.0 19.1 20.0
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 12.3 13.2 14.8 16.4 18.0 19.5
Restrained 28.7 30.8 33.7 36.1 38.2 40.1
B-9
BENDING Table 9


2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 41.5 26.5 18.4 13.5 10.4 8.2 6.6 4.6 3.4
Deflection < L/350 29.6 19.0 13.2 9.7 7.4 5.9 4.7 2.9 1.8
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 69.1 44.2 30.7 22.6 17.3 13.7 11.1 7.7 5.6
Deflection < L/350 49.4 31.6 21.9 16.1 12.3 9.8 7.9 4.8 3.0
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 83.0 53.1 36.9 27.1 20.7 16.4 13.3 9.2 6.8
Deflection < L/350 59.3 37.9 26.3 19.4 14.8 11.7 9.5 5.8 3.6
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 138.3 88.5 61.5 45.2 34.6 27.3 22.1 15.4 11.3
Deflection < L/350 98.8 63.2 43.9 32.3 24.7 19.5 15.8 9.6 6.0
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 46.1 25.9 16.6 11.5 8.5 6.5 4.1 2.9 2.1
Deflection < L/350 32.9 18.5 11.9 8.2 6.0 4.6 3.0 1.8 1.1
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 92.2 51.9 33.2 23.0 16.9 13.0 8.3 5.8 4.2
Deflection < L/350 65.8 37.0 23.7 16.5 12.1 9.3 5.9 3.6 2.3

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 7.8 8.4 9.3 10.2 11.1 12.0
Restrained 17.5 18.8 20.4 21.8 23.1 24.2
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 15.7 16.8 18.6 20.4 22.3 24.1
Restrained 35.1 37.5 40.9 43.7 46.2 48.4
B - 10
BENDING Table 10


2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 46.8 29.9 20.8 15.3 11.7 9.2 7.5 5.2 3.8
Deflection < L/350 33.4 21.4 14.9 10.9 8.4 6.6 5.3 3.2 2.0
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 78.0 49.9 34.7 25.5 19.5 15.4 12.5 8.7 6.4
Deflection < L/350 55.7 35.7 24.8 18.2 13.9 11.0 8.9 5.4 3.4
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 93.6 59.9 41.6 30.6 23.4 18.5 15.0 10.4 7.6
Deflection < L/350 66.8 42.8 29.7 21.8 16.7 13.2 10.7 6.5 4.1
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 156.0 99.8 69.3 50.9 39.0 30.8 25.0 17.3 12.7
Deflection < L/350 111.4 71.3 49.5 36.4 27.9 22.0 17.8 10.8 6.8
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 52.0 29.2 18.7 13.0 9.5 7.3 4.7 3.2 2.4
Deflection < L/350 37.1 20.9 13.4 9.3 6.8 5.2 3.3 2.0 1.3
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 104.0 58.5 37.4 26.0 19.1 14.6 9.4 6.5 4.8
Deflection < L/350 74.3 41.8 26.7 18.6 13.6 10.4 6.7 4.1 2.6

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 9.7 10.4 11.4 12.4 13.5 14.5
Restrained 21.0 22.4 24.4 26.0 27.4 28.7
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 19.5 20.7 22.8 24.9 26.9 29.0
Restrained 42.0 44.8 48.7 52.0 54.9 57.5
B - 11
BENDING Table 11


2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 44.8 28.7 19.9 14.6 11.2 8.9 7.2 5.0 3.7
Deflection < L/350 32.0 20.5 14.2 10.5 8.0 6.3 5.1 3.1 2.0
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 74.7 47.8 33.2 24.4 18.7 14.8 12.0 8.3 6.1
Deflection < L/350 53.4 34.2 23.7 17.4 13.3 10.5 8.5 5.2 3.3
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 89.7 57.4 39.9 29.3 22.4 17.7 14.4 10.0 7.3
Deflection < L/350 64.1 41.0 28.5 20.9 16.0 12.7 10.3 6.2 3.9
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 149.5 95.7 66.4 48.8 37.4 29.5 23.9 16.6 12.2
Deflection < L/350 106.8 68.3 47.5 34.9 26.7 21.1 17.1 10.4 6.5
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 49.8 28.0 17.9 12.5 9.2 7.0 4.5 3.1 2.3
Deflection < L/350 35.6 20.0 12.8 8.9 6.5 5.0 3.2 1.9 1.2
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 99.7 56.1 35.9 24.9 18.3 14.0 9.0 6.2 4.6
Deflection < L/350 71.2 40.0 25.6 17.8 13.1 10.0 6.4 3.9 2.5

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 6.0 6.4 7.2 8.0 8.7 9.5
Restrained 14.6 15.6 17.1 18.3 19.4 20.3
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 11.9 12.9 14.4 15.9 17.4 19.0
Restrained 29.2 31.3 34.1 36.6 38.7 40.7
B - 12
P276: Building Design Using Cold Formed Steel Sections: Structural Design to BS 5950-5:1998. Section Properties and L
BENDING Table 12

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2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 51.9 33.2 23.1 16.9 13.0 10.3 8.3 5.8 4.2
Deflection < L/350 37.1 23.7 16.5 12.1 9.3 7.3 5.9 3.6 2.3
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 86.5 55.4 38.4 28.2 21.6 17.1 13.8 9.6 7.1
Deflection < L/350 61.8 39.5 27.5 20.2 15.4 12.2 9.9 6.0 3.8
DOUBLE C SECTION
Created for Dr MAHMOOD MD TAHIR (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia) from www.steelbiz.org on 6/10/2003
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 103.8 66.4 46.1 33.9 26.0 20.5 16.6 11.5 8.5
Deflection < L/350 74.2 47.5 33.0 24.2 18.5 14.6 11.9 7.2 4.5
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 173.0 110.7 76.9 56.5 43.3 34.2 27.7 19.2 14.1
Deflection < L/350 123.6 79.1 54.9 40.4 30.9 24.4 19.8 12.0 7.6
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 57.7 32.4 20.8 14.4 10.6 8.1 5.2 3.6 2.6
Deflection < L/350 41.2 23.2 14.8 10.3 7.6 5.8 3.7 2.3 1.4
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 115.3 64.9 41.5 28.8 21.2 16.2 10.4 7.2 5.3
Deflection < L/350 82.4 46.3 29.7 20.6 15.1 11.6 7.4 4.5 2.8

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 7.6 8.2 9.1 10.0 10.8 11.7
Restrained 17.8 19.0 20.7 22.1 23.4 24.5
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 15.3 16.4 18.1 19.9 21.7 23.5
Restrained 35.5 38.0 41.4 44.3 46.8 49.1
B - 13
BENDING Table 13


3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 7.0 8.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 26.1 19.2 14.7 11.6 9.4 7.8 6.5 4.8 3.7
Deflection < L/350 18.6 13.7 10.5 8.3 6.7 5.3 4.1 2.6 1.7
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 43.5 32.0 24.5 19.3 15.7 12.9 10.9 8.0 6.1
Deflection < L/350 31.1 22.8 17.5 13.8 11.2 8.8 6.8 4.3 2.9
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 52.2 38.4 29.4 23.2 18.8 15.5 13.1 9.6 7.3
Deflection < L/350 37.3 27.4 21.0 16.6 13.4 10.6 8.2 5.1 3.4
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 87.0 63.9 48.9 38.7 31.3 25.9 21.8 16.0 12.2
Deflection < L/350 62.1 45.7 35.0 27.6 22.4 17.6 13.6 8.6 5.7
Central Point Load

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 36.7 23.5 16.3 12.0 9.2 5.9 4.1 3.0 2.3
Deflection < L/350 26.2 16.8 11.7 8.6 6.6 4.2 2.5 1.6 1.1
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 73.4 47.0 32.6 24.0 18.4 11.7 8.2 6.0 4.6
Deflection < L/350 52.4 33.6 23.3 17.1 13.1 8.4 5.1 3.2 2.2

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 9.5 10.1 11.1 12.2 13.2 14.2
Restrained 21.3 22.7 24.7 26.3 27.8 29.1
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 19.1 20.3 22.3 24.3 26.4 28.4
Restrained 42.5 45.4 49.3 52.6 55.5 58.2
B - 14
BENDING Table 14


3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 7.0 8.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 32.0 23.5 18.0 14.2 11.5 9.5 8.0 5.9 4.5
Deflection < L/350 22.9 16.8 12.9 10.2 8.2 6.5 5.0 3.2 2.1
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 53.4 39.2 30.0 23.7 19.2 15.9 13.3 9.8 7.5
Deflection < L/350 38.1 28.0 21.5 16.9 13.7 10.8 8.3 5.3 3.5
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 64.1 47.1 36.0 28.5 23.1 19.1 16.0 11.8 9.0
Deflection < L/350 45.8 33.6 25.7 20.3 16.5 13.0 10.0 6.3 4.2
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 106.8 78.5 60.1 47.5 38.4 31.8 26.7 19.6 15.0
Deflection < L/350 76.3 56.0 42.9 33.9 27.5 21.7 16.7 10.5 7.0
Central Point Load

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 45.0 28.8 20.0 14.7 11.3 7.2 5.0 3.7 2.8
Deflection < L/350 32.2 20.6 14.3 10.5 8.0 5.1 3.1 2.0 1.3
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 90.1 57.7 40.0 29.4 22.5 14.4 10.0 7.4 5.6
Deflection < L/350 64.4 41.2 28.6 21.0 16.1 10.3 6.3 3.9 2.6

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 9.3 9.9 10.9 11.9 12.9 13.9
Restrained 21.5 23.0 24.9 26.6 28.1 29.4
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 18.6 19.8 21.8 23.8 25.8 27.7
Restrained 43.0 45.9 49.9 53.2 56.2 58.8
B - 15
BENDING Table 15


3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 7.0 8.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 39.4 28.9 22.2 17.5 14.2 11.7 9.9 7.2 5.5
Deflection < L/350 28.1 20.7 15.8 12.5 10.1 8.0 6.2 3.9 2.6
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 65.7 48.2 36.9 29.2 23.6 19.5 16.4 12.1 9.2
Deflection < L/350 46.9 34.5 26.4 20.8 16.9 13.3 10.3 6.5 4.3
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 78.8 57.9 44.3 35.0 28.4 23.4 19.7 14.5 11.1
Deflection < L/350 56.3 41.4 31.7 25.0 20.3 16.0 12.3 7.8 5.2
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 131.3 96.5 73.9 58.4 47.3 39.1 32.8 24.1 18.5
Deflection < L/350 93.8 68.9 52.8 41.7 33.8 26.6 20.5 12.9 8.7
Central Point Load

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 55.4 35.5 24.6 18.1 13.9 8.9 6.2 4.5 3.5
Deflection < L/350 39.6 25.3 17.6 12.9 9.9 6.3 3.8 2.4 1.6
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 110.8 70.9 49.3 36.2 27.7 17.7 12.3 9.0 6.9
Deflection < L/350 79.2 50.7 35.2 25.8 19.8 12.7 7.7 4.8 3.2

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 13.6 14.4 15.6 16.9 18.1 19.3
Restrained 29.4 31.3 33.8 36.0 37.9 39.6
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 27.3 28.7 31.2 33.7 36.2 38.7
Restrained 58.8 62.5 67.6 71.9 75.7 79.2
B - 16
BENDING Table 16


3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 38.3 29.3 23.2 18.8 13.0 9.6 7.3 5.8 4.7
Deflection < L/350 27.4 21.0 16.6 13.4 8.2 5.1 3.4 2.4 1.8
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 63.9 48.9 38.6 31.3 21.7 16.0 12.2 9.7 7.8
Deflection < L/350 45.6 34.9 27.6 22.4 13.6 8.6 5.7 4.0 2.9
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 76.7 58.7 46.4 37.6 26.1 19.2 14.7 11.6 9.4
Deflection < L/350 54.8 41.9 33.1 26.8 16.3 10.3 6.9 4.8 3.5
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 127.8 97.8 77.3 62.6 43.5 31.9 24.5 19.3 15.7
Deflection < L/350 91.3 69.9 55.2 44.7 27.2 17.1 11.5 8.1 5.9
Central Point Load

2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 73.4 32.6 18.3 11.7 8.2 6.0 4.6 3.6 2.9
Deflection < L/350 52.4 23.3 13.1 8.4 5.1 3.2 2.1 1.5 1.1
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 146.7 65.2 36.7 23.5 16.3 12.0 9.2 7.2 5.9
Deflection < L/350 104.8 46.6 26.2 16.8 10.2 6.4 4.3 3.0 2.2

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 13.3 14.0 15.2 16.4 17.6 18.8
Restrained 29.8 31.7 34.3 36.5 38.4 40.2
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 26.5 28.0 30.4 32.8 35.2 37.6
Restrained 59.7 63.5 68.6 73.0 76.9 80.3
B - 17
BENDING Table 17


3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 57.1 43.7 34.5 28.0 19.4 14.3 10.9 8.6 7.0
Deflection < L/350 40.8 31.2 24.7 20.0 12.1 7.6 5.1 3.6 2.6
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 95.1 72.8 57.5 46.6 32.4 23.8 18.2 14.4 11.7
Deflection < L/350 67.9 52.0 41.1 33.3 20.2 12.7 8.5 6.0 4.4
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 114.1 87.4 69.0 55.9 38.8 28.5 21.8 17.3 14.0
Deflection < L/350 81.5 62.4 49.3 39.9 24.3 15.3 10.2 7.2 5.2
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 190.2 145.6 115.1 93.2 64.7 47.6 36.4 28.8 23.3
Deflection < L/350 135.9 104.0 82.2 66.6 40.5 25.5 17.1 12.0 8.7
Central Point Load

2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 109.2 48.5 27.3 17.5 12.1 8.9 6.8 5.4 4.4
Deflection < L/350 78.0 34.7 19.5 12.5 7.6 4.8 3.2 2.2 1.6
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 218.5 97.1 54.6 35.0 24.3 17.8 13.7 10.8 8.7
Deflection < L/350 156.0 69.4 39.0 25.0 15.2 9.6 6.4 4.5 3.3

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 12.6 13.3 14.5 15.6 16.8 17.9
Restrained 30.6 32.5 35.2 37.4 39.4 41.2
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 25.2 26.6 28.9 31.2 33.5 35.8
Restrained 61.2 65.0 70.3 74.8 78.7 82.3
B - 18
BENDING Table 18


3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 73.8 56.5 44.6 36.2 25.1 18.4 14.1 11.2 9.0
Deflection < L/350 52.7 40.4 31.9 25.8 15.7 9.9 6.6 4.6 3.4
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 123.0 94.2 74.4 60.3 41.8 30.7 23.5 18.6 15.1
Deflection < L/350 87.8 67.3 53.1 43.0 26.2 16.5 11.0 7.7 5.6
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 147.6 113.0 89.3 72.3 50.2 36.9 28.2 22.3 18.1
Deflection < L/350 105.4 80.7 63.8 51.7 31.4 19.8 13.2 9.3 6.8
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 246.0 188.3 148.8 120.5 83.7 61.5 47.1 37.2 30.1
Deflection < L/350 175.7 134.5 106.3 86.1 52.3 32.9 22.1 15.5 11.3
Central Point Load

2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 141.2 62.8 35.3 22.6 15.7 11.5 8.8 7.0 5.6
Deflection < L/350 100.9 44.8 25.2 16.1 9.8 6.2 4.1 2.9 2.1
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 282.5 125.5 70.6 45.2 31.4 23.1 17.7 13.9 11.3
Deflection < L/350 201.8 89.7 50.4 32.3 19.6 12.4 8.3 5.8 4.2

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 20.4 21.3 22.8 24.3 25.8 27.4
Restrained 44.8 47.4 51.1 54.1 56.8 59.2
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 40.7 42.6 45.6 48.7 51.7 54.7
Restrained 89.7 94.9 102.1 108.2 113.5 118.4
B - 19
[BLANK PAGE]
B - 20
S280
Generic Z Sections
Note: These tables are presented for generic Z sections, which may be used
for scheme design.
B - 21
BENDING Table 19
GENERIC ZED SECTION Depth 100 mm Thickness 1.2 mm

2
Design Strength 280N/mm

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 25.6 11.4 6.4 4.1 2.8 2.1 1.6 1.3 1.0
Deflection < L/350 18.3 8.1 4.6 2.9 2.0 1.5 1.1 0.9 0.7
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 42.7 19.0 10.7 6.8 4.7 3.5 2.7 2.1 1.7
Deflection < L/350 30.5 13.6 7.6 4.9 3.4 2.5 1.9 1.5 1.2
Central Point Load

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 16.0 7.1 4.0 2.6 1.8 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.6
Deflection < L/350 11.4 5.1 2.9 1.8 1.3 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 26.7 11.9 6.7 4.3 3.0 2.2 1.7 1.3 1.1
Deflection < L/350 19.1 8.5 4.8 3.1 2.1 1.6 1.2 0.9 0.8

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 3.9 4.3 4.9 5.6 6.2 6.8
Restrained 8.3 8.9 9.8 10.6 11.2 11.8
B - 22
BENDING Table 20

2

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 41.2 18.3 10.3 6.6 4.6 3.4 2.6 2.0 1.6
Deflection < L/350 29.4 13.1 7.4 4.7 3.3 2.4 1.8 1.5 1.2
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 68.7 30.5 17.2 11.0 7.6 5.6 4.3 3.4 2.7
Deflection < L/350 49.0 21.8 12.3 7.8 5.4 4.0 3.1 2.4 2.0
Central Point Load

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 25.7 11.4 6.4 4.1 2.9 2.1 1.6 1.3 1.0
Deflection < L/350 18.4 8.2 4.6 2.9 2.0 1.5 1.1 0.9 0.7
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 42.9 19.1 10.7 6.9 4.8 3.5 2.7 2.1 1.7
Deflection < L/350 30.7 13.6 7.7 4.9 3.4 2.5 1.9 1.5 1.2

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 3.7 4.1 4.7 5.3 5.9 6.5
Restrained 8.5 9.1 10 10.8 11.5 12.1
B - 23
BENDING Table 21

2

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 58.2 25.8 14.5 9.3 6.5 4.7 3.6 2.9 2.3
Deflection < L/350 41.5 18.5 10.4 6.6 4.6 3.4 2.6 2.1 1.7
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 96.9 43.1 24.2 15.5 10.8 7.9 6.1 4.8 3.9
Deflection < L/350 69.2 30.8 17.3 11.1 7.7 5.7 4.3 3.4 2.8
Central Point Load

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 36.3 16.2 9.1 5.8 4.0 3.0 2.3 1.8 1.5
Deflection < L/350 26.0 11.5 6.5 4.2 2.9 2.1 1.6 1.3 1.0
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 60.6 26.9 15.1 9.7 6.7 4.9 3.8 3.0 2.4
Deflection < L/350 43.3 19.2 10.8 6.9 4.8 3.5 2.7 2.1 1.7

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 6.6 7.1 8.0 8.9 9.7 10.6
Restrained 13.8 14.8 16.2 17.3 18.3 19.2
B - 24
BENDING Table 22
GENERIC ZED SECTION Depth 150 mm Thickness 1.6 m

2

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 22.5 14.4 10.0 7.3 5.6 4.4 3.6 2.5 1.8
Deflection < L/350 16.1 10.3 7.1 5.2 4.0 3.2 2.6 1.6 1.0
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 37.5 24.0 16.7 12.2 9.4 7.4 6.0 4.2 3.1
Deflection < L/350 26.8 17.1 11.9 8.7 6.7 5.3 4.3 2.6 1.6
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 25.0 14.1 9.0 6.2 4.6 3.5 2.2 1.6 1.1
Deflection < L/350 17.9 10.0 6.4 4.5 3.3 2.5 1.6 1.0 0.6
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 41.7 23.4 15.0 10.4 7.7 5.9 3.7 2.6 1.9
Deflection < L/350 29.8 16.7 10.7 7.4 5.5 4.2 2.7 1.6 1.0

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 6.4 6.9 7.7 8.6 9.4 10.2
Restrained 14.1 15.1 16.5 17.6 18.7 19.6
B - 25
BENDING Table 23

2

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 25.7 16.5 11.4 8.4 6.4 5.1 4.1 2.9 2.1
Deflection < L/350 18.4 11.8 8.2 6.0 4.6 3.6 2.9 1.8 1.1
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 42.9 27.5 19.1 14.0 10.7 8.5 6.9 4.8 3.5
Deflection < L/350 30.6 19.6 13.6 10.0 7.7 6.1 4.9 3.0 1.9
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 28.6 16.1 10.3 7.2 5.3 4.0 2.6 1.8 1.3
Deflection < L/350 20.4 11.5 7.4 5.1 3.8 2.9 1.8 1.1 0.7
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 47.7 26.8 17.2 11.9 8.8 6.7 4.3 3.0 2.2
Deflection < L/350 34.1 19.2 12.3 8.5 6.3 4.8 3.1 1.9 1.2

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 8.1 8.7 9.7 10.6 11.5 12.5
Restrained 17.2 18.4 20.0 21.4 22.6 23.7
B - 26
BENDING Table 24

2

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 27.6 17.7 12.3 9.0 6.9 5.5 4.4 3.1 2.3
Deflection < L/350 19.7 12.6 8.8 6.4 4.9 3.9 3.2 1.9 1.2
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 46.0 29.5 20.5 15.0 11.5 9.1 7.4 5.1 3.8
Deflection < L/350 32.9 21.0 14.6 10.7 8.2 6.5 5.3 3.2 2.0
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 30.7 17.3 11.0 7.7 5.6 4.3 2.8 1.9 1.4
Deflection < L/350 21.9 12.3 7.9 5.5 4.0 3.1 2.0 1.2 0.8
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 51.1 28.8 18.4 12.8 9.4 7.2 4.6 3.2 2.3
Deflection < L/350 36.5 20.5 13.1 9.1 6.7 5.1 3.3 2.0 1.3

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 6.3 6.8 7.6 8.4 9.2 10.0
Restrained 14.2 15.2 16.6 17.8 18.9 19.8
B - 27
BENDING Table 25

2

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 31.7 20.3 14.1 10.3 7.9 6.3 5.1 3.5 2.6
Deflection < L/350 22.6 14.5 10.1 7.4 5.7 4.5 3.6 2.2 1.4
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 52.8 33.8 23.5 17.2 13.2 10.4 8.4 5.9 4.3
Deflection < L/350 37.7 24.1 16.8 12.3 9.4 7.5 6.0 3.7 2.3
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 35.2 19.8 12.7 8.8 6.5 5.0 3.2 2.2 1.6
Deflection < L/350 25.1 14.1 9.1 6.3 4.6 3.5 2.3 1.4 0.9
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 58.7 33.0 21.1 14.7 10.8 8.3 5.3 3.7 2.7
Deflection < L/350 41.9 23.6 15.1 10.5 7.7 5.9 3.8 2.3 1.4

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 8.0 8.6 9.5 10.4 11.3 12.3
Restrained 17.4 18.6 20.2 21.6 22.9 24.0
B - 28
BENDING Table 26

2

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 33.3 21.3 14.8 10.9 8.3 6.6 5.3 3.7 2.7
Deflection < L/350 23.8 15.2 10.6 7.8 5.9 4.7 3.8 2.3 1.5
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 55.4 35.5 24.6 18.1 13.9 11.0 8.9 6.2 4.5
Deflection < L/350 39.6 25.3 17.6 12.9 9.9 7.8 6.3 3.8 2.4
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 37.0 20.8 13.3 9.2 6.8 5.2 3.3 2.3 1.7
Deflection < L/350 26.4 14.8 9.5 6.6 4.8 3.7 2.4 1.4 0.9
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 61.6 34.6 22.2 15.4 11.3 8.7 5.5 3.8 2.8
Deflection < L/350 44.0 24.7 15.8 11.0 8.1 6.2 4.0 2.4 1.5

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 6.1 6.6 7.4 8.2 9 9.8
Restrained 14.4 15.4 16.8 18 19.1 20.0
B - 29
BENDING Table 27

2

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 38.3 24.5 17.0 12.5 9.6 7.6 6.1 4.3 3.1
Deflection < L/350 27.3 17.5 12.2 8.9 6.8 5.4 4.4 2.7 1.7
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 63.8 40.8 28.4 20.8 15.9 12.6 10.2 7.1 5.2
Deflection < L/350 45.6 29.2 20.3 14.9 11.4 9.0 7.3 4.4 2.8
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 42.5 23.9 15.3 10.6 7.8 6.0 3.8 2.7 2.0
Deflection < L/350 30.4 17.1 10.9 7.6 5.6 4.3 2.7 1.7 1.0
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 70.9 39.9 25.5 17.7 13.0 10.0 6.4 4.4 3.3
Deflection < L/350 50.6 28.5 18.2 12.7 9.3 7.1 4.6 2.8 1.7

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 7.8 8.4 9.3 10.2 11.1 12.0
Restrained 17.5 18.8 20.4 21.8 23.1 24.2
B - 30
BENDING Table 28

2

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 43.2 27.6 19.2 14.1 10.8 8.5 6.9 4.8 3.5
Deflection < L/350 30.8 19.7 13.7 10.1 7.7 6.1 4.9 3.0 1.9
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 72.0 46.1 32.0 23.5 18.0 14.2 11.5 8.0 5.9
Deflection < L/350 51.4 32.9 22.8 16.8 12.9 10.2 8.2 5.0 3.1
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 48.0 27.0 17.3 12.0 8.8 6.7 4.3 3.0 2.2
Deflection < L/350 34.3 19.3 12.3 8.6 6.3 4.8 3.1 1.9 1.2
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 80.0 45.0 28.8 20.0 14.7 11.2 7.2 5.0 3.7
Deflection < L/350 57.1 32.1 20.6 14.3 10.5 8.0 5.1 3.1 2.0

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 9.7 10.4 11.4 12.4 13.5 14.5
Restrained 21.0 22.4 24.4 26.0 27.4 28.7
B - 31
BENDING Table 29

2

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 41.6 26.6 18.5 13.6 10.4 8.2 6.7 4.6 3.4
Deflection < L/350 29.7 19.0 13.2 9.7 7.4 5.9 4.8 2.9 1.8
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 69.3 44.4 30.8 22.6 17.3 13.7 11.1 7.7 5.7
Deflection < L/350 49.5 31.7 22.0 16.2 12.4 9.8 7.9 4.8 3.0
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 46.2 26.0 16.6 11.6 8.5 6.5 4.2 2.9 2.1
Deflection < L/350 33.0 18.6 11.9 8.3 6.1 4.6 3.0 1.8 1.1
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 77.0 43.3 27.7 19.3 14.2 10.8 6.9 4.8 3.5
Deflection < L/350 55.0 31.0 19.8 13.8 10.1 7.7 5.0 3.0 1.9

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 6.0 6.4 7.2 8.0 8.7 9.5
Restrained 14.6 15.6 17.1 18.3 19.4 20.3
B - 32
BENDING Table 30

2

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 48.1 30.8 21.4 15.7 12.0 9.5 7.7 5.3 3.9
Deflection < L/350 34.3 22.0 15.3 11.2 8.6 6.8 5.5 3.3 2.1
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 80.1 51.3 35.6 26.2 20.0 15.8 12.8 8.9 6.5
Deflection < L/350 57.2 36.6 25.4 18.7 14.3 11.3 9.2 5.6 3.5
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 53.4 30.0 19.2 13.4 9.8 7.5 4.8 3.3 2.5
Deflection < L/350 38.1 21.5 13.7 9.5 7.0 5.4 3.4 2.1 1.3
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 89.0 50.1 32.0 22.3 16.3 12.5 8.0 5.6 4.1
Deflection < L/350 63.6 35.8 22.9 15.9 11.7 8.9 5.7 3.5 2.2

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 7.6 8.2 9.1 10 10.8 11.7
Restrained 17.8 19 20.7 22.1 23.4 24.5
B - 33
BENDING Table 31

2

3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 7.0 8.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 24.2 17.8 13.6 10.7 8.7 7.2 6.0 4.4 3.4
Deflection < L/350 17.3 12.7 9.7 7.7 6.2 4.9 3.8 2.4 1.6
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 40.3 29.6 22.7 17.9 14.5 12.0 10.1 7.4 5.7
Deflection < L/350 28.8 21.1 16.2 12.8 10.4 8.2 6.3 4.0 2.7
Central Point Load

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 34.0 21.8 15.1 11.1 8.5 5.4 3.8 2.8 2.1
Deflection < L/350 24.3 15.5 10.8 7.9 6.1 3.9 2.4 1.5 1.0
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 56.7 36.3 25.2 18.5 14.2 9.1 6.3 4.6 3.5
Deflection < L/350 40.5 25.9 18.0 13.2 10.1 6.5 3.9 2.5 1.7

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 9.5 10.1 11.1 12.2 13.2 14.2
Restrained 21.3 22.7 24.7 26.3 27.8 29.1
B - 34
BENDING Table 32

2

3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 7.0 8.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 29.8 21.9 16.7 13.2 10.7 8.9 7.4 5.5 4.2
Deflection < L/350 21.3 15.6 12.0 9.5 7.7 6.0 4.7 2.9 2.0
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 49.6 36.5 27.9 22.1 17.9 14.8 12.4 9.1 7.0
Deflection < L/350 35.4 26.0 19.9 15.8 12.8 10.1 7.8 4.9 3.3
Central Point Load

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 41.9 26.8 18.6 13.7 10.5 6.7 4.7 3.4 2.6
Deflection < L/350 29.9 19.1 13.3 9.8 7.5 4.8 2.9 1.8 1.2
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 69.8 44.7 31.0 22.8 17.4 11.2 7.8 5.7 4.4
Deflection < L/350 49.8 31.9 22.2 16.3 12.5 8.0 4.8 3.1 2.0

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 9.3 9.9 10.9 11.9 12.9 13.9
Restrained 21.5 23 24.9 26.6 28.1 29.4
B - 35
BENDING Table 33

2

3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 7.0 8.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 36.7 27.0 20.6 16.3 13.2 10.9 9.2 6.7 5.2
Deflection < L/350 26.2 19.3 14.7 11.7 9.4 7.4 5.7 3.6 2.4
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 61.2 44.9 34.4 27.2 22.0 18.2 15.3 11.2 8.6
Deflection < L/350 43.7 32.1 24.6 19.4 15.7 12.4 9.6 6.0 4.0
Central Point Load

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 51.6 33.0 22.9 16.9 12.9 8.3 5.7 4.2 3.2
Deflection < L/350 36.9 23.6 16.4 12.0 9.2 5.9 3.6 2.3 1.5
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 86.0 55.1 38.2 28.1 21.5 13.8 9.6 7.0 5.4
Deflection < L/350 61.4 39.3 27.3 20.1 15.4 9.8 6.0 3.8 2.5

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 13.6 14.4 15.6 16.9 18.1 19.3
Restrained 29.4 31.3 33.8 36 37.9 39.6
B - 36
BENDING Table 34

2

3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 42.2 32.3 25.6 20.7 14.4 10.6 8.1 6.4 5.2
Deflection < L/350 30.2 23.1 18.3 14.8 9.0 5.7 3.8 2.7 1.9
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 70.4 53.9 42.6 34.5 24.0 17.6 13.5 10.6 8.6
Deflection < L/350 50.3 38.5 30.4 24.6 15.0 9.4 6.3 4.4 3.2
Central Point Load

2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 80.8 35.9 20.2 12.9 9.0 6.6 5.1 4.0 3.2
Deflection < L/350 57.7 25.7 14.4 9.2 5.6 3.5 2.4 1.7 1.2
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 134.7 59.9 33.7 21.6 15.0 11.0 8.4 6.7 5.4
Deflection < L/350 96.2 42.8 24.1 15.4 9.4 5.9 3.9 2.8 2.0

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 13.3 14 15.2 16.4 17.6 18.8
Restrained 29.8 31.7 34.3 36.5 38.4 40.2
B - 37
BENDING Table 35

2

3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 70.8 54.2 42.9 34.7 24.1 17.7 13.6 10.7 8.7
Deflection < L/350 50.6 38.7 30.6 24.8 15.1 9.5 6.4 4.5 3.3
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 118.1 90.4 71.4 57.9 40.2 29.5 22.6 17.9 14.5
Deflection < L/350 84.3 64.6 51.0 41.3 25.1 15.8 10.6 7.4 5.4
Central Point Load

2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 135.6 60.3 33.9 21.7 15.1 11.1 8.5 6.7 5.4
Deflection < L/350 96.9 43.0 24.2 15.5 9.4 5.9 4.0 2.8 2.0
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 226.0 100.4 56.5 36.2 25.1 18.4 14.1 11.2 9.0
Deflection < L/350 161.4 71.7 40.4 25.8 15.7 9.9 6.6 4.6 3.4

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 12.6 13.3 14.5 15.6 16.8 17.9
Restrained 30.6 32.5 35.2 37.4 39.4 41.2
B - 38
BENDING Table 36

2

3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 92.6 70.9 56.0 45.4 31.5 23.2 17.7 14.0 11.3
Deflection < L/350 66.2 50.7 40.0 32.4 19.7 12.4 8.3 5.8 4.3
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 154.4 118.2 93.4 75.7 52.5 38.6 29.6 23.4 18.9
Deflection < L/350 110.3 84.4 66.7 54.0 32.8 20.7 13.9 9.7 7.1
Central Point Load

2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 177.3 78.8 44.3 28.4 19.7 14.5 11.1 8.8 7.1
Deflection < L/350 126.7 56.3 31.7 20.3 12.3 7.8 5.2 3.6 2.7
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 295.6 131.4 73.9 47.3 32.8 24.1 18.5 14.6 11.8
Deflection < L/350 211.1 93.8 52.8 33.8 20.5 12.9 8.7 6.1 4.4

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 20.4 21.3 22.8 24.3 25.8 27.4
Restrained 44.8 47.4 51.1 54.1 56.8 59.2
B - 39
[BLANK PAGE]
B - 40
LOAD CAPACITY TABLES FOR COLUMNS
S280
Generic C Sections
Note: These tables are presented for generic C sections, which may be used for
scheme design.
B-1
COMPRESSION Table 37
Design Strength 280N/mm2
Single Section Columns

Effective Working load (kN) for effective length Ly (m)
length Lx 4m 3m 2m 1m Continuous
CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 6.8 10.0 14.8 19.5 21.2
2m 6.8 10.8 18.4 26.1 28.3
Continuous 6.8 10.8 18.8 27.3 30.1
ECCENTRIC LOADING ABOUT X AND Y AXIS
4m 3.1 4.3 6.1 6.9 7.2
2m 3.1 4.5 6.6 7.9 8.3
Continuous 3.1 4.5 6.7 8.2 8.6
ECCENTRIC LOADING ABOUT X AXIS
4m 4.1 6.1 9.0 10.1 10.4
2m 4.1 6.5 10.8 13.2 13.6
Continuous 4.1 6.5 10.9 14.2 14.8
ECCENTRIC LOADING ABOUT Y AXIS
4m 4.4 5.9 7.9 9.7 10.4
2m 4.4 6.2 8.8 11.1 11.9
Continuous 4.4 6.2 8.8 11.3 12.2
Double Section Columns

length Lx 4m 3m 2m 1m Continuous
CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 28.7 44.6 48.9 48.9 48.9
2m 28.7 44.6 62.6 69.0 69.0
Continuous 28.7 44.6 62.6 71.8 74.3
4m 8.2 10.6 11.7 12.1 12.2
2m 8.2 10.6 12.7 13.5 13.7
Continuous 8.2 10.6 12.8 13.8 14.1
4m 14.5 21.2 21.9 21.9 21.9
2m 14.5 22.0 28.4 29.6 29.6
Continuous 14.5 22.0 29.6 32.0 32.5
4m 10.7 13.4 15.2 16.1 16.4
2m 10.7 13.4 16.2 17.8 18.2
Continuous 10.7 13.4 16.2 18.0 18.6
B - 42

length Lx 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 Continuous
CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 6.9 10.8 17.3 22.1 23.5
2m 6.9 10.8 17.9 25.0 26.9
Continuous 6.9 10.8 17.9 25.2 27.8
4m 3.3 4.7 6.7 7.5 7.8
2m 3.3 4.7 6.8 8.1 8.3
Continuous 3.3 4.7 6.8 8.2 8.5
4m 4.2 6.7 10.5 11.6 11.8
2m 4.2 6.7 11.0 13.3 13.7
Continuous 4.2 6.7 11.0 13.8 14.3
4m 4.5 6.3 8.8 10.5 11.1
2m 4.5 6.3 8.9 11.1 11.8
Continuous 4.5 6.3 8.9 11.1 12.0

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 28.5 44.2 59.9 59.9 59.9
2m 28.5 44.2 62.2 71.3 71.3
Continuous 28.5 44.2 62.2 71.9 74.7
4m 8.2 10.6 12.5 13.0 13.1
2m 8.2 10.6 12.8 13.7 13.9
Continuous 8.2 10.6 12.9 13.8 14.2
4m 14.4 22.1 26.0 26.0 26.0
2m 14.4 22.1 29.3 31.2 31.2
Continuous 14.4 22.1 30.3 32.5 33.1
4m 10.6 13.4 16.0 17.1 17.5
2m 10.6 13.4 16.2 17.9 18.4
Continuous 10.6 13.4 16.2 18.0 18.6
B - 43

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 9.6 15.4 26.4 34.8 37.3
2m 9.6 15.4 27.3 40.9 44.2
Continuous 9.6 15.4 27.3 41.2 45.9
4m 4.4 6.3 9.1 10.6 11.0
2m 4.4 6.3 9.3 11.5 11.9
Continuous 4.4 6.3 9.3 11.6 12.2
4m 5.8 9.2 15.3 17.1 17.4
2m 5.8 9.2 15.7 20.3 20.8
Continuous 5.8 9.2 15.7 21.2 22.0
4m 6.0 8.5 12.1 14.8 15.7
2m 6.0 8.5 12.3 15.7 16.8
Continuous 6.0 8.5 12.3 15.8 17.1

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 38.4 61.7 89.0 89.0 89.0
2m 38.4 61.7 93.0 109.3 109.3
Continuous 38.4 61.7 93.0 110.1 114.6
4m 10.8 14.1 17.0 17.8 18.0
2m 10.8 14.1 17.3 18.8 19.1
Continuous 10.8 14.1 17.3 19.0 19.4
4m 19.4 29.9 37.3 37.3 37.3
2m 19.4 29.9 42.3 45.7 45.7
Continuous 19.4 29.9 42.3 47.9 48.7
4m 14.0 17.8 21.5 23.1 23.7
2m 14.0 17.8 21.7 24.3 24.9
Continuous 14.0 17.8 21.7 24.3 25.2
B - 44

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 13.7 21.1 32.6 39.6 41.5
2m 13.7 21.1 33.1 42.9 45.4
Continuous 13.7 21.1 33.1 43.1 46.5
4m 6.1 8.4 11.2 12.2 12.5
2m 6.1 8.4 11.3 12.8 13.1
Continuous 6.1 8.4 11.3 12.9 13.3
4m 8.4 13.0 18.9 20.2 20.5
2m 8.4 13.0 19.5 22.4 22.9
Continuous 8.4 13.0 19.5 22.9 23.6
4m 8.3 11.1 14.6 16.8 17.6
2m 8.3 11.1 14.7 17.4 18.2
Continuous 8.3 11.1 14.7 17.4 18.4

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 56.2 83.2 106.8 106.8 106.8
2m 56.2 83.2 107.8 120.2 120.2
Continuous 56.2 83.2 107.8 120.4 123.8
4m 14.2 17.5 19.8 20.4 20.7
2m 14.2 17.5 20.1 21.2 21.4
Continuous 14.2 17.5 20.1 21.3 21.6
4m 28.1 40.4 45.6 45.6 45.6
2m 28.1 40.4 49.6 51.9 51.9
Continuous 28.1 40.4 50.7 53.5 54.2
4m 18.0 21.8 25.1 26.5 26.9
2m 18.0 21.8 25.1 27.2 27.7
Continuous 18.0 21.8 25.1 27.2 27.9
B - 45

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 15.8 24.6 39.2 48.1 50.5
2m 15.8 24.6 39.7 52.5 55.7
Continuous 15.8 24.6 39.7 52.7 57.0
4m 6.8 9.5 12.8 14.0 14.4
2m 6.8 9.5 12.8 14.7 15.1
Continuous 6.8 9.5 12.8 14.8 15.3
4m 9.5 14.8 22.2 23.8 24.1
2m 9.5 14.8 22.6 26.6 27.1
Continuous 9.5 14.8 22.6 27.3 28.1
4m 9.3 12.6 16.7 19.3 20.2
2m 9.3 12.6 16.8 20.0 21.0
Continuous 9.3 12.6 16.8 20.0 21.2

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 63.6 96.0 126.0 126.0 126.0
2m 63.6 96.0 127.1 142.5 142.5
Continuous 63.6 96.0 127.1 142.8 146.9
4m 15.8 19.6 22.4 23.2 23.4
2m 15.8 19.6 22.6 24.0 24.3
Continuous 15.8 19.6 22.6 24.1 24.5
4m 31.7 45.8 52.8 52.8 52.8
2m 31.7 45.8 57.6 60.5 60.5
Continuous 31.7 45.8 58.0 62.4 63.2
4m 20.2 24.5 28.3 29.8 30.4
2m 20.2 24.5 28.3 30.7 31.3
Continuous 20.2 24.5 28.3 30.7 31.5
B - 46
GENERIC C SECTION Depth 165mm Thickness 1.6 mm

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 13.7 20.9 32.2 39.3 41.1
2m 13.7 20.9 32.2 41.6 44.1
Continuous 13.7 20.9 32.2 41.6 44.9
4m 6.2 8.5 11.3 12.4 12.6
2m 6.2 8.5 11.3 12.8 13.1
Continuous 6.2 8.5 11.3 12.8 13.3
4m 8.5 13.0 19.1 20.6 20.9
2m 8.5 13.0 19.4 22.3 22.8
Continuous 8.5 13.0 19.4 22.6 23.3
4m 8.4 11.2 14.7 16.9 17.6
2m 8.4 11.2 14.7 17.3 18.1
Continuous 8.4 11.2 14.7 17.3 18.3

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 55.9 82.8 107.5 110.3 110.3
2m 55.9 82.8 107.5 120.4 121.2
Continuous 55.9 82.8 107.5 120.4 124.0
4m 14.2 17.5 19.9 20.7 20.9
2m 14.2 17.5 20.1 21.3 21.5
Continuous 14.2 17.5 20.2 21.3 21.7
4m 28.1 40.6 46.9 47.4 47.4
2m 28.1 40.6 50.0 52.6 52.8
Continuous 28.1 40.6 51.1 53.8 54.5
4m 18.0 21.8 25.1 26.7 27.2
2m 18.0 21.8 25.1 27.2 27.8
Continuous 18.0 21.8 25.1 27.2 27.9
B - 47

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 15.8 24.3 38.4 47.7 50.0
2m 15.8 24.3 38.4 50.6 53.8
Continuous 15.8 24.3 38.4 50.6 54.8
4m 6.9 9.6 12.9 14.2 14.6
2m 6.9 9.6 12.9 14.7 15.1
Continuous 6.9 9.6 12.9 14.8 15.3
4m 9.6 14.9 22.4 24.3 24.6
2m 9.6 14.9 22.5 26.4 27.0
Continuous 9.6 14.9 22.5 26.9 27.7
4m 9.4 12.7 16.8 19.4 20.3
2m 9.4 12.7 16.8 19.9 20.9
Continuous 9.4 12.7 16.8 19.9 21.0

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 63.3 95.5 126.8 130.3 130.3
2m 63.3 95.5 126.8 142.8 143.7
Continuous 63.3 95.5 126.8 142.8 147.2
4m 15.8 19.7 22.6 23.5 23.7
2m 15.8 19.7 22.8 24.1 24.4
Continuous 15.8 19.7 22.8 24.2 24.6
4m 31.6 46.0 54.5 55.1 55.1
2m 31.6 46.0 58.3 61.3 61.5
Continuous 31.6 46.0 58.7 62.9 63.7
4m 20.2 24.5 28.3 30.1 30.7
2m 20.2 24.5 28.3 30.7 31.3
Continuous 20.2 24.5 28.3 30.7 31.5
B - 48

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 13.7 20.8 31.4 38.9 40.6
2m 13.7 20.8 31.4 40.3 43.0
Continuous 13.7 20.8 31.4 40.3 43.5
4m 6.2 8.6 11.4 12.5 12.7
2m 6.2 8.6 11.4 12.8 13.1
Continuous 6.2 8.6 11.4 12.8 13.2
4m 8.6 13.1 19.1 20.8 21.1
2m 8.6 13.1 19.3 22.1 22.6
Continuous 8.6 13.1 19.3 22.4 23.1
4m 8.4 11.3 14.7 16.9 17.6
2m 8.4 11.3 14.7 17.2 18.0
Continuous 8.4 11.3 14.7 17.2 18.1

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 55.7 82.4 107.3 112.7 112.7
2m 55.7 82.4 107.3 120.4 122.1
Continuous 55.7 82.4 107.3 120.4 124.3
4m 14.2 17.6 20.0 20.9 21.1
2m 14.2 17.6 20.2 21.3 21.6
Continuous 14.2 17.6 20.2 21.4 21.8
4m 28.0 40.8 47.9 48.9 48.9
2m 28.0 40.8 50.4 53.1 53.4
Continuous 28.0 40.8 51.3 54.1 54.9
4m 18.0 21.8 25.1 26.8 27.3
2m 18.0 21.8 25.1 27.2 27.8
Continuous 18.0 21.8 25.1 27.2 27.9
B - 49

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 15.7 24.0 37.4 47.0 49.2
2m 15.7 24.0 37.4 48.9 52.3
Continuous 15.7 24.0 37.4 48.9 52.9
4m 7.0 9.7 12.9 14.3 14.7
2m 7.0 9.7 12.9 14.7 15.1
Continuous 7.0 9.7 12.9 14.8 15.3
4m 9.7 14.9 22.4 24.6 24.9
2m 9.7 14.9 22.4 26.2 26.8
Continuous 9.7 14.9 22.4 26.5 27.4
4m 9.5 12.8 16.8 19.4 20.3
2m 9.5 12.8 16.8 19.8 20.8
Continuous 9.5 12.8 16.8 19.8 20.8

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 63.1 95.0 126.4 133.3 133.3
2m 63.1 95.0 126.4 142.8 144.7
Continuous 63.1 95.0 126.4 142.8 147.4
4m 15.8 19.7 22.7 23.7 24.0
2m 15.8 19.7 22.8 24.2 24.5
Continuous 15.8 19.7 22.8 24.3 24.7
4m 31.6 46.2 55.7 56.9 56.9
2m 31.6 46.2 58.8 62.0 62.4
Continuous 31.6 46.2 59.3 63.3 64.2
4m 20.1 24.4 28.3 30.3 30.8
2m 20.1 24.4 28.3 30.7 31.4
Continuous 20.1 24.4 28.3 30.7 31.5
B - 50

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 17.8 27.5 43.9 56.0 58.7
2m 17.8 27.5 43.9 58.4 62.6
Continuous 17.8 27.5 43.9 58.4 63.4
4m 7.8 10.8 14.4 16.2 16.6
2m 7.8 10.8 14.4 16.6 17.1
Continuous 7.8 10.8 14.4 16.7 17.3
4m 10.9 16.8 25.6 28.5 28.8
2m 10.9 16.8 25.6 30.4 31.2
Continuous 10.9 16.8 25.6 30.9 31.9
4m 10.5 14.2 18.8 22.0 22.9
2m 10.5 14.2 18.8 22.3 23.5
Continuous 10.5 14.2 18.8 22.3 23.6

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 70.3 107.4 145.8 154.3 154.3
2m 70.3 107.4 145.8 165.5 167.9
Continuous 70.3 107.4 145.8 165.5 171.0
4m 17.5 21.8 25.3 26.4 26.7
2m 17.5 21.8 25.3 26.9 27.3
Continuous 17.5 21.8 25.3 27.0 27.5
4m 35.1 51.6 63.3 64.7 64.7
2m 35.1 51.6 66.8 70.8 71.2
Continuous 35.1 51.6 66.8 72.3 73.3
4m 22.2 27.0 31.3 33.6 34.3
2m 22.2 27.0 31.3 34.1 34.9
Continuous 22.2 27.0 31.3 34.1 35.0
B - 51

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 13.8 20.5 30.7 38.2 39.9
2m 13.8 20.5 30.7 39.0 41.7
Continuous 13.8 20.5 30.7 39.0 42.1
4m 6.3 8.7 11.4 12.5 12.8
2m 6.3 8.7 11.4 12.8 13.1
Continuous 6.3 8.7 11.4 12.8 13.2
4m 8.7 13.1 19.1 21.0 21.3
2m 8.7 13.1 19.3 21.8 22.4
Continuous 8.7 13.1 19.3 22.1 22.8
4m 8.5 11.3 14.7 16.9 17.6
2m 8.5 11.3 14.7 17.1 17.9
Continuous 8.5 11.3 14.7 17.1 18.0

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 55.4 82.0 106.9 115.2 115.2
2m 55.4 82.0 106.9 120.5 123.1
Continuous 55.4 82.0 106.9 120.5 124.6
4m 14.2 17.6 20.1 21.1 21.3
2m 14.2 17.6 20.2 21.4 21.7
Continuous 14.2 17.6 20.3 21.4 21.8
4m 28.0 40.9 48.8 50.4 50.4
2m 28.0 40.9 50.8 53.7 54.2
Continuous 28.0 40.9 51.5 54.4 55.3
4m 18.0 21.8 25.1 26.9 27.4
2m 18.0 21.8 25.1 27.2 27.9
Continuous 18.0 21.8 25.1 27.2 27.9
B - 52

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 15.7 23.8 36.3 46.0 48.2
2m 15.7 23.8 36.3 47.1 50.5
Continuous 15.7 23.8 36.3 47.1 50.9
4m 7.1 9.8 13.0 14.4 14.8
2m 7.1 9.8 13.0 14.7 15.1
Continuous 7.1 9.8 13.0 14.7 15.2
4m 9.8 15.0 22.3 24.8 25.1
2m 9.8 15.0 22.3 25.9 26.6
Continuous 9.8 15.0 22.3 26.2 27.0
4m 9.6 12.8 16.7 19.4 20.2
2m 9.6 12.8 16.7 19.6 20.6
Continuous 9.6 12.8 16.7 19.6 20.7

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 62.8 94.5 126.0 136.3 136.3
2m 62.8 94.5 126.0 142.8 145.9
Continuous 62.8 94.5 126.0 142.8 147.7
4m 15.8 19.7 22.8 23.9 24.2
2m 15.8 19.7 22.9 24.3 24.7
Continuous 15.8 19.7 22.9 24.3 24.8
4m 31.5 46.4 56.9 58.8 58.8
2m 31.5 46.4 59.3 62.8 63.4
Continuous 31.5 46.4 60.2 63.8 64.8
4m 20.1 24.4 28.3 30.4 31.0
2m 20.1 24.4 28.3 30.7 31.5
Continuous 20.1 24.4 28.3 30.7 31.5
B - 53

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 17.7 27.1 42.5 54.7 57.3
2m 17.7 27.1 42.5 55.9 60.2
Continuous 17.7 27.1 42.5 55.9 60.8
4m 7.9 10.9 14.5 16.3 16.7
2m 7.9 10.9 14.5 16.6 17.1
Continuous 7.9 10.9 14.5 16.7 17.2
4m 11.0 16.9 25.5 28.7 29.1
2m 11.0 16.9 25.5 30.1 30.9
Continuous 11.0 16.9 25.5 30.4 31.5
4m 10.7 14.3 18.8 22.0 22.9
2m 10.7 14.3 18.8 22.2 23.3
Continuous 10.7 14.3 18.8 22.2 23.4

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 69.9 106.7 145.2 157.9 157.9
2m 69.9 106.7 145.2 165.5 169.2
Continuous 69.9 106.7 145.2 165.5 171.3
4m 17.5 21.8 25.4 26.7 27.0
2m 17.5 21.8 25.4 27.1 27.5
Continuous 17.5 21.8 25.4 27.1 27.6
4m 35.0 51.8 64.8 67.1 67.1
2m 35.0 51.8 67.7 71.8 72.5
Continuous 35.0 51.8 67.7 73.0 74.1
4m 22.2 27.0 31.3 33.8 34.4
2m 22.2 27.0 31.3 34.1 35.0
Continuous 22.2 27.0 31.3 34.1 35.1
B - 54

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 17.7 26.8 41.3 53.4 55.9
2m 17.7 26.8 41.3 54.0 58.3
Continuous 17.7 26.8 41.3 54.0 58.6
4m 8.0 10.9 14.6 16.4 16.8
2m 8.0 10.9 14.6 16.6 17.1
Continuous 8.0 10.9 14.6 16.6 17.2
4m 11.1 16.9 25.4 28.8 29.3
2m 11.1 16.9 25.4 29.8 30.7
Continuous 11.1 16.9 25.4 30.0 31.1
4m 10.8 14.3 18.7 21.9 22.8
2m 10.8 14.3 18.7 22.0 23.2
Continuous 10.8 14.3 18.7 22.0 23.2

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 69.6 106.1 144.7 160.5 160.5
2m 69.6 106.1 144.7 165.4 170.3
Continuous 69.6 106.1 144.7 165.4 171.7
4m 17.5 21.8 25.5 26.9 27.2
2m 17.5 21.8 25.6 27.2 27.6
Continuous 17.5 21.8 25.6 27.2 27.7
4m 34.9 52.0 66.0 68.9 68.9
2m 34.9 52.0 68.3 72.6 73.5
Continuous 34.9 52.0 68.6 73.5 74.8
4m 22.1 26.9 31.3 33.9 34.6
2m 22.1 26.9 31.3 34.1 35.0
Continuous 22.1 26.9 31.3 34.1 35.1
B - 55

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 21.8 33.8 54.3 72.7 76.3
2m 21.8 33.8 54.3 73.5 79.8
Continuous 21.8 33.8 54.3 73.5 80.3
4m 9.5 13.1 17.7 20.2 20.7
2m 9.5 13.1 17.7 20.4 21.1
Continuous 9.5 13.1 17.7 20.5 21.2
4m 13.4 20.8 31.9 37.3 37.8
2m 13.4 20.8 31.9 38.7 39.9
Continuous 13.4 20.8 31.9 39.1 40.4
4m 12.8 17.2 22.8 27.0 28.2
2m 12.8 17.2 22.8 27.1 28.7
Continuous 12.8 17.2 22.8 27.1 28.7

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 83.4 130.2 184.7 207.3 207.3
2m 83.4 130.2 184.7 213.8 220.3
Continuous 83.4 130.2 184.7 213.8 222.2
4m 20.6 25.8 30.4 32.3 32.7
2m 20.6 25.8 30.4 32.6 33.2
Continuous 20.6 25.8 30.4 32.7 33.3
4m 41.7 62.5 82.3 86.3 86.3
2m 41.7 62.5 84.0 91.2 92.3
Continuous 41.7 62.5 84.0 92.4 94.0
4m 26.1 31.9 37.3 40.5 41.3
2m 26.1 31.9 37.3 40.7 41.8
Continuous 26.1 31.9 37.3 40.7 41.9
B - 56

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 21.7 33.2 52.2 69.7 73.4
2m 21.7 33.2 52.2 69.7 76.0
Continuous 21.7 33.2 52.2 69.7 76.2
4m 9.6 13.2 17.8 20.3 20.8
2m 9.6 13.2 17.8 20.4 21.1
Continuous 9.6 13.2 17.8 20.4 21.2
4m 13.5 20.8 31.8 37.3 37.9
2m 13.5 20.8 31.8 38.2 39.5
Continuous 13.5 20.8 31.8 38.4 39.8
4m 12.9 17.3 22.7 26.8 28.0
2m 12.9 17.3 22.7 26.8 28.3
Continuous 12.9 17.3 22.7 26.8 28.4

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 82.9 129.1 183.6 211.1 211.1
2m 82.9 129.1 183.6 213.6 222.0
Continuous 82.9 129.1 183.6 213.6 222.7
4m 20.6 25.9 30.6 32.6 33.1
2m 20.6 25.9 30.6 32.8 33.4
Continuous 20.6 25.9 30.6 32.8 33.5
4m 41.6 62.8 84.3 89.4 89.4
2m 41.6 62.8 85.5 92.8 94.3
Continuous 41.6 62.8 85.5 93.7 95.4
4m 26.0 31.8 37.3 40.6 41.5
2m 26.0 31.8 37.3 40.7 41.9
Continuous 26.0 31.8 37.3 40.7 41.9
B - 57

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 21.6 32.4 49.7 65.3 69.8
2m 21.6 32.4 49.7 65.3 71.4
Continuous 21.6 32.4 49.7 65.3 71.4
4m 9.8 13.4 17.8 20.3 20.8
2m 9.8 13.4 17.8 20.4 21.1
Continuous 9.8 13.4 17.8 20.4 21.1
4m 13.7 20.9 31.5 37.0 37.9
2m 13.7 20.9 31.5 37.5 38.9
Continuous 13.7 20.9 31.5 37.6 39.1
4m 13.1 17.4 22.6 26.5 27.7
2m 13.1 17.4 22.6 26.5 27.9
Continuous 13.1 17.4 22.6 26.5 27.9

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 82.2 127.6 182.1 213.5 215.8
2m 82.2 127.6 182.1 213.5 223.7
Continuous 82.2 127.6 182.1 213.5 223.7
4m 20.6 25.9 30.9 32.9 33.5
2m 20.6 25.9 30.9 33.0 33.7
Continuous 20.6 25.9 30.9 33.1 33.8
4m 41.4 63.3 86.6 92.9 93.3
2m 41.4 63.3 87.8 94.8 96.8
Continuous 41.4 63.3 87.8 95.5 97.5
4m 26.0 31.8 37.2 40.7 41.7
2m 26.0 31.8 37.2 40.7 42.0
Continuous 26.0 31.8 37.2 40.7 42.0
B - 58

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 27.6 42.5 68.8 95.3 102.6
2m 27.6 42.5 68.8 95.3 105.3
Continuous 27.6 42.5 68.8 95.3 105.3
4m 12.0 16.5 22.4 26.1 26.8
2m 12.0 16.5 22.4 26.2 27.2
Continuous 12.0 16.5 22.4 26.2 27.2
4m 17.1 26.6 41.6 51.0 52.3
2m 17.1 26.6 41.6 51.8 53.9
Continuous 17.1 26.6 41.6 52.1 54.2
4m 16.1 21.5 28.5 33.9 35.6
2m 16.1 21.5 28.5 33.9 35.9
Continuous 16.1 21.5 28.5 33.9 35.9

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 101.7 162.3 245.4 294.3 297.9
2m 101.7 162.3 245.4 294.3 309.3
Continuous 101.7 162.3 245.4 294.3 309.3
4m 25.0 31.6 37.9 41.0 41.7
2m 25.0 31.6 37.9 41.1 42.0
Continuous 25.0 31.6 37.9 41.1 42.0
4m 51.0 78.7 112.3 123.2 123.8
2m 51.0 78.7 112.3 126.0 128.7
Continuous 51.0 78.7 112.3 127.0 129.7
4m 31.5 38.7 45.7 50.2 51.4
2m 31.5 38.7 45.7 50.2 51.8
Continuous 31.5 38.7 45.7 50.2 51.8
B - 59
[BLANK PAGE]
B - 60
S350
Generic C Sections
for scheme design.
C-1
BENDING Table 55


1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 25.5 11.3 6.4 4.1 2.8 2.1 1.6 1.3 1.0
Deflection < L/350 18.2 8.1 4.5 2.9 2.0 1.5 1.1 0.9 0.7
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 42.4 18.9 10.6 6.8 4.7 3.5 2.7 2.1 1.7
Deflection < L/350 30.3 13.5 7.6 4.8 3.4 2.5 1.9 1.5 1.2
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 50.9 22.6 12.7 8.1 5.7 4.2 3.2 2.5 2.0
Deflection < L/350 36.4 16.2 9.1 5.8 4.0 3.0 2.3 1.8 1.5
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 84.9 37.7 21.2 13.6 9.4 6.9 5.3 4.2 3.4
Deflection < L/350 60.6 26.9 15.2 9.7 6.7 4.9 3.8 3.0 2.4
Central Point Load

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 15.9 7.1 4.0 2.5 1.8 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.6
Deflection < L/350 11.4 5.1 2.8 1.8 1.3 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 31.8 14.1 8.0 5.1 3.5 2.6 2.0 1.6 1.3
Deflection < L/350 22.7 10.1 5.7 3.6 2.5 1.9 1.4 1.1 0.9

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 4.4 4.8 5.5 6.2 6.9 7.6
Restrained 10.3 11.1 12.2 13.2 14.0 14.8
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 8.7 9.6 11.0 12.4 13.8 15.2
Restrained 20.6 22.3 24.5 26.4 28.0 29.5
C-2
BENDING Table 56


1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 40.5 18.0 10.1 6.5 4.5 3.3 2.5 2.0 1.6
Deflection < L/350 29.0 12.9 7.2 4.6 3.2 2.4 1.8 1.4 1.2
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 67.6 30.0 16.9 10.8 7.5 5.5 4.2 3.3 2.7
Deflection < L/350 48.3 21.4 12.1 7.7 5.4 3.9 3.0 2.4 1.9
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 81.1 36.0 20.3 13.0 9.0 6.6 5.1 4.0 3.2
Deflection < L/350 57.9 25.7 14.5 9.3 6.4 4.7 3.6 2.9 2.3
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 135.1 60.0 33.8 21.6 15.0 11.0 8.4 6.7 5.4
Deflection < L/350 96.5 42.9 24.1 15.4 10.7 7.9 6.0 4.8 3.9
Central Point Load

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 25.3 11.3 6.3 4.1 2.8 2.1 1.6 1.3 1.0
Deflection < L/350 18.1 8.0 4.5 2.9 2.0 1.5 1.1 0.9 0.7
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 50.7 22.5 12.7 8.1 5.6 4.1 3.2 2.5 2.0
Deflection < L/350 36.2 16.1 9.0 5.8 4.0 3.0 2.3 1.8 1.4

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 4.2 4.6 5.2 5.9 6.6 7.2
Restrained 10.6 11.4 12.6 13.5 14.4 15.1
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 8.3 9.1 10.5 11.8 13.1 14.5
Restrained 21.2 22.8 25.1 27.0 28.7 30.3
C-3
BENDING Table 57


1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 58.4 26.0 14.6 9.3 6.5 4.8 3.7 2.9 2.3
Deflection < L/350 41.7 18.5 10.4 6.7 4.6 3.4 2.6 2.1 1.7
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 97.3 43.3 24.3 15.6 10.8 7.9 6.1 4.8 3.9
Deflection < L/350 69.5 30.9 17.4 11.1 7.7 5.7 4.3 3.4 2.8
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 116.8 51.9 29.2 18.7 13.0 9.5 7.3 5.8 4.7
Deflection < L/350 83.4 37.1 20.9 13.4 9.3 6.8 5.2 4.1 3.3
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 194.7 86.5 48.7 31.2 21.6 15.9 12.2 9.6 7.8
Deflection < L/350 139.1 61.8 34.8 22.3 15.5 11.4 8.7 6.9 5.6
Central Point Load

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 36.5 16.2 9.1 5.8 4.1 3.0 2.3 1.8 1.5
Deflection < L/350 26.1 11.6 6.5 4.2 2.9 2.1 1.6 1.3 1.0
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 73.0 32.4 18.3 11.7 8.1 6.0 4.6 3.6 2.9
Deflection < L/350 52.1 23.2 13.0 8.3 5.8 4.3 3.3 2.6 2.1

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 7.4 8.0 8.9 9.9 10.8 11.7
Restrained 17.2 18.5 20.2 21.6 22.9 24.1
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 14.8 15.9 17.8 19.7 21.6 23.5
Restrained 34.5 37.0 40.4 43.3 45.8 48.1
C-4
BENDING Table 58


2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 23.7 15.2 10.5 7.7 5.9 4.7 3.8 2.6 1.9
Deflection < L/350 17.0 10.8 7.5 5.5 4.2 3.3 2.7 1.6 1.0
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 39.6 25.3 17.6 12.9 9.9 7.8 6.3 4.4 3.2
Deflection < L/350 28.3 18.1 12.6 9.2 7.1 5.6 4.5 2.7 1.7
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 47.5 30.4 21.1 15.5 11.9 9.4 7.6 5.3 3.9
Deflection < L/350 33.9 21.7 15.1 11.1 8.5 6.7 5.4 3.3 2.1
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 79.1 50.6 35.2 25.8 19.8 15.6 12.7 8.8 6.5
Deflection < L/350 56.5 36.2 25.1 18.5 14.1 11.2 9.0 5.5 3.5
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 26.4 14.8 9.5 6.6 4.8 3.7 2.4 1.6 1.2
Deflection < L/350 18.8 10.6 6.8 4.7 3.5 2.6 1.7 1.0 0.6
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 52.7 29.7 19.0 13.2 9.7 7.4 4.7 3.3 2.4
Deflection < L/350 37.7 21.2 13.6 9.4 6.9 5.3 3.4 2.1 1.3

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 7.1 7.7 8.6 9.5 10.4 11.3
Restrained 17.6 18.8 20.6 22.0 23.3 24.5
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 14.3 15.4 17.2 19.0 20.9 22.7
Restrained 35.1 37.7 41.2 44.1 46.7 49.0
C-5
BENDING Table 59


2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 27.4 17.6 12.2 9.0 6.9 5.4 4.4 3.0 2.2
Deflection < L/350 19.6 12.5 8.7 6.4 4.9 3.9 3.1 1.9 1.2
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 45.7 29.3 20.3 14.9 11.4 9.0 7.3 5.1 3.7
Deflection < L/350 32.7 20.9 14.5 10.7 8.2 6.5 5.2 3.2 2.0
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 54.9 35.1 24.4 17.9 13.7 10.8 8.8 6.1 4.5
Deflection < L/350 39.2 25.1 17.4 12.8 9.8 7.7 6.3 3.8 2.4
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 91.4 58.5 40.6 29.9 22.9 18.1 14.6 10.2 7.5
Deflection < L/350 65.3 41.8 29.0 21.3 16.3 12.9 10.5 6.3 4.0
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 30.5 17.1 11.0 7.6 5.6 4.3 2.7 1.9 1.4
Deflection < L/350 21.8 12.2 7.8 5.4 4.0 3.1 2.0 1.2 0.7
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 61.0 34.3 21.9 15.2 11.2 8.6 5.5 3.8 2.8
Deflection < L/350 43.5 24.5 15.7 10.9 8.0 6.1 3.9 2.4 1.5

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 9.1 9.7 10.7 11.8 12.9 13.9
Restrained 21.5 23.0 25.0 26.8 28.3 29.7
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 18.1 19.4 21.5 23.6 25.7 27.8
Restrained 43.0 46.0 50.1 53.5 56.6 59.4
C-6
BENDING Table 60


2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 29.0 18.5 12.9 9.5 7.2 5.7 4.6 3.2 2.4
Deflection < L/350 20.7 13.2 9.2 6.8 5.2 4.1 3.3 2.0 1.3
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 48.3 30.9 21.5 15.8 12.1 9.5 7.7 5.4 3.9
Deflection < L/350 34.5 22.1 15.3 11.3 8.6 6.8 5.5 3.4 2.1
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 57.9 37.1 25.7 18.9 14.5 11.4 9.3 6.4 4.7
Deflection < L/350 41.4 26.5 18.4 13.5 10.3 8.2 6.6 4.0 2.5
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 96.6 61.8 42.9 31.5 24.1 19.1 15.4 10.7 7.9
Deflection < L/350 69.0 44.1 30.7 22.5 17.2 13.6 11.0 6.7 4.2
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 32.2 18.1 11.6 8.0 5.9 4.5 2.9 2.0 1.5
Deflection < L/350 23.0 12.9 8.3 5.7 4.2 3.2 2.1 1.3 0.8
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 64.4 36.2 23.2 16.1 11.8 9.1 5.8 4.0 3.0
Deflection < L/350 46.0 25.9 16.6 11.5 8.4 6.5 4.1 2.5 1.6

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 7.0 7.5 8.4 9.3 10.2 11.1
Restrained 17.8 19.0 20.8 22.3 23.6 24.8
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 14.0 15.1 16.8 18.6 20.4 22.2
Restrained 35.5 38.1 41.6 44.6 47.2 49.6
C-7
BENDING Table 61


2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 33.6 21.5 14.9 11.0 8.4 6.6 5.4 3.7 2.7
Deflection < L/350 24.0 15.3 10.7 7.8 6.0 4.7 3.8 2.3 1.5
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 56.0 35.8 24.9 18.3 14.0 11.1 9.0 6.2 4.6
Deflection < L/350 40.0 25.6 17.8 13.1 10.0 7.9 6.4 3.9 2.4
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 67.1 43.0 29.8 21.9 16.8 13.3 10.7 7.5 5.5
Deflection < L/350 48.0 30.7 21.3 15.7 12.0 9.5 7.7 4.7 2.9
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 111.9 71.6 49.7 36.5 28.0 22.1 17.9 12.4 9.1
Deflection < L/350 79.9 51.2 35.5 26.1 20.0 15.8 12.8 7.8 4.9
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 37.3 21.0 13.4 9.3 6.9 5.2 3.4 2.3 1.7
Deflection < L/350 26.6 15.0 9.6 6.7 4.9 3.7 2.4 1.5 0.9
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 74.6 42.0 26.9 18.7 13.7 10.5 6.7 4.7 3.4
Deflection < L/350 53.3 30.0 19.2 13.3 9.8 7.5 4.8 2.9 1.8

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 8.9 9.5 10.6 11.6 12.6 13.7
Restrained 21.7 23.2 25.3 27.0 28.6 30.0
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 17.8 19.0 21.1 23.2 25.2 27.3
Restrained 43.4 46.4 50.6 54.1 57.2 59.9
C-8
BENDING Table 62


2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 34.7 22.2 15.4 11.3 8.7 6.9 5.6 3.9 2.8
Deflection < L/350 24.8 15.9 11.0 8.1 6.2 4.9 4.0 2.4 1.5
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 57.9 37.0 25.7 18.9 14.5 11.4 9.3 6.4 4.7
Deflection < L/350 41.3 26.4 18.4 13.5 10.3 8.2 6.6 4.0 2.5
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 69.4 44.4 30.9 22.7 17.4 13.7 11.1 7.7 5.7
Deflection < L/350 49.6 31.7 22.0 16.2 12.4 9.8 7.9 4.8 3.0
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 115.7 74.1 51.4 37.8 28.9 22.9 18.5 12.9 9.4
Deflection < L/350 82.7 52.9 36.7 27.0 20.7 16.3 13.2 8.0 5.1
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 38.6 21.7 13.9 9.6 7.1 5.4 3.5 2.4 1.8
Deflection < L/350 27.6 15.5 9.9 6.9 5.1 3.9 2.5 1.5 0.9
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 77.1 43.4 27.8 19.3 14.2 10.8 6.9 4.8 3.5
Deflection < L/350 55.1 31.0 19.8 13.8 10.1 7.7 5.0 3.0 1.9

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 6.8 7.4 8.2 9.1 10.0 10.9
Restrained 18.0 19.3 21.0 22.5 23.9 25.1
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 13.7 14.7 16.5 18.2 20.0 21.7
Restrained 35.9 38.5 42.1 45.1 47.7 50.1
C-9
BENDING Table 63


2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 40.3 25.8 17.9 13.2 10.1 8.0 6.5 4.5 3.3
Deflection < L/350 28.8 18.4 12.8 9.4 7.2 5.7 4.6 2.8 1.8
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 67.2 43.0 29.9 22.0 16.8 13.3 10.8 7.5 5.5
Deflection < L/350 48.0 30.7 21.3 15.7 12.0 9.5 7.7 4.7 2.9
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 80.7 51.6 35.9 26.3 20.2 15.9 12.9 9.0 6.6
Deflection < L/350 57.6 36.9 25.6 18.8 14.4 11.4 9.2 5.6 3.5
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 134.5 86.1 59.8 43.9 33.6 26.6 21.5 14.9 11.0
Deflection < L/350 96.1 61.5 42.7 31.4 24.0 19.0 15.4 9.3 5.9
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 44.8 25.2 16.1 11.2 8.2 6.3 4.0 2.8 2.1
Deflection < L/350 32.0 18.0 11.5 8.0 5.9 4.5 2.9 1.8 1.1
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 89.7 50.4 32.3 22.4 16.5 12.6 8.1 5.6 4.1
Deflection < L/350 64.0 36.0 23.1 16.0 11.8 9.0 5.8 3.5 2.2

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 8.7 9.3 10.4 11.4 12.4 13.4
Restrained 21.9 23.5 25.5 27.3 28.9 30.3
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 17.5 18.7 20.7 22.7 24.8 26.8
Restrained 43.9 46.9 51.1 54.6 57.7 60.5
C - 10
BENDING Table 64


2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 45.7 29.3 20.3 14.9 11.4 9.0 7.3 5.1 3.7
Deflection < L/350 32.7 20.9 14.5 10.7 8.2 6.5 5.2 3.2 2.0
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 76.2 48.8 33.9 24.9 19.1 15.1 12.2 8.5 6.2
Deflection < L/350 54.4 34.8 24.2 17.8 13.6 10.8 8.7 5.3 3.3
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 91.5 58.5 40.7 29.9 22.9 18.1 14.6 10.2 7.5
Deflection < L/350 65.3 41.8 29.0 21.3 16.3 12.9 10.5 6.4 4.0
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 152.4 97.6 67.8 49.8 38.1 30.1 24.4 16.9 12.4
Deflection < L/350 108.9 69.7 48.4 35.6 27.2 21.5 17.4 10.6 6.7
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 50.8 28.6 18.3 12.7 9.3 7.1 4.6 3.2 2.3
Deflection < L/350 36.3 20.4 13.1 9.1 6.7 5.1 3.3 2.0 1.2
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 101.6 57.2 36.6 25.4 18.7 14.3 9.1 6.4 4.7
Deflection < L/350 72.6 40.8 26.1 18.1 13.3 10.2 6.5 4.0 2.5

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 10.8 11.5 12.7 13.8 15.0 16.2
Restrained 26.3 28.0 30.5 32.5 34.3 35.9
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 21.7 23.1 25.4 27.7 30.0 32.3
Restrained 52.5 56.1 60.9 65.0 68.6 71.8
C - 11
BENDING Table 65


2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 43.1 27.6 19.2 14.1 10.8 8.5 6.9 4.8 3.5
Deflection < L/350 30.8 19.7 13.7 10.1 7.7 6.1 4.9 3.0 1.9
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 71.9 46.0 32.0 23.5 18.0 14.2 11.5 8.0 5.9
Deflection < L/350 51.4 32.9 22.8 16.8 12.8 10.1 8.2 5.0 3.1
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 86.3 55.2 38.3 28.2 21.6 17.0 13.8 9.6 7.0
Deflection < L/350 61.6 39.4 27.4 20.1 15.4 12.2 9.9 6.0 3.8
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 143.8 92.0 63.9 47.0 35.9 28.4 23.0 16.0 11.7
Deflection < L/350 102.7 65.7 45.6 33.5 25.7 20.3 16.4 10.0 6.3
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 47.9 27.0 17.3 12.0 8.8 6.7 4.3 3.0 2.2
Deflection < L/350 34.2 19.3 12.3 8.6 6.3 4.8 3.1 1.9 1.2
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 95.9 53.9 34.5 24.0 17.6 13.5 8.6 6.0 4.4
Deflection < L/350 68.5 38.5 24.7 17.1 12.6 9.6 6.2 3.7 2.4

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 6.6 7.2 8.0 8.9 9.7 10.6
Restrained 18.2 19.5 21.3 22.9 24.2 25.4
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 13.3 14.3 16.0 17.7 19.4 21.1
Restrained 36.4 39.1 42.7 45.7 48.4 50.8
C - 12
BENDING Table 66


2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 50.3 32.2 22.4 16.4 12.6 9.9 8.1 5.6 4.1
Deflection < L/350 35.9 23.0 16.0 11.7 9.0 7.1 5.8 3.5 2.2
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 83.9 53.7 37.3 27.4 21.0 16.6 13.4 9.3 6.8
Deflection < L/350 59.9 38.3 26.6 19.6 15.0 11.8 9.6 5.8 3.7
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 100.7 64.4 44.7 32.9 25.2 19.9 16.1 11.2 8.2
Deflection < L/350 71.9 46.0 32.0 23.5 18.0 14.2 11.5 7.0 4.4
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 167.8 107.4 74.6 54.8 41.9 33.1 26.8 18.6 13.7
Deflection < L/350 119.8 76.7 53.3 39.1 30.0 23.7 19.2 11.7 7.3
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 55.9 31.5 20.1 14.0 10.3 7.9 5.0 3.5 2.6
Deflection < L/350 39.9 22.5 14.4 10.0 7.3 5.6 3.6 2.2 1.4
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 111.8 62.9 40.3 28.0 20.5 15.7 10.1 7.0 5.1
Deflection < L/350 79.9 44.9 28.8 20.0 14.7 11.2 7.2 4.4 2.8

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 8.5 9.1 10.1 11.1 12.1 13.1
Restrained 22.2 23.8 25.9 27.7 29.2 30.7
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 17.0 18.2 20.2 22.2 24.2 26.1
Restrained 44.4 47.5 51.8 55.3 58.5 61.3
C - 13
BENDING Table 67


3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 7.0 8.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 25.4 18.7 14.3 11.3 9.2 7.6 6.4 4.7 3.6
Deflection < L/350 18.2 13.4 10.2 8.1 6.5 5.2 4.0 2.5 1.7
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 42.4 31.2 23.8 18.8 15.3 12.6 10.6 7.8 6.0
Deflection < L/350 30.3 22.3 17.0 13.5 10.9 8.6 6.6 4.2 2.8
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 50.9 37.4 28.6 22.6 18.3 15.1 12.7 9.3 7.2
Deflection < L/350 36.3 26.7 20.4 16.2 13.1 10.3 7.9 5.0 3.4
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 84.8 62.3 47.7 37.7 30.5 25.2 21.2 15.6 11.9
Deflection < L/350 60.6 44.5 34.1 26.9 21.8 17.2 13.2 8.3 5.6
Central Point Load

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 35.8 22.9 15.9 11.7 8.9 5.7 4.0 2.9 2.2
Deflection < L/350 25.6 16.4 11.4 8.3 6.4 4.1 2.5 1.6 1.0
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 71.5 45.8 31.8 23.4 17.9 11.4 7.9 5.8 4.5
Deflection < L/350 51.1 32.7 22.7 16.7 12.8 8.2 5.0 3.1 2.1

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 10.6 11.3 12.4 13.5 14.7 15.8
Restrained 26.6 28.4 30.8 32.9 34.7 36.3
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 21.2 22.6 24.8 27.1 29.3 31.6
Restrained 53.2 56.7 61.6 65.8 69.4 72.7
C - 14
BENDING Table 68


3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 7.0 8.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 31.1 22.9 17.5 13.8 11.2 9.3 7.8 5.7 4.4
Deflection < L/350 22.2 16.3 12.5 9.9 8.0 6.3 4.9 3.1 2.1
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 51.9 38.1 29.2 23.1 18.7 15.4 13.0 9.5 7.3
Deflection < L/350 37.1 27.2 20.8 16.5 13.3 10.5 8.1 5.1 3.4
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 62.3 45.7 35.0 27.7 22.4 18.5 15.6 11.4 8.8
Deflection < L/350 44.5 32.7 25.0 19.8 16.0 12.6 9.7 6.1 4.1
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 103.8 76.2 58.4 46.1 37.4 30.9 25.9 19.1 14.6
Deflection < L/350 74.1 54.5 41.7 32.9 26.7 21.0 16.2 10.2 6.8
Central Point Load

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 43.8 28.0 19.5 14.3 10.9 7.0 4.9 3.6 2.7
Deflection < L/350 31.3 20.0 13.9 10.2 7.8 5.0 3.0 1.9 1.3
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 87.6 56.0 38.9 28.6 21.9 14.0 9.7 7.1 5.5
Deflection < L/350 62.5 40.0 27.8 20.4 15.6 10.0 6.1 3.8 2.6

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 10.4 11.0 12.1 13.2 14.3 15.4
Restrained 26.9 28.7 31.2 33.3 35.1 36.8
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 20.7 22.1 24.3 26.5 28.7 30.9
Restrained 53.8 57.4 62.4 66.5 70.2 73.5
C - 15
BENDING Table 69


3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 7.0 8.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 38.5 28.3 21.7 17.1 13.9 11.5 9.6 7.1 5.4
Deflection < L/350 27.5 20.2 15.5 12.2 9.9 7.8 6.0 3.8 2.5
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 64.2 47.2 36.1 28.5 23.1 19.1 16.1 11.8 9.0
Deflection < L/350 45.9 33.7 25.8 20.4 16.5 13.0 10.0 6.3 4.2
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 77.1 56.6 43.4 34.3 27.7 22.9 19.3 14.2 10.8
Deflection < L/350 55.0 40.4 31.0 24.5 19.8 15.6 12.0 7.6 5.1
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 128.4 94.4 72.3 57.1 46.2 38.2 32.1 23.6 18.1
Deflection < L/350 91.7 67.4 51.6 40.8 33.0 26.1 20.1 12.6 8.5
Central Point Load

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 54.2 34.7 24.1 17.7 13.5 8.7 6.0 4.4 3.4
Deflection < L/350 38.7 24.8 17.2 12.6 9.7 6.2 3.8 2.4 1.6
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 108.4 69.4 48.2 35.4 27.1 17.3 12.0 8.8 6.8
Deflection < L/350 77.4 49.5 34.4 25.3 19.4 12.4 7.5 4.7 3.2

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 15.2 16.0 17.4 18.8 20.1 21.5
Restrained 36.8 39.1 42.3 45.0 47.3 49.5
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 30.3 32.0 34.8 37.5 40.3 43.0
Restrained 73.5 78.2 84.6 89.9 94.7 99.0
C - 16
BENDING Table 70


3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 37.3 28.6 22.6 18.3 12.7 9.3 7.1 5.6 4.6
Deflection < L/350 26.7 20.4 16.1 13.1 7.9 5.0 3.4 2.4 1.7
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 62.2 47.7 37.7 30.5 21.2 15.6 11.9 9.4 7.6
Deflection < L/350 44.5 34.0 26.9 21.8 13.2 8.3 5.6 3.9 2.9
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 74.7 57.2 45.2 36.6 25.4 18.7 14.3 11.3 9.1
Deflection < L/350 53.4 40.8 32.3 26.1 15.9 10.0 6.7 4.7 3.4
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 124.5 95.3 75.3 61.0 42.4 31.1 23.8 18.8 15.2
Deflection < L/350 88.9 68.1 53.8 43.6 26.5 16.7 11.2 7.8 5.7
Central Point Load

2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 71.5 31.8 17.9 11.4 7.9 5.8 4.5 3.5 2.9
Deflection < L/350 51.1 22.7 12.8 8.2 5.0 3.1 2.1 1.5 1.1
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 143.0 63.5 35.7 22.9 15.9 11.7 8.9 7.1 5.7
Deflection < L/350 102.1 45.4 25.5 16.3 9.9 6.3 4.2 2.9 2.1

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 14.8 15.6 16.9 18.2 19.6 20.9
Restrained 37.3 39.7 42.9 45.6 48.0 50.2
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 29.5 31.1 33.8 36.5 39.2 41.8
Restrained 74.6 79.3 85.8 91.3 96.1 100.4
C - 17
BENDING Table 71


3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 55.2 42.3 33.4 27.1 18.8 13.8 10.6 8.4 6.8
Deflection < L/350 39.5 30.2 23.9 19.3 11.7 7.4 5.0 3.5 2.5
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 92.1 70.5 55.7 45.1 31.3 23.0 17.6 13.9 11.3
Deflection < L/350 65.8 50.3 39.8 32.2 19.6 12.3 8.3 5.8 4.2
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 110.5 84.6 66.8 54.1 37.6 27.6 21.1 16.7 13.5
Deflection < L/350 78.9 60.4 47.7 38.7 23.5 14.8 9.9 7.0 5.1
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 184.1 141.0 111.4 90.2 62.7 46.0 35.2 27.8 22.6
Deflection < L/350 131.5 100.7 79.6 64.4 39.2 24.7 16.5 11.6 8.5
Central Point Load

2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 105.7 47.0 26.4 16.9 11.7 8.6 6.6 5.2 4.2
Deflection < L/350 75.5 33.6 18.9 12.1 7.3 4.6 3.1 2.2 1.6
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 211.5 94.0 52.9 33.8 23.5 17.3 13.2 10.4 8.5
Deflection < L/350 151.0 67.1 37.8 24.2 14.7 9.2 6.2 4.4 3.2

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 14.0 14.8 16.1 17.4 18.6 19.9
Restrained 38.2 40.6 44.0 46.7 49.2 51.4
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 28.1 29.6 32.2 34.7 37.3 39.8
Restrained 76.4 81.3 87.9 93.5 98.4 102.9
C - 18
BENDING Table 72


3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 72.0 55.1 43.6 35.3 24.5 18.0 13.8 10.9 8.8
Deflection < L/350 51.4 39.4 31.1 25.2 15.3 9.6 6.5 4.5 3.3
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 120.0 91.9 72.6 58.8 40.8 30.0 23.0 18.1 14.7
Deflection < L/350 85.7 65.6 51.9 42.0 25.5 16.1 10.8 7.6 5.5
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 144.0 110.3 87.1 70.6 49.0 36.0 27.6 21.8 17.6
Deflection < L/350 102.9 78.8 62.2 50.4 30.6 19.3 12.9 9.1 6.6
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 240.0 183.8 145.2 117.6 81.7 60.0 45.9 36.3 29.4
Deflection < L/350 171.4 131.3 103.7 84.0 51.0 32.1 21.5 15.1 11.0
Central Point Load

2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
SINGLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 137.8 61.3 34.5 22.1 15.3 11.3 8.6 6.8 5.5
Deflection < L/350 98.4 43.8 24.6 15.8 9.6 6.0 4.0 2.8 2.1
DOUBLE C SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 275.6 122.5 68.9 44.1 30.6 22.5 17.2 13.6 11.0
Deflection < L/350 196.9 87.5 49.2 31.5 19.1 12.1 8.1 5.7 4.1

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE SECTION:
No restraint 22.7 23.7 25.4 27.1 28.8 30.5
Restrained 56.0 59.3 63.8 67.6 71.0 74.0
DOUBLE SECTION:
No restraint 45.4 47.4 50.8 54.2 57.5 60.9
Restrained 112.1 118.6 127.6 135.2 141.9 148.0
C - 19
[BLANK PAGE]
C - 20
S350
Generic Z Sections
for scheme design.
C - 21
BENDING Table 73

2

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 24.8 11.0 6.2 4.0 2.8 2.0 1.5 1.2 1.0
Deflection < L/350 17.7 7.9 4.4 2.8 2.0 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.7
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 41.3 18.4 10.3 6.6 4.6 3.4 2.6 2.0 1.7
Deflection < L/350 29.5 13.1 7.4 4.7 3.3 2.4 1.8 1.5 1.2
Central Point Load

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 15.5 6.9 3.9 2.5 1.7 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.6
Deflection < L/350 11.1 4.9 2.8 1.8 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.4
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 25.8 11.5 6.5 4.1 2.9 2.1 1.6 1.3 1.0
Deflection < L/350 18.4 8.2 4.6 2.9 2.0 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.7
Notes: Deflection is calculated for self weight plus imposed load

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE Z SECTION:
No restraint 4.4 4.8 5.5 6.2 6.9 7.6
Restrained 10.3 11.1 12.2 13.2 14.0 14.8
C - 22
BENDING Table 74

2

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 39.6 17.6 9.9 6.3 4.4 3.2 2.5 2.0 1.6
Deflection < L/350 28.3 12.6 7.1 4.5 3.1 2.3 1.8 1.4 1.1
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 66.1 29.4 16.5 10.6 7.3 5.4 4.1 3.3 2.6
Deflection < L/350 47.2 21.0 11.8 7.5 5.2 3.9 2.9 2.3 1.9
Central Point Load

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 24.8 11.0 6.2 4.0 2.8 2.0 1.5 1.2 1.0
Deflection < L/350 17.7 7.9 4.4 2.8 2.0 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.7
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 41.3 18.3 10.3 6.6 4.6 3.4 2.6 2.0 1.7
Deflection < L/350 29.5 13.1 7.4 4.7 3.3 2.4 1.8 1.5 1.2

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE Z SECTION:
No restraint 4.2 4.6 5.2 5.9 6.6 7.2
Restrained 10.6 11.4 12.6 13.5 14.4 15.1
C - 23
BENDING Table 75

2

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 57.0 25.3 14.2 9.1 6.3 4.7 3.6 2.8 2.3
Deflection < L/350 40.7 18.1 10.2 6.5 4.5 3.3 2.5 2.0 1.6
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 95.0 42.2 23.7 15.2 10.6 7.8 5.9 4.7 3.8
Deflection < L/350 67.8 30.2 17.0 10.9 7.5 5.5 4.2 3.4 2.7
Central Point Load

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 35.6 15.8 8.9 5.7 4.0 2.9 2.2 1.8 1.4
Deflection < L/350 25.4 11.3 6.4 4.1 2.8 2.1 1.6 1.3 1.0
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 59.4 26.4 14.8 9.5 6.6 4.8 3.7 2.9 2.4
Deflection < L/350 42.4 18.8 10.6 6.8 4.7 3.5 2.6 2.1 1.7

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE Z SECTION:
No restraint 7.4 8.0 8.9 9.9 10.8 11.7
Restrained 17.2 18.5 20.2 21.6 22.9 24.1
C - 24
BENDING Table 76

2

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 21.9 14.0 9.7 7.2 5.5 4.3 3.5 2.4 1.8
Deflection < L/350 15.7 10.0 7.0 5.1 3.9 3.1 2.5 1.5 1.0
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 36.5 23.4 16.2 11.9 9.1 7.2 5.8 4.1 3.0
Deflection < L/350 26.1 16.7 11.6 8.5 6.5 5.2 4.2 2.5 1.6
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 24.4 13.7 8.8 6.1 4.5 3.4 2.2 1.5 1.1
Deflection < L/350 17.4 9.8 6.3 4.3 3.2 2.4 1.6 1.0 0.6
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 40.6 22.8 14.6 10.1 7.5 5.7 3.7 2.5 1.9
Deflection < L/350 29.0 16.3 10.4 7.2 5.3 4.1 2.6 1.6 1.0

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE Z SECTION:
No restraint 7.1 7.7 8.6 9.5 10.4 11.3
Restrained 17.6 18.8 20.6 22 23.3 24.5
C - 25
BENDING Table 77

2

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 25.2 16.1 11.2 8.2 6.3 5.0 4.0 2.8 2.1
Deflection < L/350 18.0 11.5 8.0 5.9 4.5 3.6 2.9 1.8 1.1
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 42.0 26.9 18.7 13.7 10.5 8.3 6.7 4.7 3.4
Deflection < L/350 30.0 19.2 13.3 9.8 7.5 5.9 4.8 2.9 1.8
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 28.0 15.8 10.1 7.0 5.1 3.9 2.5 1.8 1.3
Deflection < L/350 20.0 11.3 7.2 5.0 3.7 2.8 1.8 1.1 0.7
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 46.7 26.3 16.8 11.7 8.6 6.6 4.2 2.9 2.1
Deflection < L/350 33.3 18.8 12.0 8.3 6.1 4.7 3.0 1.8 1.1

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE Z SECTION:
No restraint 9.1 9.7 10.7 11.8 12.9 13.9
Restrained 21.5 23 25 26.8 28.3 29.7
C - 26
BENDING Table 78

2

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 26.8 17.2 11.9 8.8 6.7 5.3 4.3 3.0 2.2
Deflection < L/350 19.2 12.3 8.5 6.3 4.8 3.8 3.1 1.9 1.2
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 44.7 28.6 19.9 14.6 11.2 8.8 7.2 5.0 3.7
Deflection < L/350 32.0 20.5 14.2 10.4 8.0 6.3 5.1 3.1 2.0
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 29.8 16.8 10.7 7.5 5.5 4.2 2.7 1.9 1.4
Deflection < L/350 21.3 12.0 7.7 5.3 3.9 3.0 1.9 1.2 0.7
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 49.7 28.0 17.9 12.4 9.1 7.0 4.5 3.1 2.3
Deflection < L/350 35.5 20.0 12.8 8.9 6.5 5.0 3.2 1.9 1.2

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE Z SECTION:
No restraint 7.0 7.5 8.4 9.3 10.2 11.1
Restrained 17.8 19 20.8 22.3 23.6 24.8
C - 27
BENDING Table 79

2

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 31.0 19.8 13.8 10.1 7.7 6.1 5.0 3.4 2.5
Deflection < L/350 22.1 14.2 9.8 7.2 5.5 4.4 3.5 2.1 1.4
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 51.6 33.0 22.9 16.8 12.9 10.2 8.3 5.7 4.2
Deflection < L/350 36.9 23.6 16.4 12.0 9.2 7.3 5.9 3.6 2.3
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 34.4 19.3 12.4 8.6 6.3 4.8 3.1 2.1 1.6
Deflection < L/350 24.6 13.8 8.8 6.1 4.5 3.5 2.2 1.3 0.8
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 57.3 32.2 20.6 14.3 10.5 8.1 5.2 3.6 2.6
Deflection < L/350 41.0 23.0 14.7 10.2 7.5 5.8 3.7 2.2 1.4

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE Z SECTION:
No restraint 8.9 9.5 10.6 11.6 12.6 13.7
Restrained 21.7 23.2 25.3 27 28.6 30
C - 28
BENDING Table 80

2

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 32.2 20.6 14.3 10.5 8.1 6.4 5.2 3.6 2.6
Deflection < L/350 23.0 14.7 10.2 7.5 5.8 4.5 3.7 2.2 1.4
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 53.7 34.4 23.9 17.5 13.4 10.6 8.6 6.0 4.4
Deflection < L/350 38.4 24.6 17.1 12.5 9.6 7.6 6.1 3.7 2.4
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 35.8 20.2 12.9 9.0 6.6 5.0 3.2 2.2 1.6
Deflection < L/350 25.6 14.4 9.2 6.4 4.7 3.6 2.3 1.4 0.9
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 59.7 33.6 21.5 14.9 11.0 8.4 5.4 3.7 2.7
Deflection < L/350 42.7 24.0 15.4 10.7 7.8 6.0 3.8 2.3 1.5

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE Z SECTION:
No restraint 6.8 7.4 8.2 9.1 10.0 10.9
Restrained 18.0 19.3 21.0 22.5 23.9 25.1
C - 29
BENDING Table 81

2

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 37.3 23.9 16.6 12.2 9.3 7.4 6.0 4.1 3.0
Deflection < L/350 26.7 17.1 11.8 8.7 6.7 5.3 4.3 2.6 1.6
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 62.2 39.8 27.6 20.3 15.5 12.3 9.9 6.9 5.1
Deflection < L/350 44.4 28.4 19.7 14.5 11.1 8.8 7.1 4.3 2.7
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 41.5 23.3 14.9 10.4 7.6 5.8 3.7 2.6 1.9
Deflection < L/350 29.6 16.7 10.7 7.4 5.4 4.2 2.7 1.6 1.0
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 69.1 38.9 24.9 17.3 12.7 9.7 6.2 4.3 3.2
Deflection < L/350 49.4 27.8 17.8 12.3 9.1 6.9 4.4 2.7 1.7

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE Z SECTION:
No restraint 8.7 9.3 10.4 11.4 12.4 13.4
Restrained 21.9 23.5 25.5 27.3 28.9 30.3
C - 30
BENDING Table 82

2

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 42.2 27.0 18.8 13.8 10.6 8.3 6.8 4.7 3.4
Deflection < L/350 30.2 19.3 13.4 9.9 7.5 6.0 4.8 2.9 1.8
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 70.4 45.1 31.3 23.0 17.6 13.9 11.3 7.8 5.7
Deflection < L/350 50.3 32.2 22.4 16.4 12.6 9.9 8.0 4.9 3.1
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 46.9 26.4 16.9 11.7 8.6 6.6 4.2 2.9 2.2
Deflection < L/350 33.5 18.9 12.1 8.4 6.2 4.7 3.0 1.8 1.2
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 78.2 44.0 28.2 19.6 14.4 11.0 7.0 4.9 3.6
Deflection < L/350 55.9 31.4 20.1 14.0 10.3 7.9 5.0 3.1 1.9

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE Z SECTION:
No restraint 10.8 11.5 12.7 13.8 15.0 16.2
Restrained 26.3 28.0 30.5 32.5 34.3 35.9
C - 31
BENDING Table 83

2

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 40.2 25.7 17.9 13.1 10.0 7.9 6.4 4.5 3.3
Deflection < L/350 28.7 18.4 12.8 9.4 7.2 5.7 4.6 2.8 1.8
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 67.0 42.9 29.8 21.9 16.7 13.2 10.7 7.4 5.5
Deflection < L/350 47.8 30.6 21.3 15.6 12.0 9.4 7.7 4.7 2.9
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 44.6 25.1 16.1 11.2 8.2 6.3 4.0 2.8 2.0
Deflection < L/350 31.9 17.9 11.5 8.0 5.9 4.5 2.9 1.7 1.1
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 74.4 41.9 26.8 18.6 13.7 10.5 6.7 4.7 3.4
Deflection < L/350 53.1 29.9 19.1 13.3 9.8 7.5 4.8 2.9 1.8

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE Z SECTION:
No restraint 6.6 7.2 8 8.9 9.7 10.6
Restrained 18.2 19.5 21.3 22.9 24.2 25.4
C - 32
BENDING Table 84

2

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 46.7 29.9 20.8 15.2 11.7 9.2 7.5 5.2 3.8
Deflection < L/350 33.4 21.3 14.8 10.9 8.3 6.6 5.3 3.2 2.0
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 77.8 49.8 34.6 25.4 19.5 15.4 12.5 8.6 6.4
Deflection < L/350 55.6 35.6 24.7 18.2 13.9 11.0 8.9 5.4 3.4
Central Point Load

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 51.9 29.2 18.7 13.0 9.5 7.3 4.7 3.2 2.4
Deflection < L/350 37.1 20.8 13.3 9.3 6.8 5.2 3.3 2.0 1.3
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 86.5 48.6 31.1 21.6 15.9 12.2 7.8 5.4 4.0
Deflection < L/350 61.8 34.7 22.2 15.4 11.3 8.7 5.6 3.4 2.1

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE Z SECTION:
No restraint 8.5 9.1 10.1 11.1 12.1 13.1
Restrained 22.2 23.8 25.9 27.7 29.2 30.7
C - 33
BENDING Table 85

2

3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 7.0 8.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 23.6 17.3 13.3 10.5 8.5 7.0 5.9 4.3 3.3
Deflection < L/350 16.8 12.4 9.5 7.5 6.1 4.8 3.7 2.3 1.6
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 39.3 28.9 22.1 17.5 14.2 11.7 9.8 7.2 5.5
Deflection < L/350 28.1 20.6 15.8 12.5 10.1 8.0 6.1 3.9 2.6
Central Point Load

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 33.2 21.2 14.7 10.8 8.3 5.3 3.7 2.7 2.1
Deflection < L/350 23.7 15.2 10.5 7.7 5.9 3.8 2.3 1.5 1.0
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 55.3 35.4 24.6 18.0 13.8 8.8 6.1 4.5 3.5
Deflection < L/350 39.5 25.3 17.5 12.9 9.9 6.3 3.8 2.4 1.6

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE Z SECTION:
No restraint 10.6 11.3 12.4 13.5 14.7 15.8
Restrained 26.6 28.4 30.8 32.9 34.7 36.3
C - 34
BENDING Table 86

2

3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 7.0 8.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 29.0 21.3 16.3 12.9 10.4 8.6 7.2 5.3 4.1
Deflection < L/350 20.7 15.2 11.6 9.2 7.4 5.9 4.5 2.8 1.9
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 48.3 35.4 27.1 21.4 17.4 14.4 12.1 8.9 6.8
Deflection < L/350 34.5 25.3 19.4 15.3 12.4 9.8 7.5 4.7 3.2
Central Point Load

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 40.7 26.1 18.1 13.3 10.2 6.5 4.5 3.3 2.5
Deflection < L/350 29.1 18.6 12.9 9.5 7.3 4.7 2.8 1.8 1.2
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 67.9 43.4 30.2 22.2 17.0 10.9 7.5 5.5 4.2
Deflection < L/350 48.5 31.0 21.5 15.8 12.1 7.8 4.7 3.0 2.0

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE Z SECTION:
No restraint 10.4 11.0 12.1 13.2 14.3 15.4
Restrained 26.9 28.7 31.2 33.3 35.1 36.8
C - 35
BENDING Table 87

2

3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 7.0 8.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 35.9 26.4 20.2 16.0 12.9 10.7 9.0 6.6 5.0
Deflection < L/350 25.6 18.8 14.4 11.4 9.2 7.3 5.6 3.5 2.4
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 59.8 44.0 33.7 26.6 21.5 17.8 15.0 11.0 8.4
Deflection < L/350 42.7 31.4 24.0 19.0 15.4 12.1 9.3 5.9 3.9
Central Point Load

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 50.5 32.3 22.4 16.5 12.6 8.1 5.6 4.1 3.2
Deflection < L/350 36.1 23.1 16.0 11.8 9.0 5.8 3.5 2.2 1.5
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 84.1 53.8 37.4 27.5 21.0 13.5 9.3 6.9 5.3
Deflection < L/350 60.1 38.5 26.7 19.6 15.0 9.6 5.8 3.7 2.5

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE Z SECTION:
No restraint 15.2 16.0 17.4 18.8 20.1 21.5
Restrained 36.8 39.1 42.3 45.0 47.3 49.5
C - 36
BENDING Table 88

2

3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 41.1 31.5 24.9 20.2 14.0 10.3 7.9 6.2 5.0
Deflection < L/350 29.4 22.5 17.8 14.4 8.7 5.5 3.7 2.6 1.9
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 68.5 52.5 41.5 33.6 23.3 17.1 13.1 10.4 8.4
Deflection < L/350 49.0 37.5 29.6 24.0 14.6 9.2 6.1 4.3 3.1
Central Point Load

2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 78.7 35.0 19.7 12.6 8.7 6.4 4.9 3.9 3.1
Deflection < L/350 56.2 25.0 14.1 9.0 5.5 3.4 2.3 1.6 1.2
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 131.2 58.3 32.8 21.0 14.6 10.7 8.2 6.5 5.2
Deflection < L/350 93.7 41.7 23.4 15.0 9.1 5.7 3.8 2.7 2.0

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE Z SECTION:
No restraint 14.8 15.6 16.9 18.2 19.6 20.9
Restrained 37.3 39.7 42.9 45.6 48.0 50.2
C - 37
BENDING Table 89

2

3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 68.2 52.2 41.3 33.4 23.2 17.1 13.1 10.3 8.4
Deflection < L/350 48.7 37.3 29.5 23.9 14.5 9.1 6.1 4.3 3.1
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 113.7 87.1 68.8 55.7 38.7 28.4 21.8 17.2 13.9
Deflection < L/350 81.2 62.2 49.1 39.8 24.2 15.2 10.2 7.2 5.2
Central Point Load

2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 130.6 58.0 32.6 20.9 14.5 10.7 8.2 6.4 5.2
Deflection < L/350 93.3 41.5 23.3 14.9 9.1 5.7 3.8 2.7 2.0
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 217.7 96.7 54.4 34.8 24.2 17.8 13.6 10.7 8.7
Deflection < L/350 155.5 69.1 38.9 24.9 15.1 9.5 6.4 4.5 3.3

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE Z SECTION:
No restraint 14.0 14.8 16.1 17.4 18.6 19.9
Restrained 38.2 40.6 44.0 46.7 49.2 51.4
C - 38
BENDING Table 90

2

3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 90.3 69.2 54.6 44.3 30.7 22.6 17.3 13.7 11.1
Deflection < L/350 64.5 49.4 39.0 31.6 19.2 12.1 8.1 5.7 4.1
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 150.5 115.3 91.1 73.8 51.2 37.6 28.8 22.8 18.4
Deflection < L/350 107.5 82.3 65.1 52.7 32.0 20.2 13.5 9.5 6.9
Central Point Load

2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
SINGLE Z SECTION
Single span:
Deflection < L/250 172.9 76.8 43.2 27.7 19.2 14.1 10.8 8.5 6.9
Deflection < L/350 123.5 54.9 30.9 19.8 12.0 7.6 5.1 3.6 2.6
Double span:
Deflection < L/250 288.2 128.1 72.0 46.1 32.0 23.5 18.0 14.2 11.5
Deflection < L/350 205.8 91.5 51.5 32.9 20.0 12.6 8.4 5.9 4.3

35 50 75 100 125 150
SINGLE Z SECTION:
No restraint 22.7 23.7 25.4 27.1 28.8 30.5
Restrained 56.0 59.3 63.8 67.6 71.0 74.0
C - 39
[BLANK PAGE]
C - 40
LOAD CAPACITY TABLES FOR COLUMNS
S350
Generic C Sections
Note: These tables are presented for generic Z sections, which may be used for
scheme design.
C - 41

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 6.9 10.3 15.5 20.9 22.9
2m 6.9 11.2 19.6 29.5 32.5
Continuous 6.9 11.2 20.0 31.0 34.6
4m 3.3 4.7 6.8 7.9 8.3
2m 3.3 4.9 7.6 9.5 9.9
Continuous 3.3 4.9 7.7 9.8 10.3
4m 4.2 6.3 9.8 11.1 11.5
2m 4.2 6.8 11.9 15.3 15.8
Continuous 4.2 6.8 12.1 16.5 17.3
4m 4.7 6.4 8.8 11.2 12.1
2m 4.7 6.8 10.0 13.2 14.3
Continuous 4.7 6.8 10.1 13.4 14.7

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 29.6 47.7 53.0 53.0 53.0
2m 29.6 47.7 71.6 80.4 80.4
Continuous 29.6 47.7 71.6 84.0 87.0
4m 9.1 12.2 13.7 14.2 14.4
2m 9.1 12.2 15.2 16.3 16.6
Continuous 9.1 12.2 15.4 16.8 17.2
4m 15.2 23.4 24.3 24.3 24.3
2m 15.2 24.1 32.9 34.5 34.5
Continuous 15.2 24.1 35.2 37.9 38.5
4m 11.9 15.5 17.8 19.1 19.5
2m 11.9 15.5 19.3 21.7 22.3
Continuous 11.9 15.5 19.3 21.9 22.8
C - 42

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 7.1 11.2 18.7 24.8 26.6
2m 7.1 11.2 19.4 28.7 31.2
Continuous 7.1 11.2 19.4 28.9 32.3
4m 3.5 5.1 7.7 8.8 9.2
2m 3.5 5.1 7.8 9.6 10.0
Continuous 3.5 5.1 7.8 9.8 10.3
4m 4.3 7.0 11.7 13.1 13.4
2m 4.3 7.0 12.3 15.5 16.0
Continuous 4.3 7.0 12.3 16.1 16.8
4m 4.9 7.0 10.0 12.4 13.2
2m 4.9 7.0 10.2 13.3 14.3
Continuous 4.9 7.0 10.2 13.3 14.5

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 29.4 47.3 68.0 68.0 68.0
2m 29.4 47.3 71.2 83.4 83.4
Continuous 29.4 47.3 71.2 84.1 87.5
4m 9.1 12.2 14.9 15.5 15.8
2m 9.1 12.2 15.3 16.7 16.9
Continuous 9.1 12.2 15.5 16.8 17.3
4m 15.1 24.1 29.7 29.7 29.7
2m 15.1 24.1 34.1 36.5 36.5
Continuous 15.1 24.1 35.4 38.3 39.1
4m 11.9 15.5 19.1 20.7 21.3
2m 11.9 15.5 19.3 21.9 22.6
Continuous 11.9 15.5 19.3 21.9 22.9
C - 43

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 9.7 15.7 27.6 38.3 41.6
2m 9.7 15.7 28.6 46.5 51.1
Continuous 9.7 15.7 28.6 46.8 53.1
4m 4.7 6.9 10.5 12.5 13.0
2m 4.7 6.9 10.6 13.8 14.4
Continuous 4.7 6.9 10.6 14.0 14.8
4m 5.9 9.6 16.8 19.4 19.9
2m 5.9 9.6 17.3 23.9 24.7
Continuous 5.9 9.6 17.3 25.0 26.2
4m 6.5 9.3 13.7 17.3 18.7
2m 6.5 9.3 14.0 18.8 20.4
Continuous 6.5 9.3 14.0 18.9 20.7

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 39.5 65.3 101.2 101.2 101.2
2m 39.5 65.3 107.3 130.5 130.5
Continuous 39.5 65.3 107.3 131.6 137.3
4m 12.0 16.2 20.4 21.4 21.8
2m 12.0 16.2 20.8 23.1 23.6
Continuous 12.0 16.2 20.8 23.3 24.0
4m 20.3 32.5 42.9 42.9 42.9
2m 20.3 32.5 50.3 54.8 54.8
Continuous 20.3 32.5 50.3 58.0 59.0
4m 15.7 20.5 25.8 28.1 28.9
2m 15.7 20.5 26.1 29.8 30.8
Continuous 15.7 20.5 26.1 29.9 31.2
C - 44

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 14.1 22.0 35.6 45.0 47.7
2m 14.1 22.0 36.2 49.4 52.8
Continuous 14.1 22.0 36.2 49.5 54.0
4m 6.5 9.3 13.2 14.6 15.0
2m 6.5 9.3 13.3 15.4 15.9
Continuous 6.5 9.3 13.3 15.5 16.1
4m 8.7 13.8 21.4 23.4 23.8
2m 8.7 13.8 22.3 26.3 26.9
Continuous 8.7 13.8 22.3 27.0 28.0
4m 9.0 12.4 17.0 20.1 21.2
2m 9.0 12.4 17.1 20.9 22.1
Continuous 9.0 12.4 17.1 20.9 22.3

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 58.7 91.1 124.4 124.4 124.4
2m 58.7 91.1 125.7 142.2 142.2
Continuous 58.7 91.1 125.7 142.5 146.6
4m 16.0 20.5 23.9 24.8 25.1
2m 16.0 20.5 24.3 25.9 26.3
Continuous 16.0 20.5 24.4 26.1 26.6
4m 29.8 45.5 53.1 53.1 53.1
2m 29.8 45.5 58.5 61.8 61.8
Continuous 29.8 45.5 60.3 64.0 64.8
4m 20.5 25.6 30.3 32.3 33.1
2m 20.5 25.6 30.4 33.4 34.2
Continuous 20.5 25.6 30.4 33.4 34.5
C - 45

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 16.1 25.4 42.2 54.3 57.8
2m 16.1 25.4 42.8 60.2 64.5
Continuous 16.1 25.4 42.8 60.3 66.0
4m 7.4 10.5 14.9 16.8 17.3
2m 7.4 10.5 15.0 17.8 18.3
Continuous 7.4 10.5 15.0 17.9 18.6
4m 9.8 15.7 25.2 27.5 28.0
2m 9.8 15.7 25.8 31.3 32.1
Continuous 9.8 15.7 25.8 32.3 33.4
4m 10.1 14.0 19.4 23.1 24.4
2m 10.1 14.0 19.5 24.1 25.5
Continuous 10.1 14.0 19.5 24.1 25.8

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 66.3 104.6 147.4 147.4 147.4
2m 66.3 104.6 149.0 170.0 170.0
Continuous 66.3 104.6 149.0 170.4 175.4
4m 17.9 23.0 27.1 28.3 28.6
2m 17.9 23.0 27.6 29.5 29.9
Continuous 17.9 23.0 27.6 29.7 30.3
4m 33.5 51.5 61.8 61.8 61.8
2m 33.5 51.5 68.6 72.6 72.6
Continuous 33.5 51.5 70.0 75.3 76.3
4m 22.9 28.7 34.2 36.6 37.4
2m 22.9 28.7 34.3 37.8 38.7
Continuous 22.9 28.7 34.3 37.8 39.0
C - 46

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 14.2 21.9 35.4 45.1 47.6
2m 14.2 21.9 35.4 48.0 51.4
Continuous 14.2 21.9 35.4 48.0 52.3
4m 6.7 9.5 13.3 14.8 15.2
2m 6.7 9.5 13.3 15.4 15.9
Continuous 6.7 9.5 13.3 15.5 16.1
4m 8.8 13.9 21.8 23.9 24.3
2m 8.8 13.9 22.3 26.2 26.8
Continuous 8.8 13.9 22.3 26.7 27.6
4m 9.1 12.5 17.2 20.3 21.3
2m 9.1 12.5 17.2 20.8 22.0
Continuous 9.1 12.5 17.2 20.8 22.2

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 58.4 90.7 125.4 129.2 129.2
2m 58.4 90.7 125.4 142.6 143.5
Continuous 58.4 90.7 125.4 142.6 147.0
4m 16.0 20.6 24.1 25.2 25.5
2m 16.0 20.6 24.4 26.0 26.4
Continuous 16.0 20.6 24.5 26.1 26.6
4m 29.7 45.5 54.8 55.5 55.5
2m 29.7 45.5 59.1 62.6 62.8
Continuous 29.7 45.5 60.6 64.3 65.2
4m 20.5 25.6 30.4 32.7 33.4
2m 20.5 25.6 30.4 33.4 34.3
Continuous 20.5 25.6 30.4 33.4 34.5
C - 47

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 16.1 25.3 41.8 54.4 57.7
2m 16.1 25.3 41.8 58.2 62.6
Continuous 16.1 25.3 41.8 58.2 63.7
4m 7.5 10.7 15.1 17.1 17.5
2m 7.5 10.7 15.1 17.8 18.3
Continuous 7.5 10.7 15.1 17.9 18.6
4m 10.0 15.8 25.6 28.3 28.8
2m 10.0 15.8 25.7 31.2 31.9
Continuous 10.0 15.8 25.7 31.8 32.9
4m 10.3 14.1 19.5 23.3 24.5
2m 10.3 14.1 19.5 23.9 25.3
Continuous 10.3 14.1 19.5 23.9 25.5

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 66.0 104.2 148.6 153.7 153.7
2m 66.0 104.2 148.6 170.4 171.6
Continuous 66.0 104.2 148.6 170.4 175.8
4m 17.9 23.0 27.3 28.7 29.1
2m 17.9 23.0 27.7 29.6 30.1
Continuous 17.9 23.0 27.7 29.7 30.3
4m 33.4 51.6 64.0 64.9 64.9
2m 33.4 51.6 69.3 73.6 73.8
Continuous 33.4 51.6 70.8 75.8 76.8
4m 22.9 28.7 34.3 36.9 37.8
2m 22.9 28.7 34.3 37.8 38.8
Continuous 22.9 28.7 34.3 37.8 39.0
C - 48

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 14.2 21.9 34.8 44.9 47.3
2m 14.2 21.9 34.8 46.7 50.3
Continuous 14.2 21.9 34.8 46.7 50.9
4m 6.7 9.6 13.4 14.9 15.3
2m 6.7 9.6 13.4 15.4 15.9
Continuous 6.7 9.6 13.4 15.5 16.0
4m 8.9 14.0 21.9 24.3 24.7
2m 8.9 14.0 22.2 26.0 26.7
Continuous 8.9 14.0 22.2 26.4 27.3
4m 9.2 12.6 17.2 20.3 21.3
2m 9.2 12.6 17.2 20.7 21.9
Continuous 9.2 12.6 17.2 20.7 22.0

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 58.3 90.3 125.1 132.7 132.7
2m 58.3 90.3 125.1 142.7 144.6
Continuous 58.3 90.3 125.1 142.7 147.3
4m 15.9 20.6 24.2 25.4 25.8
2m 15.9 20.6 24.4 26.1 26.5
Continuous 15.9 20.6 24.5 26.2 26.7
4m 29.6 45.6 56.0 57.4 57.4
2m 29.6 45.6 59.6 63.2 63.6
Continuous 29.6 45.6 60.8 64.6 65.6
4m 20.5 25.5 30.3 32.9 33.6
2m 20.5 25.5 30.3 33.4 34.3
Continuous 20.5 25.5 30.3 33.4 34.5
C - 49

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 16.2 25.1 41.0 54.0 57.1
2m 16.2 25.1 41.0 56.4 60.9
Continuous 16.2 25.1 41.0 56.4 61.7
4m 7.6 10.8 15.2 17.3 17.7
2m 7.6 10.8 15.2 17.8 18.3
Continuous 7.6 10.8 15.2 17.8 18.5
4m 10.1 15.9 25.7 28.8 29.3
2m 10.1 15.9 25.7 30.9 31.8
Continuous 10.1 15.9 25.7 31.4 32.6
4m 10.4 14.2 19.5 23.4 24.5
2m 10.4 14.2 19.5 23.8 25.2
Continuous 10.4 14.2 19.5 23.8 25.3

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 65.8 103.7 148.1 158.0 158.0
2m 65.8 103.7 148.1 170.4 172.8
Continuous 65.8 103.7 148.1 170.4 176.1
4m 17.8 23.1 27.5 29.0 29.4
2m 17.8 23.1 27.8 29.7 30.2
Continuous 17.8 23.1 27.8 29.8 30.4
4m 33.3 51.7 65.6 67.3 67.3
2m 33.3 51.7 70.0 74.4 74.9
Continuous 33.3 51.7 71.4 76.3 77.3
4m 22.9 28.7 34.3 37.2 38.1
2m 22.9 28.7 34.3 37.8 38.9
Continuous 22.9 28.7 34.3 37.8 39.0
C - 50

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 18.2 28.5 47.5 63.9 67.8
2m 18.2 28.5 47.5 66.9 72.5
Continuous 18.2 28.5 47.5 66.9 73.5
4m 8.4 11.9 17.0 19.5 20.0
2m 8.4 11.9 17.0 20.1 20.8
Continuous 8.4 11.9 17.0 20.2 21.0
4m 11.3 17.8 29.2 33.3 33.8
2m 11.3 17.8 29.2 35.9 37.0
Continuous 11.3 17.8 29.2 36.6 37.9
4m 11.5 15.8 21.9 26.4 27.8
2m 11.5 15.8 21.9 26.9 28.6
Continuous 11.5 15.8 21.9 26.9 28.7

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 73.1 116.5 170.7 183.1 183.1
2m 73.1 116.5 170.7 197.9 200.8
Continuous 73.1 116.5 170.7 197.9 204.7
4m 19.7 25.5 30.6 32.4 32.8
2m 19.7 25.5 30.8 33.2 33.8
Continuous 19.7 25.5 30.8 33.3 34.0
4m 37.0 57.5 74.7 76.8 76.8
2m 37.0 57.5 79.9 85.3 85.8
Continuous 37.0 57.5 80.4 87.5 88.8
4m 25.2 31.6 38.0 41.3 42.3
2m 25.2 31.6 38.0 42.0 43.2
Continuous 25.2 31.6 38.0 42.0 43.4
C - 51

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 14.3 21.8 34.2 44.3 46.7
2m 14.3 21.8 34.2 45.3 49.0
Continuous 14.3 21.8 34.2 45.3 49.4
4m 6.8 9.7 13.5 15.1 15.4
2m 6.8 9.7 13.5 15.3 15.9
Continuous 6.8 9.7 13.5 15.4 16.0
4m 9.0 14.1 21.9 24.6 25.0
2m 9.0 14.1 22.2 25.8 26.5
Continuous 9.0 14.1 22.2 26.0 27.0
4m 9.3 12.8 17.2 20.4 21.3
2m 9.3 12.8 17.2 20.6 21.8
Continuous 9.3 12.8 17.2 20.6 21.8

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 58.0 89.8 124.7 136.0 136.0
2m 58.0 89.8 124.7 142.8 145.9
Continuous 58.0 89.8 124.7 142.8 147.8
4m 15.9 20.6 24.3 25.7 26.0
2m 15.9 20.6 24.4 26.1 26.6
Continuous 15.9 20.6 24.5 26.2 26.8
4m 29.6 45.7 57.2 59.3 59.3
2m 29.6 45.7 60.0 63.8 64.4
Continuous 29.6 45.7 60.9 64.9 65.9
4m 20.5 25.5 30.3 33.1 33.8
2m 20.5 25.5 30.3 33.4 34.4
Continuous 20.5 25.5 30.3 33.4 34.5
C - 52

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 16.3 25.0 40.1 53.3 56.3
2m 16.3 25.0 40.1 54.5 59.1
Continuous 16.3 25.0 40.1 54.5 59.6
4m 7.7 10.9 15.3 17.4 17.8
2m 7.7 10.9 15.3 17.7 18.3
Continuous 7.7 10.9 15.3 17.8 18.5
4m 10.2 16.0 25.6 29.1 29.6
2m 10.2 16.0 25.6 30.6 31.6
Continuous 10.2 16.0 25.6 31.0 32.1
4m 10.5 14.3 19.5 23.4 24.5
2m 10.5 14.3 19.5 23.7 25.1
Continuous 10.5 14.3 19.5 23.7 25.2

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 65.6 103.1 147.6 162.1 162.1
2m 65.6 103.1 147.6 170.4 174.3
Continuous 65.6 103.1 147.6 170.4 176.5
4m 17.8 23.1 27.6 29.3 29.7
2m 17.8 23.1 27.8 29.8 30.3
Continuous 17.8 23.1 27.9 29.9 30.5
4m 33.3 51.8 67.1 69.8 69.8
2m 33.3 51.8 70.6 75.3 76.0
Continuous 33.3 51.8 71.7 76.7 77.9
4m 22.9 28.6 34.2 37.4 38.3
2m 22.9 28.6 34.2 37.8 38.9
Continuous 22.9 28.6 34.2 37.8 39.1
C - 53

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 18.2 28.3 46.3 62.8 66.5
2m 18.2 28.3 46.3 64.4 70.1
Continuous 18.2 28.3 46.3 64.4 70.7
4m 8.5 12.1 17.1 19.7 20.2
2m 8.5 12.1 17.1 20.1 20.8
Continuous 8.5 12.1 17.1 20.2 20.9
4m 11.4 17.9 29.1 33.8 34.3
2m 11.4 17.9 29.1 35.6 36.7
Continuous 11.4 17.9 29.1 36.0 37.4
4m 11.6 15.9 21.9 26.4 27.8
2m 11.6 15.9 21.9 26.7 28.3
Continuous 11.6 15.9 21.9 26.7 28.4

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 72.8 115.9 170.0 188.0 188.0
2m 72.8 115.9 170.0 197.9 202.5
Continuous 72.8 115.9 170.0 197.9 205.1
4m 19.7 25.5 30.8 32.7 33.2
2m 19.7 25.5 31.0 33.3 33.9
Continuous 19.7 25.5 31.0 33.4 34.1
4m 36.9 57.6 76.7 79.8 79.8
2m 36.9 57.6 80.8 86.4 87.3
Continuous 36.9 57.6 81.5 88.1 89.5
4m 25.2 31.6 38.0 41.6 42.6
2m 25.2 31.6 38.0 42.0 43.3
Continuous 25.2 31.6 38.0 42.0 43.4
C - 54

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 18.3 28.1 45.4 61.7 65.3
2m 18.3 28.1 45.4 62.3 68.1
Continuous 18.3 28.1 45.4 62.3 68.4
4m 8.6 12.2 17.2 19.8 20.3
2m 8.6 12.2 17.2 20.0 20.8
Continuous 8.6 12.2 17.2 20.1 20.9
4m 11.5 18.0 29.0 34.0 34.5
2m 11.5 18.0 29.0 35.2 36.4
Continuous 11.5 18.0 29.0 35.6 37.0
4m 11.8 16.0 21.8 26.4 27.7
2m 11.8 16.0 21.8 26.5 28.2
Continuous 11.8 16.0 21.8 26.5 28.2

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 72.5 115.3 169.4 191.6 191.6
2m 72.5 115.3 169.4 197.9 203.9
Continuous 72.5 115.3 169.4 197.9 205.6
4m 19.7 25.5 30.9 33.0 33.5
2m 19.7 25.5 31.1 33.4 34.1
Continuous 19.7 25.5 31.1 33.5 34.2
4m 36.8 57.7 78.1 82.2 82.2
2m 36.8 57.7 81.4 87.3 88.5
Continuous 36.8 57.7 82.4 88.7 90.2
4m 25.2 31.6 37.9 41.8 42.8
2m 25.2 31.6 37.9 42.0 43.4
Continuous 25.2 31.6 37.9 42.0 43.4
C - 55

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 22.3 34.8 58.4 82.7 87.8
2m 22.3 34.8 58.4 83.6 91.9
Continuous 22.3 34.8 58.4 83.6 92.5
4m 10.3 14.5 20.7 24.4 25.1
2m 10.3 14.5 20.7 24.7 25.7
Continuous 10.3 14.5 20.7 24.8 25.8
4m 13.8 21.9 36.2 43.8 44.5
2m 13.8 21.9 36.2 45.6 47.2
Continuous 13.8 21.9 36.2 46.1 47.9
4m 13.9 19.2 26.5 32.5 34.2
2m 13.9 19.2 26.5 32.6 34.8
Continuous 13.9 19.2 26.5 32.6 34.8

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 86.4 139.8 214.5 246.4 246.4
2m 86.4 139.8 214.5 254.9 262.9
Continuous 86.4 139.8 214.5 254.9 265.2
4m 23.2 30.1 37.0 39.7 40.3
2m 23.2 30.1 37.0 40.2 41.0
Continuous 23.2 30.1 37.0 40.3 41.2
4m 43.8 69.0 97.4 103.1 103.1
2m 43.8 69.0 100.6 109.9 111.3
Continuous 43.8 69.0 100.6 111.8 113.7
4m 29.6 37.3 45.1 49.8 51.2
2m 29.6 37.3 45.1 50.2 51.8
Continuous 29.6 37.3 45.1 50.2 51.9
C - 56

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 22.3 34.5 56.7 79.8 85.0
2m 22.3 34.5 56.7 79.8 88.0
Continuous 22.3 34.5 56.7 79.8 88.2
4m 10.4 14.7 20.8 24.5 25.2
2m 10.4 14.7 20.8 24.7 25.6
Continuous 10.4 14.7 20.8 24.7 25.7
4m 14.0 22.0 36.0 43.9 44.8
2m 14.0 22.0 36.0 45.0 46.8
Continuous 14.0 22.0 36.0 45.3 47.2
4m 14.1 19.3 26.4 32.3 33.9
2m 14.1 19.3 26.4 32.3 34.4
Continuous 14.1 19.3 26.4 32.3 34.4

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 86.0 138.8 213.2 251.6 251.6
2m 86.0 138.8 213.2 254.7 265.1
Continuous 86.0 138.8 213.2 254.7 265.9
4m 23.2 30.1 37.2 40.1 40.8
2m 23.2 30.1 37.2 40.3 41.3
Continuous 23.2 30.1 37.2 40.4 41.4
4m 43.6 69.1 99.7 107.0 107.0
2m 43.6 69.1 102.2 111.7 113.6
Continuous 43.6 69.1 102.2 113.1 115.3
4m 29.6 37.2 45.1 50.1 51.4
2m 29.6 37.2 45.1 50.2 51.9
Continuous 29.6 37.2 45.1 50.2 51.9
C - 57

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 22.3 34.1 54.6 75.4 81.3
2m 22.3 34.1 54.6 75.4 83.3
Continuous 22.3 34.1 54.6 75.4 83.3
4m 10.6 14.9 21.0 24.5 25.3
2m 10.6 14.9 21.0 24.6 25.6
Continuous 10.6 14.9 21.0 24.6 25.6
4m 14.2 22.2 35.8 43.6 44.8
2m 14.2 22.2 35.8 44.2 46.1
Continuous 14.2 22.2 35.8 44.4 46.3
4m 14.4 19.5 26.3 31.9 33.6
2m 14.4 19.5 26.3 31.9 34.0
Continuous 14.4 19.5 26.3 31.9 34.0

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 85.3 137.4 211.3 254.8 257.7
2m 85.3 137.4 211.3 254.8 267.5
Continuous 85.3 137.4 211.3 254.8 267.5
4m 23.1 30.2 37.4 40.5 41.2
2m 23.1 30.2 37.5 40.6 41.6
Continuous 23.1 30.2 37.5 40.6 41.7
4m 43.4 69.2 102.3 111.2 111.7
2m 43.4 69.2 104.3 113.9 116.3
Continuous 43.4 69.2 104.6 114.8 117.3
4m 29.6 37.1 45.0 50.2 51.6
2m 29.6 37.1 45.0 50.2 52.0
Continuous 29.6 37.1 45.0 50.2 52.0
C - 58

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 28.2 43.9 73.7 107.8 117.5
2m 28.2 43.9 73.7 107.8 120.6
Continuous 28.2 43.9 73.7 107.8 120.6
4m 13.0 18.3 26.1 31.4 32.6
2m 13.0 18.3 26.1 31.6 32.9
Continuous 13.0 18.3 26.1 31.6 33.0
4m 17.7 27.9 46.7 59.8 61.5
2m 17.7 27.9 46.7 60.8 63.5
Continuous 17.7 27.9 46.7 61.1 63.9
4m 17.6 24.0 33.0 40.8 43.2
2m 17.6 24.0 33.0 40.8 43.6
Continuous 17.6 24.0 33.0 40.8 43.6

CONCENTRIC LOADING
4m 104.8 172.0 280.5 348.6 353.1
2m 104.8 172.0 280.5 348.6 366.8
Continuous 104.8 172.0 280.5 348.6 366.8
4m 28.0 36.7 45.9 50.4 51.4
2m 28.0 36.7 45.9 50.5 51.8
Continuous 28.0 36.7 45.9 50.6 51.9
4m 53.3 85.4 132.8 147.5 148.3
2m 53.3 85.4 132.8 151.5 154.8
Continuous 53.3 85.4 132.8 152.9 156.3
4m 35.8 45.1 55.2 61.8 63.7
2m 35.8 45.1 55.2 61.8 64.1
Continuous 35.8 45.1 55.2 61.8 64.1
C - 59
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C - 60
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Documents - Pub Structural Design To Bs 5950 51998 Section Properties and Load Tablespdf

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Building Design Using

Cold Formed Steel Sections

Structural Design to BS 5950-5:1998

R M LAWSON BSc(Eng), PhD, ACGI, CEng MICE, MIStructE

SCI PUBLICATION P276

The Steel Construction Institute

Tel: 01344 623345

Publication Number: SCI-P276

ISBN 1 85942 119 9

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data.

P:\CMP\Cmp657\pubs\P276\P276-Final.wpd ii 18 April 2002

P:\CMP\Cmp657\pubs\P276\P276-Final.wpd iii 18 April 2002

1 AIM OF THE PUBLICATION 1

2 INTRODUCTION TO USE OF COLD FORMED SECTIONS 3

3 INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN OF COLD FORMED SECTIONS 13

4 APPLICATION OF COLD FORMED SECTIONS IN BUILDING 29

5 SECTION PROPERTIES OF COLD FORMED SECTIONS 47

6 LOAD AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF COLD FORMED

P:\CMP\Cmp657\pubs\P276\P276-Final.wpd v 18 April 2002

APPENDIX A: Contact Information 70

LOAD CAPACITY TABLES FOR COLUMNS - S280 B-41

LOAD CAPACITY TABLES FOR COLUMNS - S350 C-41

P:\CMP\Cmp657\pubs\P276\P276-Final.wpd vi 18 April 2002

Berechnung von tragwerken aus kaltgeformten stahlprofilen

Der Hauptteil dieser Veröffentlichung stellt Bemessungstabellen für den

Die in dieser Veröffentlichung enthaltenen, kaltverformten Profile können von

Dimensionnement de structures en profils en acier formé á froid

La partie principale de la publication présente des tables de dimensionnement

P:\CMP\Cmp657\pubs\P276\P276-Final.wpd vii 18 April 2002

Proyecto de estructuras usando secciones de acero conformado en frio

Las aplicaciones cubiertas se refieren a pórticos de acero, cerchas y piezas

La parte principal de la publicación presenta tablas de diseño para uso general

Las secciones de acero conformado un frio descritas en esta publicación

Progettazione di strutture realizzate con profili in acciaio sagomati a freddo

Nella parte principale di questa pubblicazione sono riportate le tabelle

Le sezioni dei profili sagomati a freddo riportati in questa pubblicazione

P:\CMP\Cmp657\pubs\P276\P276-Final.wpd viii 18 April 2002

A cross-sectional area of section

8y slenderness corresponding to B E/Y s

L Poisson’s ratio for steel (= 0.3)

P:\CMP\Cmp657\pubs\P276\P276-Final.wpd ix 18 April 2002

This design guide is aimed at practitioners in the building industry who

P:\CMP\Cmp657\pubs\P276\P276-Final.wpd 1 18 April 2002

Manufacturers should be contacted directly with regard to availability, cutting

1.2 Limit state design

The load capacity tables are presented in terms of working loads.

P:\CMP\Cmp657\pubs\P276\P276-Final.wpd 2 18 April 2002

Initial loading Further loading

Loss of ductility Ductility after cold working Strain

Figure 2.1 The influence of cold forming on the stress-strain diagram of

P:\CMP\Cmp657\pubs\P276\P276-Final.wpd 3 18 April 2002

2.2 Methods of forming

An alternative method of cold forming is by press-braking. This is normally

P:\CMP\Cmp657\pubs\P276\P276-Final.wpd 4 18 April 2002

A recent SCI publication Durability of light steel framing in residential

2.4 Common shapes of sections

P:\CMP\Cmp657\pubs\P276\P276-Final.wpd 5 18 April 2002

Plain Lipped Sigma