Manufacturing Practices - BT 106 - Lab Manual - 1619505541

MANUFACTURING PRACTICES -1-
CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE
LABORATORY MANUAL
MANUFACTURING PRACTICES
(BT 106)
I /II SEM
(COMMON FOR I YEAR)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Vision
 To create competent mechanical engineers by imparting value and skill-based education that caters to
industry and societal needs.
Mission
 Maintain excellence in the domain of Mechanical Engineering through academic professionalism and
teaching for altering the needs of society
 Provide state-of-the-art laboratories and infrastructure for academics and research in the areas of
mechanical engineering
 Promote interactive teaching practices using modern educational tools and techniques to attain
synergy with industrial practices.
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)
The graduates will be able to –

 PEO1: Have a comprehensive background of mathematics, science and basics of mechanical
engineering to solve problems related to mechanical engineering and multidisciplinary areas.
 PEO2: Gain expertise and acumen in core areas like design, thermal and manufacturing engineering to
satisfy employers or emerge as entrepreneurs, scientists and technocrats with ethical values.
 PEO3: Have an orientation towards professional growth through employment and higher studies.
Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)
The graduates will be able to –

 PSO1: Apply domain knowledge of mechanical engineering to address a wide range of technical and
societal problems with creativity, imagination, confidence and responsibility.
 PSO2: Explain and solve the design aspects of mechanical modules in various industrial applications.
 PSO3: Analyze, design and evaluate engineering systems including I.C Engines, Refrigeration, Air-
conditioning, Conventional and Non-Conventional Power Generating Systems.

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

INDORE (M.P.)
DEPARTMENT OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr./Ms……………………………………………………………… with RGTU
Enrollment No. 0832 ..…………………………..has satisfactorily completed the course of experiments in
…………………….……………………………………………...………laboratory, as prescribed by Rajiv
Gandhi Proudhyogiki Vishwavidhyalaya, Bhopal for ……… Semester of the Information Technology
Department during year 20….…  ....
Signature of
Faculty In-charge

Department of Mechanical Engineering

20 -
List of Experiments
Student Name: Enrollment No.:
Expt. List of Experiments Page CO Staff Sign

No. No.
1. Study of Carpentry Shop CO106.2
2. Preparation of t-joint of required dimensions from the

given wooden work piece. CO106.2
3. Study of Welding Shop. CO106.5
4. Preparation of Lap Joint by Electric Arc Welding. CO106.5
5. Study of Foundry Shop. CO106.4
6. Preparation of Sand Mould Using the Given Single

Piece Pattern. CO106.4
7. Study of Fitting Shop. CO106.3
8. Preparation of Square Fit from The Given Mild Steel

Work piece. CO106.3
9. Study of Black Smithy Shop. CO106.1
10. Preparation of S-Hook from a given round rod, by

hand forging operation. CO106.1
11. Study of power tools used in the Machine Shop. CO106.1
12. Preparation of a circuit on PCB by soldering simple

electronic components. CO106.1

COURSE OUTCOME
CO106.1 Students will be able to describe various manufacturing processes and its importance in daily life.
CO106.2 Students will be able to compare the difference between wood and timber and summarize the
making of various wood joints in the carpentry shop
CO106.3 Students will be able to recognize various tools and its uses in the fitting shop.
CO106.4 Students will be able to classify the types of pattern, intrepret the use of various tools and
summarize the moulding methods used in industries.
CO106.5 Students will be able to recognize various welding types, joints and indentify the safety precautions
to be taken.

EXPT. NO. - 1. STUDY OF CARPENTRY SHOP
Aim: To study the various types of wood and tools used in Carpentry shop
Theory:
The work performed in carpentry shops comprises of cutting, shaping and fastening wood and other materials
together to produce the products of woods. Therefore, carpentry shop deals with the timber and several types of
tools.
Types of Common Timbers, Their Qualities and Uses:
The common types of well recognized timbers available in India are Shisham, Sal, Teak, Deodar, Mango,
Mahogany, Kail, Chid, Babul, Fir wood, Walnut and Haldu, out of these, Deodar, Chid, Kail, Fir wood and
Haldu fall in the categories of softwoods and Shisham, Sal, Teak, Kiker, Mango, Walnut fall in the categories of
hardwoods. Some of the other foreign timbers commonly used in India are Ash, Burma, Hickory, Oak and Pine.
1 Shisham: It is dark brown in colour and it possesses golden and dark brow stripes. It is very hard to work and
generally wears or blunts the sharp edge of cutting tool very soon. It is available in India in Himalayan range at
heights from 1000-1500 meters and in deep forests. It is recognized as highly strong and durable wood and it is
mainly used for making good variety of furniture, tool handles, beds, cabinets, bridge piles, plywood etc.
2 Sal: It exists in rose brown colour which slowly turns into dark brown. This wood is commonly available in
India in Himalayas, M.P and U.P. It is free from attack of white ant’s insects and it is very difficult to work. It
has poor finish and therefore is not used for decorative furniture. It finds tremendous applications in making
doors, windows, cots, wooden handles, furniture and railway sleepers etc.
3 Teak wood: It is hard, very costly and it possesses wide applications. It is available in golden yellow or dark
brown colour. Special stripes on it add to its beauty. In India, it is found in M.P. It is very strong, durable and it
maintains good polish. It is mainly used for making good quality furniture, plywood, ships etc.
4 Deodar: It is white in colour when soft. But when it is hard, its colour turns toward light yellow. It is strong
and durable. It provides fragrance when smelled. It is not easily attacked by insects as it has some quantity of oil
in it. It is commonly available in Himalayas at a height from 1500 to 3000 meters. It is used for manufacturing
of doors, furniture, patterns, railway sleepers etc.
5 Mango: It is brown in colour and it can be easily shaped in various products. It is widely used in India as a
cheap wood for making doors, packing cases, toys and inferior furniture.
6 Mahogany: It is reddish brown in colour which is highly durable when dry. It also contains some oil in it that
prevents it from the attack of insects. It is commonly utilized for manufacturing cabinet, fine furniture, pattern
making work etc.

7 Kail: This wood possesses too many knots in it. This wood is commonly found in Himalaya as of India. It
yields a close grained, moderately hard and durable wood which can be easily painted. It is commonly utilized
for making cheap furniture, wooden doors, packing case etc.
8 Chid: It is also known as Chair. Its colour is dark brown when is soft, but it is reddish brown when hard. It
has stripes of dark brown colour. It has oily smell and is used for interior work in the house.
9 Babul: It is close grained tough and pale red coloured wood and is used for making tool handles etc.
10 Fir wood: It is light brown in colour when soft but harder variety is found in dark brown colour. It can be
easily attacked by insects. It is commonly utilized for making drawers, packing cases, doors etc.
11 Walnut: It is a good variety of wood which resists the attack of white ants. It can be polished easily in a
better way. This wood is generally used for making musical instruments, furniture, cabinet work, decoration
work etc.
12 Haldu: It is white in colour at the time of cutting, but once cut, its colour becomes yellow. It can be dried
and polished satisfactorily. It is widely used for making small objects such as stool, picture frames, trays,
cabinet etc.
Defects in Timber
Defects in timber may be broadly classified into three major categories:
1 Due to abnormal growth of trees.
2 Due to conversion or seasoning and,
3 Due to fungi and insects.
The defects in each category are described as under.

1. Defects Due to Abnormal Growth of Trees
Defects due to abnormal growth of trees are natural in nature and they are knots, stakes, twisted fibre and
rind galls.
Knots: They are too much frequent in many trees. They break the continuity of fibre and weaken the timber.
These defects may of dead or live kind. Fig. shows a knot defect. A dead knot will come out of the wooden
piece leaving a knot hole. It is produced when a branch is broken off before the tree has finished growing. A
live knot occurs when a branch separates from the tree after felling of the tree. Live knot will not become loose
and fall out of its position but may tend to crack. This provides inlets for any fungi to attack the wood. If these
knots are not too large and not too near the edge of the plank, they will not present a great problem however
dead knots in timber makes the wood unsuitable for structural use.

Fig. 1.1 Knot defect in timber

Shakes: These in timber are splits in the grain and often arise as a result of uneven seasoning. They may be of
radial, heart, star, cup and upset kind. An upset or rupture is a shake in which the fracture occurs across the
grain. This is thought to be caused by violet jarring of the timber during felling and is often found in mahogany.
Sometimes, the fibers of a tree may get twisted due to wind action in branches. This defect is known as twisted
fibers defect in timber. The fibers of wood have different inclinations with its axis. They are no more parallel to
the axis of the wood. Twisted fibers in timber offer difficulty in working and a smooth surface cannot be
obtained.
Fig. 1.2 Shakes defect in timber
Rind gall: It is the defect due to abnormal growth of trees. It is the wound created on the tree while a branch
breaks and parts off or gets cut. Decay may occur at that point.
Fig. 1.3. Rind gall defect in timber

2. Defects Due to Conversion and Seasoning
Defects due to conversion and seasoning of timber involve shakes, warping, bowing, twist, diamonding,
casehardening and honey combing. Some of such important defects are discussed as under. Warping is a kind of
variation from a true or plain surface and may include a one or combination of cup, bow, crook and twist.
Warping board which is tangentially sawn may invariably warp. This takes the form of a hollowing or cupping
across the face of the board and when wide flat boards are required this will act as a serious drawback.
Defect occurs when thin boards are cut from a log having curved longitudinal grain. This tendency is for the
board distort spirally. Diamonding in timber is the tendency of square cut pieces to become diamond shaped
when cut from certain areas of the log. This happens when the piece has been cut with growth rings running
diagonally, causing the unequal shrinkage between summer and spring growth to pull it out of shape.
3. Defects due to Fungi and Insects

Defects due to fungi and insects in timber involve fungi, dry rot, and wet rot which are discussed as under:
Fungi: Fungi in timber use the wood as their food and destroy the same. It acts on the wood tissues and cells
and cause decay. There are two types of defects in wood because of fungi and insects which are known as dry
rot and wet rot.
Dry rot: It is a type of fungus on dry wood which feeds on damp wood and breaks it down. Dry rot is so called
because infected wood eventually becomes lighter in weight and takes on the appearance of being badly charred
by fire, except that it is brown in color instead of black and crumbles under slight pressure. This fungus cannot
develop in wood which has a sap content of less than 20% so that to prevent it, all that is really necessary is to
use seasoned timber and to keep it dry.
Wet rot: Wet rot in timber is the decay due to dampness. The wood looks wet due to fungi attack on living
trees. The effected positions of wood are reduced to a grey brown powder. Well-seasoned wood, protected by
painting etc., will avoid wet rot. Insects such as beetles, borers and white ant attack the wood and render it of no
use. Beetles are commonly found in temperate region and the field of tropical and non-tropical regions. Beetles
use timber as their food. Borers produce holes in the timber to find shelter for living. White ants or termites are
very common in warm temperature countries. They attack the wood and make it hollow from inside. The insect
attack may be controlled through the use of insecticides. In another method, the timbers are placed in a kiln
where steam and heat are used to suffocate the pests.
Common Tools used in Carpentry Shop
Commonly used tools to shape wood for various types of joints by driving in and driving out nail involve
cutting and smoothening of wood surfaces. A broad classification of tools used in the wood working or
carpentry shop are measuring and marking tools, supporting and holding tools, cutting tools, striking tools and
miscellaneous tools. Most of commonly used tool and measuring devices as mentioned above are in chapter of
fitting and sheet metal work also. Other some important such tools and instruments are discussed as below.

MANUFACTURING PRACTICES - 10 -
1. Marking and Measuring Tools
Marking in order to make wooden components of the required size or the marking of exact dimensions on the
wooden piece is essential to produce quality jobs. A number of marking and measuring instruments namely
Rules, Try Square, Combination Set, Bevel Gauge, Marking Gauge, Mortise Gauge, Cutting Gauge, Spirit
Level, Trammel and Compass are commonly used for this purpose. Some of commonly used marking and
measuring instruments are discussed as in chapter of fitting and sheet metal work under.
Rules
Rules are straight edge of wood or steel engraved in millimeters- centimeters or in inches-foot or in both. These
are used to mark, measure the length, widths and thicknesses of wood part. Figs. 1.2 and 1.3 show steel rule,
folding rule and flexible steel rule. These rules are available in different sizes and designs. Metallic taps bearing
sizes 6", 12" or 18" are used for general measuring work. For example, 24" folding tape and 5" or 6" steel tape
are used measuring larger dimensions. An important small instrument in any shop is a good quality straight-
edge bench rules. These rules are manufactured of either metal or wood. They are used to check for straightness
and to measure and mark straight lines. The bench rule may be graduated in inches, millimeters or both. The
length of the bench rule may be 12", 24" or 36". The 36" rule is called yardstick. Another type of rule is folding
two-foot rule which is more convenient than a straight 24" rule. The zigzag rules are used to measure longer
stock when exact measurements are not so important. One of These rules, when open may be of usually 6 or 8
feet long. The push pull steel tape or tape rule is a very compact metal rule that comes in lengths of 6, 8 or 10
feet. There is a hook at the end to slip over the edge of the bold. It is flexible to bends easily and can measure
curved surfaces too. It is very good for measuring the inside depth of the hole of components also.
Fig. 1.4. Flexible Rule
Fig. 1.5. Steel Rule

Try Square
Try square is generally utilized for measuring and checking of sureness, perpendicular, dimensions, testing of
finish of planned surfaces and drawing parallel and perpendicular lines. The steel blade and metallic or wooden
handle of try square are at right angles to each other. Try square is used for testing the level, edge and square
ness of the wooden surfaces. It is also used for marking lines across the face or edge of wooden block. There are
graduations along the blade of the rule that are used for measuring and marking purposes on the wooden jobs.
The blade of try square is made of hard tempered steel of non-rusting kind. It is seldom used for hammering
work.
Fig. 1.6. Try Square

Mortise Gauge
Fig. 1.7 shows a mortise gauge. This is an improved form of marking gauge which consists of main
components as fixed pin, sliding pin, brass strip, stem, and rose wood stock and thumb screw. The fixed pin of
the gauge is attached to a short brass strip which is screwed to the stem. The sliding pin is fixed to a long brass
strip or slider is adjusted by means of a thumbscrew. The threaded portion of which engages in a cylindrical
nut which is embedded in the stem. The stock is locked in position by a metal set screw. This gauge is used for
marking out of the parallel sides of a mortises or tendons and other similar joints.
Fig. 1.6. Mortise gauge
2. Holding and Supporting Tools

Sometimes it is desirable to support and gold a wooden board in a special manner while the work is being
carried out. For these purposes, various supporting and holding devices are needed some of which are discussed
as under.
Work Bench
Every carpenter generally needs a good solid bench or table of rigid construction of hard wood on which he can
perform or carry out the carpentry operations. Work bench should be equipped with a vice for holding the work
and with slots and holes for keeping the common hand tools. One jaw of the vice is tightened to the table and is
kept moveable for holding the articles Work benches are built solidly with good heavy tops for providing a
good working surface for cutting, as well. The vice on the bench is equipped with an adjustable dog that is, a
piece of wood or metal can be moved up and down in the outside jaw of the vice.
Carpenter Vice
Carpenter vice is very important tool in wood working shops for holding wooden jobs. There are several
varieties of vices, each possessing its own particular merit.
Fig. 1.7. Carpenter Vice
3.Cutting Tools
Saws are wood cutting tools having handle and a thin steel blade with small sharp teeth along the edge. They
are utilized to cut wood to different sizes and shapes used for making the wooden joints that hold parts together.
They can be further classified into three major types namely hand Saws (Rip, Cross-cut, Panel, Keyhole and
Pad saw), Snuff Saws (Tenon and Dovetail) and Frame Saws (Coping, Bow and Fret). Few important types of
saws are shown in Fig. Some of them are described as under.
Rip Saw

It is used for cutting timber along the grains. The teeth of rip saw are chisel-shaped and are set alternately to the
right and left. A 24" long point saw is a good for sawing work. Depending upon whether the saw is designed to
rip or cross-cut, the shape of the teeth will also vary. In the case of a ripsaw, the teeth are shaped like chisels.
Fig. 1.8. Rip Saw

Dovetail Saw
Dovetail saw which is little and is closely similar as related to the backsaw or tenon saw. It is lighter and
however possesses a thinner blade and finer teeth. The handle is round, to provide a delicate grip for fine
cutting. This saw is used where absolutely finer and delicate cutting is required in wood work.
Fig. 1.9. Dovetail Saw
Compass Saw
Compass saw carries a tapered blade which is long and is one of the special saw having thin, narrow and
flexible blade. With a blade resembling the beak of a swordfish, this type of saw is commonly used for making
cut-outs on the inside surface of a piece of work. A hole is first bored inside the portion which is to be cut out
and the pointed compass saw is pushed into the hole to start the sawing operation. Its blade contains about 12
teeth per cm length.
Fig. 1.10. Compass Saw

Hacksaw
Hacksaw is shown in Fig. 1.11 which consists of steel frame and a hacksaw blade. While essentially designed
for cutting metal, this tool comes in for a variety of uses in the wood working shop. The frame of hacksaw is
designed in different ways, some with pistol grips, others with handles similar to those used on a conventional
saw and others with turned handles. Blades of hacksaw are detachable and can be obtained with teeth of varying
coarseness.
Fig. 1.11. Hacksaw
4. Finishing Tools
A plane is a special tool with a cutting blade for smoothing and removing wood as shavings. It is just like a
chisel fixed in a wooden or steel body. Fig shows a simple plane. The modern plane has been developed from
the chisel. They can also be classified as jack plane, smooth plane, jointer plane, trying plane, rabbit plane, and
circular plane and fore plane. Few important planes are discussed as under.
Jack Plane
Jack plane is most commonly used plane which is shown in Fig. 1.12. comprises of its body about 40 cm long,
blade 5-6 cm wide and handle. It is good for rough surfaces that require a heavier chip. It is ideal for obtaining a
smooth and flat surface. There are actually forty-six different parts of jack plane, the carpenter needs only
acquainted with the working or regulating parts. The main working parts are the cutting blade or plane iron. The
adjusting nut is operated to raise or lower the blade and the adjusting lever which regulates the blade so as to
make possible an even or slanted cut. The cutting blade of the jack plane is guarded with a metal cap which is
adjusted on top of the blade to within about 2.4 mm of the cutting edge. The metal cap of the jack plane eases
the cutting action by curling and breaking off the wood shavings evenly, thus preventing splitting or splintering
of the wooden part.

Fig. 1.12. Jack plane

Chisels
A Chisel is a strong sharp edge cutting tool with a sharp bevel edge at one end. Its construction is composed of
handle, tang, ferrule, shoulder, and blade. Chisels are generally made up of high carbon steel. They are used to
shape, and fit parts as required in joint making. A gouge is a curved chisel. It may be outside or inside ground.
Outside ground gouges are called firmer gouges and inside ground gouges are called scribing gouges. The
scribing gouges are made long and thin, they are known as paring gouges. Several varieties.
Firmer Chisel
Firmer chisel is shown in Fig. 1.13. Possesses a blade of rectangular section. It consists of the following parts
blade made of cast tool steel and it is used for general bench work. The shoulder of the chisel prevents the tang
from being driven farther into the handle when the chisel is struck with a mallet. The ferrule is short length of
brass tube (mild steel tube in the case of some mortise chisels) which fits tightly over the lower end of the
handle and helps to prevent its splitting by the tang. The tang is not hardened as to fit in the handle. The handles
turned from ash or beech wood as these timbers are resistant to splitting.
Fig. 1.13. Firmer Chisel

Mortise Chisel
Mortise chisel is designed for heavy work. A mortise chisel has a blade which is very nearly square in section
and so may be used as a lever for removing chips and will withstand heavy blows from a mallet. Various types

of handles are fitted to mortise chisel depending upon use. Mortise chisel has an oval beech handle, whilst the
heaviest type of all has a socket handle. This socket replaces the ferrule and affords greater resistance to
splitting when used for very heavy work.
Fig. 1.14. Mortise Chisel
Files and Rasps

They are of used for maintaining other wood working tools and equipment. They are made of hardened tool
steel which is tempered, and they should never be dropped as they are very brittle to break. They are of various
types depending upon their size, shape, cuts and degree of their coarseness.
Fig. 1.15. Rasp
5. Striking Tools
Mallets and various types of hammers are generally used as striking tools in carpentry shop. A hammer delivers
a sharp blow, its steel face being likely to damage the chisel handle whereas the softer striking surface such as
mallet will give better result. Some of important such tools are discussed as under.
Mallet

A mallet is a short handled wooden hammer with a large head as shown in Fig. It is used to strike a chisel for
heavy cutting waste wood, from joints such as mortises and halving joints and also for removing unwanted,
wood on shaped work etc. Mallet is frequently also used to tap parts of a project together during the assembly
process.
Fig. 1.16. Mallet
Viva Questions:
1. What are the defects due to abnormal growth of trees?
A. Knot defect, twisted fiber defect and rind gall defect.
2. What is seasoning?
A. It is the process of removing moisture from wood.
3. Name the different processes of seasoning?

A. Air seasoning, kiln seasoning, water seasoning.
4. Name the Indian timber used to manufacture furniture.

A. Mahogany, Teak wood, Jack wood, pincoda etc.
5. Which type of chisel is used in carpentry work normally?

A. Firmer Chisel.

EXPT. NO. - 2. PREPARATION OF T-JOINT OF REQUIRED DIMENSIONS FROM THE
GIVEN WOODEN WORK PIECE.
Aim: To prepare a T-joint of required dimension from the given wooden work piece.
Material Required: Soft wood of size 300 x 50 x 50 mm.
Tools Required: Jackplane, Carpentry vice, Try square, Marking gauge, Steel rule, Tenon saw, Rip saw,
Firmer chisel, Mallet.
Drawing:
Procedure
1. The given work piece is firmly clamped in the carpentry vice and any two adjacent surfaces are planed to get
right angles using the jack plane.
2. Using the try square, the right angles of planned faces are checked.
3. Now the other two surfaces are planned to get smooth surface.
4. The work piece is cut into two pieces by using the rip saw.
5. Using the steel rule and marking gauge, marking is done for T-joint on the two halves.
6. In one half, the unwanted portions of wood are removed by using the tenon saw and firmer chisel. The same
procedure is done for the other half of work piece.
7. Using the jack plane, the other two faces of work piece are planned to the required size.
8. The finished two pieces are assembled to getter to form the T-joint.
9. Finally, the finished job is checked for required size and shape using the steel rule and try square.

Viva Questions:
1. What is the purpose of marking gauge?

A. To mark parallel line with respect to an edge.
2. Which saw is used to cut along the

grain?
A. Rip Saw.
3. Which saw is used to cut across the

grain?
A. Tennon Saw.
4. What is the use of Band Saw?

A. Band saw is used to saw the wooden log.
5. Name the work holding devices in the carpentry shop.

A. Carpenters vice, 'C' Clamp, Sash clamp and hand screw.

EXPT. NO. - 3. STUDY OF WELDING SHOP.
Aim: To study about Welding Shop
Theory:
Welding is a process for joining two similar or dissimilar metals by fusion. It joins different metals/alloys, with
or without the application of pressure and with or without the use of filler metal. The fusion of metal takes place
by means of heat. The heat may be generated either from combustion of gases, electric arc, electric resistance or
by chemical reaction. During some type of welding processes, pressure may also be employed, but this is not an
essential requirement for all welding processes. Welding provides a permanent joint, but it normally affects the
metallurgy of the components. It is therefore usually accompanied by post weld heat treatment for most of the
critical components. The welding is widely used as a fabrication and repairing process in industries. Some of
the typical applications of welding include the fabrication of ships, pressure vessels, automobile bodies, off-
shore platform, bridges, welded pipes, sealing of nuclear fuel and explosives, etc.
Most of the metals and alloys can be welded by one type of welding process or the other. However, some are
easier to weld than others. To compare this ease in welding term ‘weld ability’ is often used. The weld ability
may be defined as property of a metal which indicates the ease with which it can be welded with other similar
or dissimilar metals. Weld ability of a material depends upon various factors like the metallurgical changes that
occur due to welding, changes in hardness in and around the weld, gas evolution and absorption, extent of
oxidation, and the effect on cracking tendency of the joint. Plain low carbon steel (C-0.12%) has the best
weldability amongst metals. Generally, it is seen that the materials with high castability usually have low
weldability.
Welding Positions
There are four types of welding positions, which are given as:
1. Flat or down hand position
2. Horizontal position
3. Vertical position
4. Overhead position
5. Flat Horizontal Vertical Over head
Flat or Down Hand Welding Position

The flat position or down hand position is one in which the welding is performed from the upper side of the
joint and the face of the weld is approximately horizontal. This is the simplest and the most convenient position
for welding. Using this technique, excellent welded joints at a fast speed with minimum risk of fatigue to the
welders can be obtained.
Horizontal Welding Position

In horizontal position, the plane of the work piece is vertical and the deposited weld head is horizontal. The
metal deposition rate in horizontal welding is next to that achieved in flat or down hand welding position. This
position of welding is most commonly used in welding vessels and reservoirs.
Vertical Welding Position

In vertical position, the plane of the work piece is vertical, and the weld is deposited upon a vertical surface. It
is difficult to produce satisfactory welds in this position due to the effect of the force of gravity on the molten
metal. The welder must constantly control the metal so that it does not run or drop from the weld. Vertical
welding may be of two types viz., vertical-up and vertical-down. Vertical-up welding is preferred when strength
is the major consideration. The vertical-down welding is used for a sealing operation and for welding sheet
metal.
Overhead Welding Position

The overhead position is probably even more difficult to weld than the vertical position. Here the pull of gravity
against the molten metal is much greater. The force of the flame against the weld serves to counteract the pull of
gravity. In overhead position, the plane of the work piece is horizontal. But the welding is carried out from the
underside. The electrode is held with its welding end upward. It is a good practice to use very short arc and
basic coated electrodes for overhead welding.
Classification of Welding Processes:
Gas Welding Processes

A fusion welding process which joins metals, using the heat of combustion of an oxygen /air and fuel gas (i.e.
acetylene, hydrogen propane or butane) mixture is usually referred as ‘gas welding’. The intense heat (flame)
thus produced melts and fuses together the edges of the parts to be welded, generally with the addition of a filler
metal. Operation of gas welding is shown in Fig. The fuel gas generally employed is acetylene; however, gases
other than acetylene can also be used though with lower flame temperature. Oxy-acetylene flame is the most
versatile and hottest of all the flames produced by the combination of oxygen and other fuel gases. Other gases
such as Hydrogen, Propane, Butane, Natural gas etc., may be used for some welding and brazing applications.

Fig. 3.1. Gas Welding Operation

Oxy-Acetylene Welding
In this process, acetylene is mixed with oxygen in correct proportions in the welding torch and ignited. The
flame resulting at the tip of the torch is sufficiently hot to melt and join the parent metal. The oxy-acetylene
flame reaches a temperature of about 3300°C and thus can melt most of the ferrous and non-ferrous metals in
common use. A filler metal rod or welding rod is generally added to the molten metal pool to build up the seam
slightly for greater strength.
Fig. 3.2. Oxy-Acetylene Welding setup
Types of Welding Flames

In oxy-acetylene welding, flame is the most important means to control the welding joint and the welding
process. The correct type of flame is essential to produce satisfactory welds. The flame must be of the proper

size, shape and condition to operate with maximum efficiency. There are three basic types of oxy-acetylene
flames.
1. Neutral welding flame (Acetylene and oxygen in equal proportions).
2. Carburizing welding flame or reducing (excess of acetylene).
3. Oxidizing welding flame (excess of oxygen).
Fig. 3.3. Types of welding flames

Neutral Welding Flame
A neutral flame results when approximately equal volumes of oxygen and acetylene are mixed in the welding
torch and burnt at the torch tip. The temperature of the neutral flame is of the order of about 5900°F (3260°C).
It has a clear, well defined inner cone, indicating that the combustion is complete. The inner cone is light blue in
color. It is surrounded by an outer flame envelope, produced by the combination of oxygen in the air and
superheated carbon monoxide and hydrogen gases from the inner cone. This envelope is usually a much darker
blue than the inner cone. A neutral flame is named so because it affects no chemical change on the molten metal
and, therefore will not oxidize or carburize the metal. The neutral flame is commonly used for the welding of
mild steel, stainless steel, cast Iron, copper, and aluminum.
Carburizing or Reducing Welding Flame

The carburizing or reducing flame has excess of acetylene and can be recognized by acetylene feather, which
exists between the inner cone and the outer envelope. The outer flame envelope is longer than that of the neutral
flame and is usually much brighter in colour. With iron and steel, carburizing flame produces very hard, brittle
substance known as iron carbide. A reducing flame may be distinguished from carburizing flame by the fact that
a carburizing flame contains more acetylene than a reducing flame. A reducing flame has an approximate
temperature of 3038°C. A carburizing-flame is used in the welding of lead and for carburizing (surface
hardening) purpose. A reducing flame, on the other hand, does not carburize the metal; rather it ensures the

absence of the oxidizing condition. It is used for welding with low alloy steel rods and for welding those metals,
(e.g., non-ferrous) that do not tend to absorb carbon. This flame is very well used for welding high carbon steel.
Oxidizing Welding flame

The oxidizing flame has an excess of oxygen over the acetylene. An oxidizing flame can be recognized by the
small cone, which is shorter, much bluer in colour and more pointed than that of the neutral flame. The outer
flame envelope is much shorter and tends to fan out at the end. Such a flame makes a loud roaring sound. It is
the hottest flame (temperature as high as 6300°F) produced by any oxy-fuel gas source. But the excess oxygen
especially at high temperatures tends to combine with many metals to form hard, brittle, low strength oxides.
Moreover, an excess of oxygen causes the weld bead and the surrounding area to have a scummy or dirty
appearance. For these reasons, an oxidizing flame is of limited use in welding. It is not used in the welding of
steel. A slightly oxidizing flame is helpful when welding (i) Copper-base metals (ii) Zinc-base metals and (iii)
A few types of ferrous metals such as manganese steel and cast iron. The oxidizing atmosphere in these cases,
create a base metal oxide that protects the base metal.
Components Used in Gas Welding

A. Welding torch
The construction of the welding torch. It is a tool for mixing oxygen and acetylene in correct proportion and
burning the mixture at the end of a tip. Gas flow to the torch is controlled with the help of two needle valves in
the handle of the torch. The positive pressure type welding torch is the more common of the two types of
oxyacetylene
Two basic types of gas welding torches:

1. Positive pressure (also known as medium or equal pressure), and
2. Low pressure or injector type
B. Hose pipes
The hose pipes are used for the supply of gases from the pressure regulators. The most common method of hose
pipe fitting both oxygen and acetylene gas are the reinforced rubber hose pipe. Green is the standard colour for
oxygen hose, red for acetylene, and black hose for other industrially available welding gases.
C. Goggles
These are fitted with colored lenses and are used to protect the eyes from harmful heat and ultraviolet and
infrared rays.
D. Gloves
These are required to protect the hands from any injury due to the heat of welding process.
E. Spark-lighter
It is used for frequent ignition of the welding torch.
F. Filler rods
Gas welding can be done with or without using filler rod. When welding with the filler rod, it should be held at
approximately 900 to the welding tip. Filler rods have the same or nearly the same chemical composition as the
base metal. Metallurgical properties of the weld deposit can be controlled by the optimum choice of filler rod.
Most of the filler rods for gas welding also contain deoxidizers to control the oxygen content of weld pool.
G. Fluxes
Fluxes are used in gas welding to remove the oxide film and to maintain a clean surface. These are usually
employed for gas welding of aluminum, stainless steel, cast iron, brass and silicon bronze. They are available in
the market in the form of dry powder, paste, or thick
Arc Welding Processes:

The process, in which an electric arc between an electrode and a workpiece or between two electrodes is
utilized to weld base metals, is called an arc welding process.
Arc welding power source
Both direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) are used for electric arc welding, each having its
particular applications. DC welding supply is usually obtained from generators driven by electric motor or if no
electricity is available by internal combustion engines. For AC welding supply, transformers are predominantly
used for almost all arc welding where mains electricity supply is available. They have to step down the usual
supply voltage (200- 400 volts) to the normal open circuit welding voltage (50-90 volts).
Components Used in Arc Welding:
1. Welding cables
Welding cables are required for conduction of current from the power source through the electrode holder, the
arc, the workpiece and back to the welding power source. These are insulated copper or aluminium cables.

2. Electrode holder
Electrode holder is used for holding the electrode manually and conducting current to it. These are usually
matched to the size of the lead, which in turn matched to the amperage output of the arc welder. Electrode
holders are available in sizes that range from 150 to 500 Amps.
3. Welding Electrodes
An electrode is a piece of wire or a rod of a metal or alloy, with or without coatings. An arc is set up between
electrode and work piece. Consumable electrode is made of different metals and their alloys. The end of this
electrode starts melting when arc is struck between the electrode and work piece. Thus, consumable electrode
itself acts as a filler metal. Bare electrodes consist of a metal or alloy wire without any flux coating on them.
Coated electrodes have flux coating which starts melting as soon as an electric arc is struck. This coating on
melting performs many functions like prevention of joint from atmospheric contamination, arc stabilizers etc.
Non-consumable electrodes are made up of high melting point materials like carbon, pure tungsten or alloy
tungsten etc. These electrodes do not melt away during welding. But practically, the electrode length goes on
decreasing with the passage of time, because of oxidation and vaporization of the electrode material during
welding. The materials of non-consumable electrodes are usually copper coated carbon or graphite, pure
tungsten, thoriated or zirconated tungsten.
4. Hand Screen
Hand screen used for protection of eyes.
5. Chipping hammer
Chipping Hammer is used to remove the slag by striking.
6. Wire brush
Wire brush is used to clean the surface to be weld.
7. Protective clothing
Operator wears the protective clothing such as apron to keep away the exposure of direct heat to the body.
Viva Questions:
1. Define Welding.
A. Welding is a process of joining two metal pieces by the application of heat.
2. What is the name of the material coated over a welding
rod?
A. Flux
3. What is the composition of Flux?

A. Flux consists of cellulose, mineral silicates, iron powder, Rutile and Potassium aluminum silicate.
4. What is the purpose of Flux?
A. Flux is used to reduce the atmospheric action on molten metal pool.
5. What is the approximate voltage for welding in AC welding machine?

A. 20 to 80 V.

EXPT. NO. - 4. PREPARATION OF LAP JOINT BY ELECTRIC ARC WELDING.
Aim: Preparation of Lap joint by Electric Arc Welding.
Material used: Two Mild Steel plates (50mm*100mm).
Tools required: Arc Welding machine, Flat file, Welding rod, Chipping hammer, Electrode holder, Wire brush,
Gloves and apron, Earthing clamps, Shield and goggles.
Drawing:
Procedure
1. First, the work pieces must be thoroughly cleaned to remove rust, scale and other foreign materials.
2. Then the given work pieces are placed on the table in such a way that one work piece is placed on the other
work piece like the LAP joint is formed.
3. Appropriate power supply should be given to the electrode and the work pieces.
4. Now the welding current output may be adjusted.
5. When current is passed, arc is produced between the electrode and work pieces.
6. Then the welding is carried out throughout the length.
7. As soon as the welding process is finished, switch off the current supply and allow the work piece to cool.
8. Slag is removed by chipping process with the help of chipping hammer.
9. Finally using wire brush, welded portions are cleaned.
Viva Questions:
1. What is the name of tool to remove the slag from welded
portion?

A. Chipping Hammer.
2. What is meant by Butt welding?

A. Butt welding is the process by which metals are joined together to the edges.
3. What is the advantage of 'V' Butt joint?

A. V butt welding is done to avoid projection over the surface.
4. What are the accessories used in the welding shop?

A. Hand gloves, Face shield, apron, goggles.
5. What type of transformer is used in welding

shop?
A. Step down Transformer.

EXPT. NO. - 5. STUDY OF FOUNDRY SHOP.
Aim: To study about Foundry Shop
Theory:
There are large number of tools and equipment used in foundry shop for carrying out different operations such
as sand preparation, moulding, melting, pouring and casting. They can be broadly classified as hand tools, sand
conditioning tool, flasks, power operated equipment’s, metal melting equipment and fettling and finishing
equipment. Different kinds of hand tools are used by moulder in mould making operations. Sand conditioning
tools are basically used for preparing the various types of moulding sands and core sand. Flasks are commonly
used for preparing sand moulds and keeping molten metal and also for handling the same from place to place.
Power operated equipment’s are used for mechanizing processes in foundries. They include various types of
moulding machines, power riddles, sand mixers and conveyors, grinders etc. Metal melting equipment includes
various types of melting furnaces such as cupola, pit furnace, crucible furnaces etc. Fettling and finishing
equipment’s are also used in foundry work for cleaning and finishing the casting. General tools and equipment
used in foundry are discussed as under.
Hand Tools Used in Foundry Shop

The common hand tools used in foundry shop are fairly numerous. A brief description of the following foundry
tools used frequently in foundry is given as under.
Hand riddle
Hand riddle is shown in Fig. It consists of a screen of standard circular wire mesh equipped with circular
wooden frame. It is generally used for cleaning the sand for removing foreign material such as nails, shot metal,
splinters of wood etc. from it. Even power operated riddles are available for riddling large volume of sand.
Shovel
Shovel is shown in Fig. It consists of a steel pan fitted with a long wooden handle. It is used in mixing,
tempering and conditioning the foundry sand by hand. It is also used for moving and transforming the Moulding
sand to the container and Moulding box or flask. It should always be kept clean.

Fig. 5.2. Shovel

Rammers
Rammers are shown in Fig. These are required for striking the moulding sand mass in the moulding box to pack
or compact it uniformly all around the pattern. The common forms of rammers used in ramming are hand
rammer, peen rammer, floor rammer and pneumatic rammer.
Fig. 5.3. Rammer

Strike off bar
Strike off bar is a flat bar having straight edge and is made of wood or iron. It is used to strike off or remove the
excess sand from the top of a moulding box after completion of ramming thereby making its surface plane and
smooth. It’s one edge is made bevelled and the other end is kept perfectly smooth and plane.
Fig. 5.4. Strike off bar

Mallet
Mallet is similar to a wooden hammer and is generally as used in carpentry or sheet metal shops. In moulding
shop, it is used for driving the draw spike into the pattern and then rapping it for separation from the mould
surfaces so that pattern can be easily withdrawn leaving the mould cavity without damaging the mould surfaces.
Fig. 5.5. Mallet

Vent rod
Vent rod is shown in Fig. It is a thin spiked steel rod or wire carrying a pointed edge at one end and a wooden
handle or a bent loop at the other. After ramming and striking off the excess sand it is utilized to pierce series of
small holes in the moulding sand in the cope portion. The series of pierced small holes are called vents holes
which allow the exit or escape of steam and gases during pouring mould and solidifying of the molten metal for
getting a sound casting.
Fig. 5.6. Vent Rod

Lifters
Lifters are shown in Fig. They are also known as cleaners or finishing tool which are made of thin sections of
steel of various length and width with one end bent at right angle. They are used for cleaning, repairing and
finishing the bottom and sides of deep and narrow openings in mould cavity after withdrawal of pattern. They
are also used for removing loose sand from mould cavity.
Fig. 5.7. Lifter

Trowels
Trowels are shown in Fig. They are utilized for finishing flat surfaces and joints and partings lines of the mould.
They consist of metal blade made of iron and are equipped with a wooden handle. The common metal blade
shapes of trowels may be pointed or contoured or rectangular oriented. The trowels are basically employed for
smoothing or slicking the surfaces of moulds. They may also be used to cut in-gates and repair the mould
surfaces.
Fig. 5.8. Trowel

Gate cutter
Gate cutter is a small shaped piece of sheet metal commonly used to cut runners and feeding gates for
connecting sprue hole with the mould cavity.
Bellows
Bellows gun is shown in Fig. It is hand operated leather made device equipped with compressed air jet to blow
or pump air when operated. It is used to blow away the loose or unwanted sand from the surfaces of mould
cavities.
Fig. 5.9. Bellows

Closed Moulding boxes:
Closed Moulding boxes are shown in Fig which may be made of wood, cast-iron or steel and consist of two or
more parts. The lower part is called the drag, the upper part the cope and all the intermediate parts, if used,
cheeks. All the parts are individually equipped with suitable means for clamping arrangements during pouring.
Wooden Boxes are generally used in green-sand Moulding. Dry sand moulds always require metallic boxes
because they are heated for drying. Large and heavy boxes are made from cast iron or steel and carry handles
and grips as they are manipulated by cranes or hoists, etc. Closed metallic Moulding boxes may be called as a
closed rectangular Moulding box or a closed round Moulding box.

Fig. 5.10. Closed Moulding box

Viva Questions:
1. What are the main ingredients of Moulding sand?
A. Silica sand, clay, coal dust/saw dust and traces of magnesium potassium etc.
2. What are the main properties required for a good Moulding sand?
A. Cohesiveness, adhesiveness, collapse-ability, refractoriness, porosity, flow ability, plasticity, permeability
etc.
3. Name the bottom and top parts of the Moulding

box. A. Drag and Cope.
4. What are the defects found in a casting?

A. Blow holes, sand spots, swell, shrinkage, hot tear gas porosity, run outs, shifts etc.
5. What is the use of sprue pin?

A. Sprue pin is used to provide the runner hole through which molten metal is being poured into the mould
cavity.

EXPT. NO. - 6. PREPARATION OF SAND MOULD USING THE GIVEN SINGLE
PIECE PATTERN.
Aim: To prepare a sand mould using the given single piece pattern.
Material Required: Moulding sand, parting sand, facing sand, baking sand, single piece solid pattern, bottom
board, moulding boxes etc.
Tools Required: Moulding board, Drag and cope boxes, Moulding sand, Parting sand, Rammer, Strike-off bar,
Bellows, Riser and sprue pins, Gate cutter, Vent rod, Draw spike, Wire Brush.
Procedure:
1. First a bottom board is placed either on the moulding platform or on the floor, making the surface even.
2. The drag moulding flask is kept upside down on the bottom board along with the drag part of the pattern at
the center of the flask on the board.
3. Dry facing sand is sprinkled over the board and pattern to provide a non-sticky layer.
4. Freshly prepared moulding sand of requisite quality is now poured into the drag and on the pattern to a
thickness of 30 to 50 mm.
5. Rest of the drag flask is completely filled with the backup sand and uniformly rammed to compact the sand.
6. After the ramming is over, the excess sand in the flask is completely scraped using a flat bar to the level of
the flask edges.
7. Now with a vent wire which is a wire of 1 to 2 mm diameter with a pointed end, vent holes are in the drag to
the full depth of the flask as well as to the pattern to facilitate the removal of gases during casting solidification.
This completes the preparation of the drag.
8. Now finished drag flask is rolled over to the bottom board exposing the pattern.
9. Using a slick, the edges of sand around the pattern is repaired
10. The cope flask on the top of the drag is located aligning again with the help of the pins of the drag box.
11. Sprue of the gating system for making the sprue passage is located at a small distance of about 50 mm from
the pattern. The sprue base, runners and in-gates are also located as shown, risers are also placed. Freshly
prepared facing sand is poured around the pattern.
12. The moulding sand is then poured in the cope box. The sand is adequately rammed, excess sand is scraped,
and vent holes are made all over in the cope as in the drag.
13. The sprue and the riser are carefully withdrawn from the flask.
14. Later the pouring basin is cut near the top of the sprue.

15. The cope is separated from the drag any loose sand on the cope and drag interface is blown off with the help
of the bellows.
16. Now the cope and the drag pattern halves are withdrawn by using
using the draw spikes and rapping the pattern all
around to slightly enlarge the mould cavity so that the walls are not spoiled by the withdrawing pattern.
17. The runners and gates are to be removed or to be cut in the mould carefully without spoiling the mould.
moul
18. Any excess or loose sand is applied in the runners and mould cavity is blown away using the bellows.
19. Now the facing paste is applied all over the mould cavity and the runners which would give the finished
casting a good surface finish.
20. A dry sand coree is prepared using a core box. After suitable baking, it is placed in the mould cavity.
21. The cope is placed back on the drag taking care of the alignment of the two by means of the pins.
22. The mould is ready for pouring molten metal. The liquid metal is allowed
allowed to cool and become solid which is
the casting desired.
Result: The required mould cavity is prepared using the given Single /solid Pattern.
Fig. 6.1. Parts of a moulding setup
Viva Questions:
1. Name the tool that is used to blow off the loose particles from the mould cavity.
A. Bellow.
2. What is the tool used to compact the moulding sand?

A. Hand Rammer and peen rammer.

3. What is the purpose of draft in pattern?

A. Draft is the taper provided in the pattern for the easy removal of the pattern from the moulding sand.
4. What is the purpose of ladle in a foundry shop?

A. Ladle is used to collect the molten metal from the cupola furnace.
5. What are the main tools used in the Foundry shop?

A. Shovel, Trowel, Riddle, Gate cutter, Slick, scooping spoon, Lifter, vent rod, draw spike etc.

EXPT. NO. - 7. STUDY OF FITTING SHOP.
Aim: To study about fitting shop.
Theory:
These days small, medium and heavy industries are using automatic machines. But bench and fitting work also
plays a significant role for completing and finishing a job to the desired accuracy. Most of semi-finished works
can be accomplished with fairly good degree of accuracy in a reasonable time through various kinds of quick
machining operations. They still require some minor operations to be performed to finish the job by hand. The
term bench work denotes the production of an article by hand on the bench. Whereas fitting is the assembling of
parts together and removing metals to secure the necessary fit and may or may not be carried out at the bench.
These two types of work require the uses of a large number of hand tools and other devices or equipment’s that
involve a number of operations for accomplishing the work to the desired shape and size. Some of the
commonly used tools are discussed as under.
Tools Used in Fitting Shop

Tools used in bench and fitting shop are classified as under.
1. Marking tools
2. Measuring devices
3. Measuring instruments
4. Supporting tools
5. Holding tools
6. Striking tools
7. Cutting tools
The above-mentioned tools are further classified and discussed as under.
1. Marking Tools
These are sub classified as steel rule, circumference rule, straight edge, flat steel square, scriber, semi-circular
protractor, divider, trammel, prick punch, center punch, try square, bevel square, Vernier protractor,
combination set and surface gauge.
2. Measuring Tools
Commonly used measuring devices and instruments used in bench and fitting shop are fillet and radius gauge,
screw pitch gauge, surface plate, try square, dial gauge, feeler gauge, plate gauge and wire gauge.

3. Measuring Instruments
While using line measuring device, the ends of a dimension being measured are aligned with the graduations of
the scale from which the length is read directly such as scales or steel rules. Whereas, with end measuring
device, the measurement is taken between two ends as in a micro meter, Vernier calipers and gauge block, etc.
End measuring devices are commonly used for measuring accurate and precision dimensions of components.
Some measuring instruments are employed for measuring linear dimensions and others are suitable for
determining angular or geometric dimensions. Few measuring instruments are also kept for reference purposes
as standards of comparison.
4. Supporting Tools
These are vee-block, marking table, surface plate, and angle plate.
5. Holding Tools
These are vices and clamps. Various types of vices are used for different purposes. They include hand vice,
bench vice, leg vice, pipe vice, and pin vice. The clamps are also of different types such as C or G clamp, plane
slot, goose neck, double end finger, u-clamp, parallel jaw, and clamping block.
6. Striking Tools
These are several types of hammers such as ball peen hammer; straight peen hammer; cross-peen hammer;
double face hammer; soft face hammer.
7. Cutting Tools
These involve several types of files, scrapers, chisels, drills, reamers, taps, snip or shear and hacksaws.
Files: There are diverse types of files such as flat, square, round, triangular, knife, pillar, needle and mill.
Scrapers: These are flat, hook, triangular, half round types.
Chisels: There are several types of chisels used in fitting work such as flat chisel, cross cut chisel, diamond
point chisel, half round chisel, cow mouth chisel and side cutting chisel. The other cutting tools are drills,
reamers, taps, snips, hacksaws (hand hacksaw and power hacksaw) etc.
Micro meters:
For measuring a dimension in external micro meter, the work piece is held between the fixed anvil face and the
spindle face of the micro meter. The spindle of the micro meter is allowed to move linearly towards the work by
rotating thimble. When the spindle will touch the work piece properly, the ratchet will give its sound. The small
locking lever is then rotated to clamp the spindle so that reading can be taken more accurately. Outside micro
meter are used for measuring the outside dimensions of jobs, such as diameter of a bar, rod and thickness of
plate. Generally, until and unless they are provided with the Vernier attachment, the former can read up to
1/1000 or 0.001 inch and the latter up to 0.01 mm. The former is known as inches micro meter and the latter
metric micro meter, which are gradually replacing the former due to the introduction or adopting of metric
system. Inside micro meter is commonly used for measuring inside dimensions of the objects, such as inside
dia. of a hole, width of a slot or cavity, etc. The outside micrometers are the most extensively used in industrial
applications.
Fig. 7.1: Micro meter
Reading on Micro Meter

It works on the fine assembly of nut and bolt principle where pitch of both nut and bolt plays an important role.
The graduation on the barrel of micro meter is in two parts, namely one above the reference line and the other
below. The higher line graduation above the reference line is graduated in 1 mm intervals. The first and every
fifth are long and numbered 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25. The lower or small graduations are graduated in mm
intervals, but each graduation shall be placed at the middle of the two successive upper graduations to be read
0.5 mm. The micro meter screw has a pitch of 0.5 mm, while the thimble has a scale of 50 divisions round its
circumference. Thus, on making or rotating through one complete turn, the thimble moves forward or backward
by one thread pitch of 0.5 mm, and one division of its scale is, therefore, equivalent to a longitudinal movement
of 0.5 × 1/50 mm = 0.01 mm. It is the value of one division on the thimble, which is the least that can be
correctly read with the help of a micro meter and is known as the least count. For measurement, the job is kept
between the end of the spindle and the fixed anvil, which is fitted to the frame. When the micro meter is closed,
the line marked 0 (zero) on the thimble coincides with the line marked 0 (zero) on the graduated sleeve. In
metric outside micro meter, the pitch of the spindle screw is 0.5.
Vernier Caliper
Fig. 7.2. Shows the Vernier caliper, which is commonly used to measure accurately
1. Outside diameters of shafts,
2. Thicknesses of various parts,
3. Diameters of holes or rings,
4. Internal dimensions of hollow jobs or articles.

Fig. 7.2: Vernier Caliper

It works on the principle of Vernier and can measure the dimensions to an accuracy of 0.02 mm. For making a
measurement of external dimensions, the job is placed between the fixed and the movable jaws. The movable or
the sliding jaw is moved until it almost contacts the job kept against the fixed jaw. The sliding jaw assembly of
the Vernier caliper that carries the fine adjustment screw should be clamped to the graduated beam with the help
of adjustment clamp. The two jaws are then brought into contact with the job by moving the sliding jaw with
the help of fine adjustment screw. The jaws should make now definite contact with the job but should not be
tight. The main slide assembly is then locked to the beam with help of clamp. The caliper is then carefully
removed from the job to prevent springing the jaws and the reading is taken. For making a measurement of
internal dimensions, the job is placed outward between the fixed and the movable jaws meant for measuring
inner dimension.
Holding Tools
Holding tools used in fitting shop comprises of basically vices and clamps. The clamps are C or G clamp, plane
slot, goose neck, double end finger, u-clamp, parallel jaw, and clamping block. The various types of vices used
in fitting shop are given as under:
A. Vices:
The vices are hand vice, bench vice, machine vices, carpenter vice, shaper vice, leg vice, pipe vice, and pin
vice.
a. Bench vice
Fig shows a bench vice commonly used in fitting shop for holding a variety of jobs
Fig. 7.3: Bench vice

Files
The widely used hand cutting tool in workshops is the file. It is a hardened piece of high grade steel with
slanting rows of teeth. It is used to cut, smooth, or fit metal parts. It is used to file or cut softer metals. It
consists of the following parts. The tang is the pointed part, which fitted into the handle. The point is the end
opposite the tang. The heel is next to the handle. The safe edge or side of a file is that which has no teeth. It is
classified on bases of type or cut of teeth and sectional form.
Classification of Files:
The files are classified on basis of type of cuts, grade and shapes. These are further sub classified as under
(A) Type of Cut

The most commonly used files according to cuts of teeth.
(a) Single cut file
(b) Double cut file
(c) Rasp cut file.
(B) Grade of Cut

Files are cut with teeth of different grades. Those in general are
(i) Smooth
(ii) Second cut
(iii) Rough
(C) Shape of File

Common shapes of files are having different cross sections, which cover most requirements.
a. Hand files
Hand files are commonly used for finishing surface work. Both faces of the file are double cut. Either both
edges are single cut, or one is uncut to provide a safe edge.
b. Flat files
Flat files are generally used for filing flat surfaces in fitting shop.
c. Triangular files
Triangular files are commonly used for filing corners between 60° and 90°.

They are double cut on all faces.
d. Square file
Square files are commonly used for filing in corners in jobs. They are double cut on all sides and tapers.
e. Round files
Round files are generally used for opening out holes and rounding inside corners. Rough, bastard, second cut
and smooth files under 15 cm in length are single cut.
f. Half round files
These files comprise of flat and half round sides. The flat side of half round file is used for general work and the
half round side for filing concave surfaces. These files are double cut on the flat side. The curved side is single
cut, smooth or second cut.
g. Knife-edge files
These files are commonly used for cleaning out acute-angled corners. The two faces of these files are double
cut, while the edge is single cut. These files are made in sizes from 10 to 20 cm of various shapes and cuts.
They are extremely delicate and are used for fine work such as pierced designed in thin metal.
h. Pillar files
These files are used for finishing narrow slots. Both faces are double cut and either both edges are single cut, or
one is uncut to provide a safe edge of the file.
i. Needle files
Needle files are generally used for filling keys tooth wheels of clocks and other curved surfaces.
j. Mill files
Mill files are commonly used for filing half round recess and gullet of mill saw.
Striking Tools:
Various types of hammers (such as ball peen hammer, straight peen hammer, cross-peen hammer, double face
hammer and soft face hammer) are acting as striking tools. These types have been described in chapters relating
to sheet metal work and forging work. The common type of ball peen hammer is shown in Fig.

Fig. 7.4: Ball Peen Hammer

Viva Questions:
1. What is meant by fitting?
A. Fitting is the process of assembling the item after bringing the components to the exact size and
geometrical shape and tolerance.
2. Which material is used to make the

file? A. High carbon steel.
3. What is the carbon content of workpiece used in fitting?

A. 0.15 to 3%
4. What is the least count of the Vernier caliper used in fitting shop?
A. 0.02 mm
5. What is the purpose of soft hammer in fitting shop?

A. To tap the sophisticated materials without damaging it - example bearing.

EXPT. NO. - 8. PREPARATION OF SQUARE FIT FROM THE GIVEN MILD STEEL
WORKPIECE.
Aim: To prepare a Square fit from the given Mild Steel workpiece.
Tools Used: 1.6” Try square, 6” scriber, Odd leg caliper, 12” hack saw Frame, Blades (12 TPI), 10” rough file,
10” smooth file, 10” Square file, Dot punch, Ball peen hammer (0.5 Ib), Steel Rule.
Material Required: Mild steel flat 40*40*3 mm.
Drawing:
Procedure:
1. The given mild steel flat piece is checked for given dimensions.
2. One edge of given is filled to straightness with rough and smooth files and checked with try square.
3. An adjacent is also filled such that is square to first edge and checked with try square.
4. Wet chalk is applied on one side of the flat and dried for making.
5. Lines are marked according to given figure, using odd leg caliper and steel rule.
6. Using the dot punch are made along the marked lines.
7. The excess materials removed from the remaining two edges with try square level up to half of the marked
dots.
8. Finally buts are removed by the filling on the surface of the fitted job.

Viva Questions
1. How to calculate the least count of a Vernier?
A. Least count is the difference between one main scale division and one Vernier scale division.
2. What is the least count of the micro

meter? A. 0.01 mm.
3. How to calculate the least count of a Micro meter?

A. Distance moved by the spindle per revolution of thimble divided by number of divisions in the thimble.
4. Name the hammers used in the fitting shop.

A. Ball peen hammer, straight peen hammer and cross peen hammer.
5. What is meant by drilling?

A. It is the process of making hole in the any item using the tool called as drill bit.

EXPT. NO. - 9. STUDY OF BLACK SMITHY SHOP.
Aim: To study about Black smithy shop
Theory:
Black smithy or Forging is an oldest shaping process used for the producing small articles for which accuracy in
size is not so important. The parts are shaped by heating them in an open fire or hearth by the blacksmith and
shaping them through applying compressive forces using hammer. Thus, forging is defined as the plastic
deformation of metals at elevated temperatures into a predetermined size or shape using compressive forces
exerted through some means of hand hammers, small power hammers, die, press or upsetting machine. It
consists essentially of changing or altering the shape and section of metal by hammering at a temperature of
about 980°C, at which the metal is entirely plastic and can be easily deformed or shaped under pressure. The
shop in which the various forging operations are carried out is known as the smithy or smith’s shop.
Hand forging process is also known as black-smithy work which is commonly employed for production of
small articles using hammers on heated jobs. It is a manual controlled process even though some machinery
such as power hammers can also be sometimes used. Black-smithy is, therefore, a process by which metal may
be heated and shaped to its requirements by the use of blacksmith tools either by hand or power hammer.
Forging by machine involves the use of forging dies and is generally employed for mass production of accurate
articles. In drop forging, closed impression dies are used and there is drastic flow of metal in the dies due to
repeated blow or impact which compels the plastic metal to conform to the shape of the dies.
Applications of forging:
Almost all metals and alloys can be forged. The low and medium carbon steels are readily hot forged without
difficulty, but the high-carbon and alloy steels are more difficult to forge and require greater care. Forging is
generally carried out on carbon alloy steels, wrought iron, copper-base alloys, aluminium alloys, and
magnesium alloys. Stainless steels, nickel-based super alloys, and titanium are forged especially for aerospace
uses.
Forgeability:
The ease with which forging is done is called forgeability. The forgeability of a material can also be defined as
the capacity of a material to undergo deformation under compression without rupture. Forgeability increases

with temperature up to a point at which a second phase, e.g., from ferrite to austenite in steel, appears or if grain
growth becomes excessive.
Common Hand Forging Tools:
For carrying out forging operations manually, certain common hand forging tools are employed. These are also
called blacksmith’s tools, for a blacksmith is one who works on the forging of metals in their hot state. The
main hand forging tools are as under.
Tongs: The tongs are generally used for holding work while doing a forging operation.
a) Straight-lip fluted tongs are commonly used for holding square, circular and hexagonal bar stock.
b) Rivet or ring tongs are widely used for holding bolts, rivets and other work of circular section.
c) Flat tongs are used for mainly for holding work of rectangular section.
d) Gad tongs are used for holding general pick-up work, either straight or tapered.
Flatter: It is commonly used in forging shop to give smoothness and accuracy to articles which have already
been shaped by fullers and swages.
Fuller: Fuller is used in forging shop for necking down a forgeable job. It is made in top and bottom tools as in
the case of swages. Fuller is made in various shapes and sizes according to needs, the size denoting the width of
the fuller edge
Punch: Punch is used in forging shop for making holes in metal part when it is at forging heat.
Rivet header: Rivet header is used in forging shop for producing rivets heads on parts.
Chisels: Chisels are used for cutting metals and for nicking prior to breaking. They may be hot or cold
depending on whether the metal to be cut is hot or cold. The main difference between the two is in the edge.
The edge of a cold chisel is hardened and tempered with an angle of about 60°, whilst the edge of a hot chisel is
30° and the hardening is not necessary. The edge is made slightly rounded for better cutting action.
Hand hammers: There are two major kinds of hammers are used in hand forging:
a. The hand hammer used by the smith himself and
b. The sledge hammer used by the striker.

Hand hammers may further be classified as (a) ball peen hammer, (b) straight peen hammer, and (c) cross peen
hammer. Sledge hammers may further be classified as (a) Double face hammer, (b) straight peen hammer, and
(c) cross peen hammer.
Hammer heads are made of cast steel and, their ends are hardened and tempered. The striking face is made
slightly convex. The weight of a hand hammer varies from about 0.5 to 2 kg whereas the weight of a sledge
hammer varies from 4 to 10 kg Set hammer. It is used for finishing corners in shouldered work where the flatter
would be inconvenient. It is also used for drawing out the gorging job.
Anvil: An anvil is a most commonly tool used in forging shop which is shown in. It acts as a support for
blacksmith’s work during hammering. The body of the anvil is made of mild steel with a tool steel face welded
on the body, but the beak or horn used for bending curves is not steel faced. The round hole in the anvil called
pritchel hole is generally used for bending rods of small diameter, and as a die for hot punching operations. The
square or hardy hole is used for holding square shanks of various fittings. Anvils in forging shop may vary up to
about 100 to 150 kg and they should always stand with the top face about 0.75 m from the floor. This height
may be attained by resting the anvil on a wooden or cast-iron base in the forging shop.
Swage block: Swage block generally used in forging shop. It is mainly used for heading, bending, squaring,
sizing, and forming operations on forging jobs. It is 0.25 m or even more wide. It may be used either flat or
edgewise in its stand.
Forging Operations:
The following are the basic operations that may be performed by hand forging:
1. Drawing-down: Drawing is the process of stretching the stock while reducing its cross-section locally.
Forging the tapered end of a cold is an example of drawing operation.
2. Upsetting: It is a process of increasing the area of cross-section of a metal piece locally, with a corresponding
reduction in length. In this, only the portion to be upset is heated to forging temperature and the work is then
struck at the end with a hammer. Hammering is done by the smith (student) himself, if the job is small, or by
his helper, in case of big jobs, when heavy blows are required with a sledge hammer.
3. Fullering: Fullers are used for necking down a piece of work, the reduction often serving as the starting point
for drawing. Fullers are made of high carbon steel in two parts, called the top and bottom fullers. The
bottom tool fits in the hardy hole of the anvil. Fuller size denotes the width of the fuller edge.

4. Flattering: Flatters are the tools that are made with a perfectly flat face of about 7.5 cm square. These are
used for finishing flat surfaces. A flatter of small size is known as set-hammer and is used for finishing near
corners and in confined spaces.
5. Swaging: Swages like fullers are also made of high carbon steel and are made in two parts called the top and
swages. These are used to reduce and finish to round, square or hexagonal forms. For this, the swages are
made with half grooves of dimensions to suit the work.
6. Bending: Bending of bars, flats, etc., is done to produce different types of bent shapes such as angles, ovals,
circles etc. Sharp bends as well as round bends may be made on the anvil, by choosing the appropriate place
on it for the purpose.
7. Twisting: It is also one form of bending. Sometimes, it is done to increase the rigidity of the work piece.
Small piece may be twisted by heating and clamping a pair of tongs on each end of the section to be twisted
and applying a turning moment. Larger pieces may be clamped in a leg vice and twisted with a pair of tongs
or a monkey wrench. However, for uniform twist, it must be noted that the complete twisting operation must
be performed in one heating.
8. Cutting (Hot and Cold Chisels): Chisels are used to cut metals, either in hot or cold state. The cold chisel is
similar to fitter’s chisel, except that it is longer and has a handle. A hot chisel is used for cutting hot metal
and its cutting edge is long and slender when compared to cold chisel. These chisels are made of tool steel,
hardened and tempered.
Viva Questions:
1. What is the name of supporting tool used in the smithy
shop? A. Anvil.
2. What is the name of fuel used in the smithy shop?

A. Coke or Coal.
3. What is the purpose of drift tool in the smithy

shop? A. To enlarge the hole.
4. What is the purpose of fullers?

A. Fuller is used for the drawing out operation.
5. What is the purpose of flatter?

A. It is used to give smooth finish to the work piece.

EXPT. NO. - 10. PREPARATION OF S-HOOK FROM A GIVEN ROUND ROD, BY
HAND FORGING OPERATION.
Aim: Preparation of S-hook from a given round rod, by following hand forging operation.
Tools required: Smith’s forge, Anvil, 500gm and 1 kg ball-peen hammers, Flatters, Swage block, Half round
tongs, Pickup tongs, Cold chisel.
Drawing:
Procedure:
1. One end of the bar is heated to red hot condition in the smith’s forge for the required length.
2. Using the pick-up tongs, the rod is taken from the forge, and holding it with the half round tongs, the heated
end is forged into a tapered pointed end.
3. The length of the rod required for S-hook is estimated and the excess portion is cut-off, using a cold chisel.
4. One half of the rod towards the pointed end is heated in the forge to red hot condition and then bent into
circular shape as shown.
5. The other end of the rod is then heated and forged into a tapered pointed end.
6. The straight portion of the rod is finally heated and bent into circular shape as required.
7. Using the flatter, the S-hook made as above, is kept on the anvil and flattened so that, the shape of the hook is
proper.

Viva Questions:
1. What is swage block?
A. Swage block is a block of cast iron having various size and shape of slots and is used to finish the work
piece.
2. Name the types of Tongs.

A. Universal tongs, hollow tongs, punch and chisel tongs, flat tongs etc.
3. What is meant by Black Smithy?

A. Black smithy is the process of making articles using steel usually after heating the item in a forge.
4. What are the measuring tools used in Smithy shop?

A. Steel rule, outside and inside calipers.
5. What operations can be done in Smithy shop?

A. Upsetting or jumping, drawing down, setting, bending, cutting, punching and drifting.

EXPT. NO. - 11. STUDY OF POWER TOOLS USED IN THE MACHINE SHOP
Aim: To study the power tools used in the Machine Shop.
Theory: Power tool is a powered by an electric motor, a compressed air motor, or a gasoline engine. Power
tools are classified as either stationary or portable, where portable means handheld. They are used in industry, in
construction, and around the house for cutting, shaping, drilling, sanding, painting, grinding, and polishing.
Stationary power tools for metalworking are usually called Machine tools.
The lathe is the oldest power tool, being known to the ancient Egyptians. Early industrial revolution-era
factories had batteries of power tools driven by belts from overhead shafts. The prime power source was a water
wheel or a steam engine.
Stationary power tools are prized not only for their speed, but for their accuracy. A table saw not only cuts
faster than a hand saw, but the cuts are smoother, straighter and squarer than even the most skilled man can co
with a handsaw. Lathes produce truly round objects that cannot be made in any other way.
An electric motor is the universal choice to power stationary tools. Portable electric tools may be either corded
or battery-powered.
Common power tools include the drill, various types of saws, the router, the electric sander, and the lathe.
The term power tool is also used in a more general sense, meaning a technique for greatly simplifying a
complex or difficult task.
Types of Power Tools:
Power Hacksaw: A power hacksaw is a type of hacksaw that is powered either by its own electric motor (also
known as electric hacksaw) or connected to a stationary engine. Most power hacksaw are stationary machines
but some portable models do exist. Stationary models usually have a mechanism to lift up the saw blade on the
return stroke and some have a coolant pump to prevent the saw blade from overheating. While stationary
electric hacksaw is reasonably uncommon they are still produced but saws powered by a stationary engine have
gone out of fashion. The reason for using one is that they provide a cleaner cut than an angle grinder or other
types of saw.
Fig. 11.1. Power Hacksaw

2. Hand-Held circular saws: The term circular saw is most commonly used to refer to a hand-held electric
circular saw designed for cutting wood, which may be used less optimally for cutting other materials with the
exchange of specific blades. Circular saws can be either left or right handed, depending on the side of the blade
where the motor sits and which hand the operator uses when holding a saw.

Fig. 11.2 Circular Saw

3. Drill: A drill is a tool with a rotating drill bit used for drilling holes in various materials. Drills are commonly
used in woodworking, metalworking. Special designed drills are also used in medical and other applications
such as in space missions. The drill bit is gripped by a chuck at one end of the drill and rotated while pressed
against the target material. The tip of the drill bit does the work of cutting into the target material, either slicing
off thin shavings (twist drills or auger bits), grinding of small particles (oil drilling), or crushing and removing
pieces of the work piece (masonry drill).
Fig. 11.3. Power Drill

4. Bench Grinder: A bench grinder or pedestal grinder is a machine used to drive an abrasive wheel (or
wheels). Depending on the grade of the grinding wheel it may be used for sharpening cutting tools such as lathe
tools or drill bits. Alternatively, it may be used to roughly shape metal prior to welding or fitting. A wire brush
wheel or buffing wheel can be interchanged with the grinding wheels in order to clean or polish work-pieces.

Fig. 11.4. Bench Grinder
Viva Questions:
1. What is Power Hack Saw?
A. A power hacksaw is a type of hacksaw that is powered either by its own electric motor or connected to a
stationary engine.
2. What is the use of Hand-Held circular saws?

A. Circular saw is primarily used for cutting of wood.
3. What is a drill?
A. A drill is a tool with a rotating drill bit used for drilling holes in various materials.
4. Where is drill used?

A. Drills are commonly used in woodworking and metalworking.
5. What is the use of Buffing wheel?

A. A wire brush wheel or buffing wheel can be interchanged with the grinding wheels in order to clean or polish
work-pieces.

EXPT. NO. - 12. PREPARATION OF A CIRCUIT ON PCB BY SOLDERING SIMPLE
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
Aim: To prepare a circuit by soldering simple electronic components on a Printed Circuit Board.
Tools Required: Soldering iron, Solder, Flux and PCB.
Theory: Soldering is the process of joining thin metal plates or wires made of steel, copper or brass. It is very
commonly used to join wires in electrical work and mount electronic components on a circuit board. The
joining material used in soldering is called as solder or filler rod. An alloy of tin and lead is commonly used as
the solder. The flux is used to clean the surface of the plates/wires to be soldered. Aluminum chloride or zinc
chloride is commonly used as flux. A good soldering iron is a variable temperature setting type with
interchangeable irons and tips. The tip should be removed regularly to prevent oxidation scale from
accumulating between the heating element and the tip.
Soldering Simple Electronic Components:
A printed circuit board (PCB) consists of copper strips and pads bonded to a plastic board. The copper strip is
the network of interconnecting conductive path. Leads of components mounted on the board are inserted
through holes on the board and the conductive copper. These leads are soldered to the copper at the end of the
hole. If excessive heat is applied to copper, it may get lifted from the board or the components on the board get
damaged. Soldering pencil gun of about 30 Watts is used to heat the junction. The surface of copper bonded to
the board should be properly prepared and cleaned before soldering. Flux is applied on circuits and component
leads. Check the conductive strips and pads on the board before soldering. Avoid excess solder to prevent two
copper paths from bridging. When solder globules form on the junction area, remove them by cleaning the
soldering tip using a cloth.
Diagrams:
Fig. 12.1. Printed Circuit Board Fig. 12.2. Solder Iron
Procedure:
1. The surface to be soldered is cleaned and flux is applied.
2. The soldering iron is heated to the required temperature.
3. The soldering iron melts the solder rod and a thin film of solder spreads over the surface to join the
plates/wires

Viva Questions:
1. What is soldering?
A. Soldering is the process of joining thin metal plates or wires made of steel, copper or brass.
2. What is Flux?
A. The flux is used to clean the surface of the plates/wires to be soldered.
3. What is a solder?
A. The joining material used in soldering is called as solder.
4. Which material is commonly used as

flux? A. Aluminum chloride or zinc chloride
5. What is a PCB?
A. A printed circuit board (PCB) consists of copper strips and pads bonded to a plastic board. The copper
strip is the network of interconnecting conductive path.

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MANUFACTURING PRACTICES -1-

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE

Department of Mechanical Engineering

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

The graduates will be able to –

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

The graduates will be able to –

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

This is to certify that Mr./Ms……………………………………………………………… with RGTU

Enrollment No. 0832 ..…………………………..has satisfactorily completed the course of experiments in

…………………….……………………………………………...………laboratory, as prescribed by Rajiv

Department during year 20….…  ....

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Expt. List of Experiments Page CO Staff Sign

2. Preparation of t-joint of required dimensions from the

3. Study of Welding Shop. CO106.5

4. Preparation of Lap Joint by Electric Arc Welding. CO106.5

5. Study of Foundry Shop. CO106.4

6. Preparation of Sand Mould Using the Given Single

7. Study of Fitting Shop. CO106.3

8. Preparation of Square Fit from The Given Mild Steel

9. Study of Black Smithy Shop. CO106.1

10. Preparation of S-Hook from a given round rod, by

11. Study of power tools used in the Machine Shop. CO106.1

12. Preparation of a circuit on PCB by soldering simple

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

The defects in each category are described as under.

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Fig. 1.1 Knot defect in timber

Fig. 1.2 Shakes defect in timber

Fig. 1.3. Rind gall defect in timber

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

3. Defects due to Fungi and Insects

Common Tools used in Carpentry Shop

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Fig. 1.4. Flexible Rule

Fig. 1.5. Steel Rule

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Fig. 1.6. Try Square

Fig. 1.6. Mortise gauge

2. Holding and Supporting Tools

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Fig. 1.7. Carpenter Vice

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Fig. 1.8. Rip Saw

Fig. 1.9. Dovetail Saw

Fig. 1.10. Compass Saw

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Fig. 1.11. Hacksaw

CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, INDORE. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING