B.Tech |M.TECH | B.PHARMA | M.Pharma | MCA | MBA | Diploma Subject - Fluid Mechanics Topic - Types of Fluids and Properties Semester - IV Faculty Name -— Prakash KatdareNewtonian Fluids. Experiments have shown that many common fluids obey Newton's law of viscosity, and any fluid that does so is referred to as a Newtonian fluid. A plot showing how the shear stress and shear-strain rate behave for some common Newtonian fluids is shown in Fig. 1-13. Notice how the slope (viscosity) increases. from air, which has a very low viscosity, to water, and then to crude oil, which has a much higher viscosity. In other words,the higher the viscosity, the more resistant the fluid is to flow. Crude oil Mercury ‘Water Gasoline ‘The higher the viscosity, the more difficult it is for a fluid to flow.NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS Shear Thickening T (kN/m2) Shear Bingham r . Straas Plastic Dilatant Newtonian Water & t= du Toothpaste Cornstarch Hho t Shear Thinning es een? 3 Yield Latex Paint —Pseudo-Plastic Stress | du wL. > dy in.Ina Non-Newzonian fluid the relation between the shesr stress and the shear rate i citferent and can even be time-dependent (Time Dependent Viscosity) - constant coefficient of viscosity cannot be defined for Non-Newtonian fui as its possible for Newtonian fluids. In case of the Non-Newtanian fuids, the concept of vicosty usually used in fuid mechanics to characterize the shear proprieties ofa fluid is not quite adequate. Instead, they are studied best through several other rheological proprieties that relate to stress and strain rate tensors under many different flow conditions which are measured using different devices or rheometer. Comparsting Viscoelastic, Non-Newtonian and Newtonian proprieties we can observe: Kein mate ye eastc combination Viscoelastic Manvel ofelostic ond vacous afeas | S27=Worcants whipped cram, Sly Putty material ahcopecty Afttentvicosty increases th | nk gypsum pate duration of stress Time Poe ‘Yogurt, xanthan gum solutions, aqueous iron oxide gels, gelatin gels, pectin Viscosity —Thizotropic Apparent viscosity decreases with duration of stress 2's, synovial fd, hydrogenated castor oi some clays, carbon black suspension in molten tire rubber. some drilng muds, many paints. many colloidal suspensions Shear thickening (Ditantant) Time. Shear thinning Independent (Pseudoplastic) Apparent viscosity increases with increased stress “Apparent viscosity decreses with Increased stress Suspensions of com starch in water (Oobleck), sand in water Nail polish, whipped cream, ketchup, syrups, paper pulp in water, latex paint, ice, blood, some silicone oils and some silicane coatings viscosity Generalized Newtonian fuids Viscosity is constant, Stress depends on normal and shear strain rates and also the pressure applied on it Blood plasma, custard, waterNon-Newtonian Fluids (7 = nS) fv Purely Viscous Fluids Visco-elastic Fluids ‘Time - Independent ‘Time - Dependent 1. Pseudo plastic Fluids Example: Blood, milk 2. Dilataut Fluids Example: Butter 3. Bingham or Ideal Plastic Fluid Example: Water suspensions of clay and flyash 1.Thixotropic Fluids +40) ‘Sivis decreasing Example: Printer ink; crude oil 2. Rheopectic Fluids _ [ay AB) 10 {fits increasing Example: Rare liquid solid suspension Visco- elastic Fluids du rok ay Example: Liquid-solid combinatons in pipe tow. Understanding the behaviour of non-Newtonian fluids has important applications: + Prevent disasters - planning the place to construct a house or building depending on the soil of the terrain + Safety - creating body vest / armours that behave like non-Newtonian fluids for Police or Military uses + Medicine - understand more about our body and improve health tecniquesBrookfield viscometer ‘The viscosity of a Newtonian liquid can be measured in several ways. One common method is to use a rotational viscometer, sometimes called a Brookfield viscometer. This device, shown in the photo on the next page, consists of a solid cylinder that is suspended within a cylindrical container as shown in Fig. L-17a, The liquid to be tested fills the small space between these two cylinders, and as the container is forced ta rotate with a very slow constant angular velocity «, it causes the contained cylinder to twist the suspension wire a small amount before it attains equilibrium. By measuring the angle of twist of the wire, the torque M in the wire can be calculated using the theory of mechanics of materials. This torque resists the moment caused by the shear stress exerted by the liquid on the surface of the suspended cylinder, Once this torque is known, we can then find the viscosity of the Muid using Newton's law of viscosity, Rotating containerSURFACE TENSION Surface tension is defined as the tensile force acting on the surface of a liquid in contact with a gas or on the surface between two immiscible liquids such that the contact surface behaves like a membrane under tension. The magnitude of this force per unit length of the free surface will have the same value as the surface energy per unit area. It is denoted by Greek letter o (called sigma). In MKS units, it is expressed as kgffm while in SI units as N/m. The phenomenon of surface tension is explained by Fig. 1.10. Consider three molecules A, B, C of a liquid in a mass of liquid. The molecule A is attracted in all directions equally by the surrounding molecules of the liquid. Thus the resultant force acting on the molecule A is zero, But the molecule B, which is situated near the free surface, is acted upon by upward and downward forces which are unbalanced. Thus @ net resultant force on molecule B is acting in the downward direction. The molecule C, situated on the free surface of liquid, does experience a resultant downward force. All the molecules on the free surface experience a downward force. Thus the free surface of the liquid acts like a very thin liquid act as though it is an elastic membrane under tension FREE SURFACE Fig. 110 Surface tension. Im under tension of the surface of the1.6.1 Surface Tension on Liquid Droplet. Consider a small spherical droplet of a liquid of radius ‘’. On the entire surface of the droplet, the tensile force due to surface tension will be acting. Let o= Surface tension of the liquid P= Pressure intensity inside the droplet (in excess of the outside pressure intensity) d= Dia. of droplet. Let the droplet is cut into two halves. The forces acting on one half (say left half) will be (H tensile force due to surface tension acting around the circumference of the cut portion as shown in Fig. 1.11 @) and this is equal to = 6 x Circumference oxnd Gi) pressure force on the area fas px ; @as shown in = s Fig. 1.11 (c). These two forces will be equal and opposite E sing ea RnR SORSUHONE, a (@)DROPLET _(b) SURFACE TENSION rp x= @soxnd 4 P or p= — = (14) [— 5 ane (c) PRESSURE FORCES Equation (1.14) shows that with the decrease of diameter Fig. 1.11 Forces om droplet. of the droplet, pressure intensity inside the droplet increases.1.6.2 Surface Tension on a Hollow Bubble. A hollow bubble like a soap bubble in air has two surfaces in contact with air, one inside and other outside. Thus two surfaces are subjected to surface tension. In such case, we have px tb =2x(oxed = 20nd _ 80 (1.15) mpd ° 4 1.6.3 Surface Tension on a Liquid Jet. Cor shown in Fig. 1.12. Let p = Pressure intensity inside the liquid jet above the outside pressure sider a liquid jet of diameter ‘d’ and length ‘L’ as Surface tet mi of the liquid. Z Consider the equilibrium of the semi jet, we have Z Force due to pressure = p x area of semi jet z =pxLxd L 6 Z Force due to surface tension = 6 x 21. 4 Equating the forces, we have a PXLXd =OX2L 4| x2L ~ 1 pee 1.16) o » Fig. 1.12 Forces on liquid jet.Problem The surface tension of water in contact with air at 20°C is 0.0725 N/m. The pressure inside a droplet of water is to be 0.02 Nem? greater than the outside pressure. Calculate the diameter of the droplet of water. Solution, Given : Surface tension, = 0.0725 Nim Pressure intensity, p in excess of outside pressure is p= 0.02 N/em? = 0.02 x 10* x Let d= dia, of the droplet Using equation (1.14), we getp = * or 0.02 x 10% = 40.0725 4x 0.0725 XO OTE. = 00145 m = .00145 x 1000 = 145 mm. Ans. 0.02 x (10) Problem Find the surface tension in a soap bubble of 40 mm diameter when the inside pressure is 2.5 N/m? above atmospheric pressure. Solution. Given : Dia. of bubble, d=40mm Pressure in excess of outside,p = 2.5 Ni For a soap bubble, using equation (1.15), we get _ 80 > 8xo or 252 —S*o_ a 40x10" 0x 10-*m P oe Ben N/m = 0.0125 N/m. Ans.