BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi

CHAPTER 11 DIGITAL T-CARRIERS AND MULTIPLEXING

# DEFINITIONS TERMS

Transmission of information from one or more source

1) To one or more destination over the same transmission medium Multiplexing
(facility).

Unsophisticated form of multiplexing that simply

2) constitutes propagating signals from different sources of Space-Division Multiplexing
different cables that are contained within the same trench.

3) Considered as transmission medium. Trench

Form of phase-division multiplexing (PDM) where to date

4) channels (the I and Q) modulate the same carrier frequency that QPSK
has been shifted 90◦ in phase.

5) Modulates a sine wave carrier. I – Channel Bits

6) Modulates a cosine wave carrier. Q – Channel Bits

Time-Division
Multiplexing;
Frequency-Division
7) Three most predominant methods of multiplexing signals.
Multiplexing;
Wavelength-Division
Multiplexing

Transmissions from multiple sources occur on the same but not

8) Time-Division Multiplexing
on the same time.

Most prevalent encoding technique used for TDM digital

9) signals. PCM

10) DS-O Channel

Use an 8-kHz sample rate and an eight-bit PCM code, which
produces a 64 kbps PCM line speed.

Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ 71

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi

Simply an electronically controlled digital switch with two

11) Multiplexer
inputs and one outputs.

12) One eight-bit PCM code from each channel TDM Frame
(16 total bits).

13) Time it takes to transmit one TDM frame. Frame Time

A communications system that uses digital pulses rather than

14) Digital Carrier System
analog signals to encode information.

Specifies a digital carrier system using PCM encoded analog

15) TI or Transmission One
signals.

16) Voice band channel bandwidth. 300 Hz to 3000 Hz

17) Special conditioned cables. TI Lines

Used to maintain frame and sample synchronization between

18) Framing Bit
TDM transmitter & receiver.

19) PCM encoders & decoders with a seven-bit magnitude. Digital Channel Banks

Supervision between telephone offices, such as on hook, off

20) Signaling
hook, dial pulsing, and so forth.

21) Only seven-bit resolution. Signaling Frame

22) Consist of 24 193 bit frames, totaling 4632 bits, of which 24 are Extended Super Frame Format
framing bits.

CRC-6
23) Used for an error detection code. ( Cyclic Redundancy Checking
)

24) A Bit
Signaling bit in frame 6.
Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ 72
BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi

25) Signaling bit in frame 12. B Bit

26) Signaling bit in frame 18. C Bit

27) Signaling bit in frame 24. D Bit

Digital interface that provides the physical connection to a Data Service Unit /
28)
digital carrier network. Channel Service Unit

Multiplexers /
29) Upgrade from one level in the hierarchy to the next higher level.
Demultiplexers

Provides a convenient place to make patchable inter connects

30) Digital Cross Connect
and perform routine maintenance & trouble shooting.

31) Provides frequency shifting for the master group signals. Signal Processor

Low quality video transmission for use between non-

32) Picturephone
dedicated subscribers.

Identify when transitions occur in the data and whether that

33) Three-Bit Code
transition is from a 1 to a 0 or vice versa.

34) First bit of the code. Address Bit

35) Converting standard logic levels. Digital Line Encoding

36) Involves the transmission of only a single nonzero voltage level. Unipolar

Two nonzero voltages are involved ( a positive voltage for a

37) logic 1 and an equal-magnitude negative voltage for a logic 0 or Bipolar
vice versa).

38) Categorize the type of transmission. Duty Cycle

Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ 73

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi

39) Maintained the entire bit time. Nonreturn to Zero

40) Less than 100% of the bit time. Return to Zero

Produces a condition in which a receive may lose its amplitude

41) reference for optimum discrimination between received 1’s & DC Wandering
o’s.

Popular type of line encoding that produces a strong timing

42) Digital Biphase
component for clock recovery and does not cause dc wandering.

Uses one cycle of a square wave at 0◦ phase to represent a logic

43) 1 and one cycle of a square wave at 180◦ phase to represent a Biphase
logic 0.

Used for encoding SMPTE(Society of Motion Picture and Tele

44) Biphase M
vision Engineers) time-code data for recording on videotapes.

Commonly called the Manchester Code and specified in IEEE

45) Biphase L
standard 802.3 for Ethernet local area networks.

Forms of delay-modulated codes where a logic 1 condition

produces a transition in the middle of the clock pulse, and a
46) Miller Codes
logic 0 produces no transition at the end of the clock intervals
unless followed by another logic 0.

Used for the transmission of PCM-encoded time-division

47) T Carriers
multiplexed digital signals.

Filters and shapes the incoming digital signal and raise its power
Amplifier /
48) level so that the regenerator circuit can make a pulse-no pulse
Equalizer
decision.

Recovery circuit reproduces the cocking information from the

received data and provides the proper timing information to the
49) Timing Clock
regenerator so that samples can be made at the optimum time,
minimizing the chance of an error occurring.

Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ 74

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi

A threshold detector that compares the sampled voltage received

50) to a reference level and determines whether the bit is a logic 1 or Regenerative Repeater
a logic 0.

51) Different version of T carriers used in Europe. E-Lines

52) Used for frame alignment pattern and for an alarm channel. Time Slot 0

Added-Digit Framing
Robbed-digit framing
53) Digital carrier frame synchronization. Added-channel framing
Statistical framing
Unique-line code framing

Methods of Interleaving PCM transmissions: Bit Interleaving

54)
Word Interleaving

Used more often for the transmission of data when they are
Statistical Time-Division
55) called asynchronous TDM, intelligent TDM, or simply stat
Multiplexing
muxs.

Large-scale integration (LSI) chip designed for use in the

56) CODEC
telecommunications industry for private branch exchanges.

Analog Sampling;
57) Three functions of codec. Encoding / Decoding;
Digital Companding

Used to gate the PCM word onto the PCM highway when an
58) Time Slot Strobe Buffer
external buffer is used to drive the line.

59) Data are input and output for a single channel in a short burst. Burst Mode

60) Allows for a flexible data input and output clock frequency. Variable-Data-Rate Mode

61) Shift Register Mode

Data from the PCM highway are clock into the codec on the
next eight consecutive negative transitions of DCLKR.

Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ 75

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi

Multiple sources that originally occupied the same frequency Frequency Division
62)
spectrum are each converted to a different frequency. Multiplexing

Process is accomplished without synchronization between

63) Stacking
stations.

Short Haul;
64) AT&T’s communications network is subdivided into 2:
Long Haul

65) Message Channel

Basic building block of the FDM Heirarchy.

Separate signals with different wavelengths in a manner similar

Demultiplexers /
66) to the way filters separate electrical signals of different
Splitters
frequencies.

Similar to regular multiplexers and demultiplexers except they Add / Drop

67)
are located at intermediate points in the system. Multiplexers / Demultiplexers

Direct signals of a particular wavelength to a specific destination

68) WDM Routers
while not separating all the wavelengths present on the cable.

Enable more efficient utilization of the transmission capabilities

69) of optical fibers by permitting different wavelengths to be WDM Couplers
combined and separated.

Diffraction Grating ;
70) Three basic types of WDM couplers: Prism ;
Dichroic Filter

Multiplexing system similar to conventional time division

71) Synchronous Optical Network
multiplexing.

72) Has a 51.84-Mbps synchronous frame structure. STS-1

73) Second level of SONET multiplexing. OC-48

Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ 76

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi

Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ 77