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Searching for potential marine sand resources to mitigate beach erosion in

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Article  in  Marine Georesources and Geotechnology · February 2020

DOI: 10.1080/1064119X.2020.1721623

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 MARINE GEORESOURCES & GEOTECHNOLOGY
https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2020.1721623

1 58
2 59
3 Searching for potential marine sand resources to mitigate beach erosion 60
4 in island settings 61
5 62
6 63
Thomas Hasiotisa, Iason-Zois Gazisa,b, Marianthi Anastasatouc, Evangelia Manoutsogloua, Adonis F. Velegrakisa,
7 64
Vasileios Kapsimalisd, Aikaterini Karditsac and Michael Stamatakisc
8 65
9 a
Department of Marine Sciences, University of the Aegean, University Hill, Mytilene, Greece; bGEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research 66
10 Kiel, Kiel, Germany; cDepartment of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli, 67
11 Zografou, Athens; dInstitute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Anavyssos, Greece 68
12 69
13 ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY 70
14 This article presents the results of a marine geophysical and sedimentological study carried out Received 10 December 2019 71
15 around Lesvos Island (NE Aegean) to investigate the potential of exploitable marine aggregate Accepted 19 January 2020 72
16 (MA) deposits that could be used for beach replenishment purposes. Sub-bottom profiler data
KEYWORDS 73
showed a good prospect for potential coarse-grained deposits in two of the three surveyed areas
17 Marine aggregates; beach 74
around Lesvos. Grain size and mineralogical analysis of the surficial sediments revealed sands that
18 could properly feed nourishment schemes for eroded beaches or artificial beach development.
nourishment; coastal 75
erosion; geophysical
19 Observed MA volumes are considered adequate for renourishment operations, when the threat of prospecting; sedimentology; 76
20 projected sea-level rise is introduced. Environmental constraints, as well as human activities, are coastal management; 77
21 considered for the suggestion and prioritization of specific areas for detailed surveying before Lesvos Island 78
future exploitation.
22 79
23 80
24 81
25 82
26
1. Introduction Accumulations of naturally occurring offshore sands and
83
27 gravels constitute marine aggregates (MA) deposits, which 84
Beach erosion is not only a natural phenomenon but also a
28 are considered as marine economic resources used in both 85
worldwide problem caused by the short- (storm waves/
29 construction and beach replenishment projects, especially if 86
surges) and long-term (projected mean) sea-level rise,
30 they are composed of silica-rich particles. MA either have 87
threatening coastal habitats, infrastructures, and prosperity
31 been formed during Pleistocene sea transgressions and 88
of the local communities (Seneviratne et al. 2012).
32 regressions, thus being relict, or can be the result of the 89
Therefore, beach protection is essential to mitigate erosion
33 with the implementation of either soft or hard (breakwaters, modern hydrodynamic and sedimentological processes able 90
34 groins, etc.) or innovative eco-friendly measures (Masria, to shape sands and gravels into bedforms (Velegrakis et al. 91
35 Iskander, and Negm 2015). The former is mainly related to 2010). In North Europe, for example, in the UK, MA repre- 92
36 beach nourishment, a strategy widely used to slow down sent an important part of the supply chain of construction 93
37 coastal erosion around the world (Finkl, Khalil, and materials that is estimated to account for 24% of the annual 94
38 Andrews 1997; ICES 2016; Bergillos, Rodrıguez-Delgado, consumption of sand and gravel (estimated values of 2012: 95
39 and Ortega-Sanchez 2017; Bergillos et al. 2018, and referen- Bide et al. 2016). Furthermore, their grain size and spherical 96
40 ces therein). Nevertheless, it has become evident that, wher- shape make them suitable for beach replenishment projects 97
41 ever feasible, the combination of defense measures offers the (Carley and Cox 2017). 98
42 best protection, minimizing the need for continuous coastal Numerous scientific papers and technical reports have 99
43 maintenance (Semeoshenkova and Newton 2015). In island already demonstrated the value of MA in beach replenish- 100
44 countries or small/big archipelagos, where beaches may have ment (Finkl and Hobbs 2009), since sand-nourishment proj- 101
45 enormous economic, social, and recreational value, coastal ects are increasingly employed for the protection of the 102
46 development and protection are occasionally supported by coastal zone from erosion, for beach recreational purposes, 103
47 marine sand extraction (Morgan, Barry, and Cruickshank and for the preservation of beach ecosystems under the 104
48 1998; Offshore Mining Industries 2017). This is typically threat of sea-level rise (Mielck et al. 2019). MA constitute a 105
49 implemented under the necessary Environmental Impact key sector to European Union’s blue economy and growth 106
50 Assessment studies that secure the balance between growth (COM (2012) 494) and COM (2011) 571); however, in most 107
51 and the environment (Naser 2015), since dredging of sand Mediterranean countries, they remain an almost unexplored 108
52 at borrow sites can have complicated physical, geological, and unexploited resource, which is only occasionally 109
53 and ecological impacts on the wider coastal environment extracted for nourishment purposes (Chiocci et al. 2009; 110
54 (Morgan et al. 1998). Paganelli et al. 2013). Moreover, there are no certain 111
55 112
56 CONTACT Thomas Hasiotis hasiotis@marine.aegean.gr 113
57 ß 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group 114
 2 T. HASIOTIS ET AL.

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158 Figure 1. (a) Location of Lesvos island and the three studied areas (GG: Gera Gulf; KG: Kalloni Gulf). (b) General geology of Lesvos (1: schists and phyllites; 2: 217
159 peridotites; 3: basalts, ignimbrites, volcanic material; 4: Quaternary deposits; 5: marbles and limestones). MBES, SBES, and SBP tracks and surficial sediment samples 218
160 in (c) Lesvos Strait, (d) Vatera, and (e) Eresos. 219
161 220
162 national legislation frameworks for their extraction and change in the Aegean Archipelago (Monioudi et al. 2016, 221
163 usage. An exception is the case of Spain, in which a strict 2017) demonstrates large needs for beach nourishment 222
164 regulation permits the use of MA only for beach replenish- material. This is boosted when taking into account that 223
165 ment purposes (Duran et al. 2015). beach-oriented summer tourism is extremely important for 224
166 In Greece, environmental considerations and constraints, the Aegean Islands economies (Monioudi et al. 2017). At 225
167 the exhaustion of land-based deposits, adaptation measures the same time, very little information exists on the distribu- 226
168 against coastal erosion, and other operational advantages tion, type, and volume availability of MA; the research pro- 227
169 make MA an increasingly valuable marine resource (Hasiotis ject MARE (Stamatakis et al. 2015) has concluded that 228
170 et al. 2014), yet not being capitalized (Radzevicius et al. several areas with a potential to support MA extraction exist 229
171 2010). Extraction activities have only anecdotally been within the Aegean Sea. Few reconnaissance studies depicted 230
172 reported to occur sporadically and arbitrarily (Velegrakis sand deposits in the North Aegean shelf (Perissoratis et al. 231
173 et al. 2010). The projected beach erosion due to climate 1987), and locally in Afantou Bay in Rhodes (Kapsimalis 232
 MARINE GEORESOURCES & GEOTECHNOLOGY 3

233 et al. 2013), off the south Euboea (Kapsimalis et al. 2015) latter being overlain by Pleistocene and Holocene continen- 292
234 and in Kissamos Bay, NW Crete (Anastasatou et al. 2019). tal deposits that also cover plains formed by small 293
235 In Lesvos, the third largest island of Greece in the north- river valleys. 294
236 eastern Aegean Sea (Figure 1a), previous studies showed Coastal geomorphology is mainly controlled by the high 295
237 that the most touristic beaches suffer from erosion problems erosion of the volcanic rocks that cover the majority of the 296
238 (Velegrakis et al. 2008; Andreadis et al. 2017; Velegrakis island’s coast. The geological formations of the coastal part 297
239 et al. 2017), highlighting the need for sustainable manage- of the study areas (Lesvos strait, Vatera, and Eresos, Figure 298
240 ment actions, especially under the anticipated extreme sea 1b) consist of volcanic tuffs and lavas (i.e., Eresos 299
241 levels, which are expected to enhance beach retreat Formation, the Miocene Polychnitos Ignimbrite, Mytilene 300
242 (Vousdoukas et al. 2017, 2018). Eresos and Vatera beaches, volcanic formation), ophiolites, and metamorphic rocks 301
243 located at the south, form valuable natural resources with a (schists, phyllites, greywacke, and marbles; Voudouris 302
244 high economic impact on the island’s gross domestic prod- et al. 2019). 303
245 uct; however, they suffer from established erosion problems, The wider area is tideless (Tsimplis 1994); sediment sup- 304
246 especially Eresos (Andreadis et al. 2017; Tzoraki et al. 2018). ply is limited, since the drainage system is ephemeral. 305
247 For Eresos, it was estimated that a sediment volume of 306
Alluvial materials brought by the two largest streams
248 about 70,000 m3 of sand could counterbalance beach retreat 307
(Evergetoulas and Tsiknias) are mainly fine-grained, and
249 and sediment losses under anticipated extreme sea levels 308
they are trapped within Kalloni and Gera Gulfs (Figure 1a).
250 and sea-level rise (ERABEACH 2016). Also, Lesvos munici- 309
During the last glacial maximum, the eastern part of
251 pality has highlighted the need for artificial beach develop- 310
Lesvos was connected with Asia Minor, whereas a narrow
252 ment at the southeastern part of Lesvos, south of the city of 311
strip in the south to southwest part served as a coastal area
253 Mytilene, for recreational and touristic development pur- 312
254 (Perissoratis and Conispoliatis 2003). During Holocene sea- 313
poses (unpublished Technical reports). Furthermore, most of level rise, the coastline at the western part of Lesvos moved
255 the low-lying beaches in Lesvos (82%) are characterized of 314
256 landward, and the eastern part was flooded, leaving coarse- 315
minimal or no human development, being pocket beaches
257 grained sediments, similar to those existing in the present 316
with a short length and width (<1.5 km and <50 m, respect-
258 beaches, further offshore. Therefore, it is expected that 317
ively), suggesting that further development under environ-
259 potential MA deposits might be situated offshore, left behind 318
mentally controlled coastal management could take place
260 (Tzoraki et al. 2018). Within this context, this article exam-
during the transgression. 319
261 Former coastal and shallow water (<100 m) geomorpho- 320
ines a high-resolution marine geophysical and sedimentolog-
262 ical data set, aiming to detect potential MA deposits
logical studies mainly focused on the two semi-enclosed 321
263 offshore Lesvos Island, and evaluate their exploitation pro-
gulfs (Kalloni and Gera) of the island (Chronis, Hasiotis, 322
264 spective. Three different sites (Lesvos strait, Vatera, and
and Lowag 2014; Manoutsoglou et al. 2018), as well as on 323
265 Eresos) were visited and the results together with environ-
the sediment distribution off the SE part of Lesvos Island 324
266 mental constraints and human activities are evaluated in (Martsouka et al. 2009), the morphology and sediment 325
267 order to prioritize and select the most prospective area for transport processes off southward facing touristic beaches 326
268 further detailed surveys. (Velegrakis et al. 2008; Vousdoukas, Velegrakis, and 327
269 Karambas 2009; Andreadis et al. 2017). 328
270 The island hosts four protected areas (Kalloni Gulf, Gera 329
271 2. Study area Gulf, Tokmakia, and Apolithomeno Dasos) that are parts of 330
272 Natura 2000, one of the world’s most extensive networks of 331
273 The geological structure of Lesvos island (Figure 1b) consists 332
conservation areas that currently counts more than 27,200
274 of a big variety of pre- to post-Alpine geologic formations 333
(Katsikatsos et al. 1986; Pe-Piper and Piper 1993). The pre- sites, of which more than 4000 are either entirely marine or
275 have a marine component (Mazaris et al. 2018). 334
276 Alpine and Alpine formations occur mostly in the southeast- 335
277 ern part of the island and comprise: (a) Carboniferous 336
278 schists, phyllites, greywackes and marbles, (b) Upper 3. Methodology 337
279 Paleozoic greenschists, phyllites, schists, greywackes with 338
conglomerate, limestone, or dolomite intercalations, (c) Three offshore areas (Lesvos Strait, Vatera, and Eresos) were
280 339
Permo-Triassic marbles, and schists and phyllites, (d) selected around Lesvos for a more detailed study, taking ini-
281 340
Jurassic volcano-sedimentary series of meta-basites, prassin- tially into account the location/distance of the areas needing
282 341
ites, schists, meta-sandstones with carbonate intercalations nourishment, the general bathymetry and morphology from
283 342
and younger clastic sediments, and (e) a tectonic nappe of available databases (Emodnet, Hellenic Navy Hydrographic
284 343
285 ophiolites, divided in an upper group of serpentinites and Service), the position, and the dimensions of Lesvos Island 344
286 peridotites and a lower group of amphibolites and schists. ports and logistic constraints. The survey included collection 345
287 Post Alpine rocks (Neogene and Quaternary) occur in the and analysis of bathymetric and high-resolution seismic 346
288 northern and western part of Lesvos and comprises Miocene data, as well as surficial sediment sampling. Navigation and 347
289 lavas (shoshonitic character) and volcano-pyroclastic rocks positioning during all survey operations was provided by 348
290 (calc-alkaline) (Voudouris et al. 2019) together with marine DGPS. The vessel speed during the survey was maintained 349
291 and lacustrine deposits of marls and marly limestones, the at about 4 knots. 350
 4 T. HASIOTIS ET AL.

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392 Figure 2. Bathymetry of (a) Lesvos strait and (b) Vatera. (c) Multi-beam coverage at Vatera showing the steep scarp at the shelf-edge and (d) the observed wreck 451
393 at about 25 m depth (red circle). (e) Bathymetry of Eresos. 452
394 453
395 3.1. Fieldwork respectively, along 233 km of survey lines. At Eresos, 45 km of 454
396 455
Data acquisition (Figure 1c–e) was implemented by R/V SBES lines were acquired at a very dense grid shallower than
397 456
Alkion from the Hellenic Centre for Marine Research 12 m and at a sparser grid toward deeper waters.
398 457
(HCMR). The bathymetric survey was performed using (i) a A hull-mounted chirp GeoAcoustics sub-bottom profiler
399 458
hull-mounted Reson SeaBat 7125 multi-beam echo-sounder (SBP), operating at 2–7 kHz, was used in order to obtain
400 459
(MBES) system (at 200 kHz) at Lesvos strait and Vatera and information on the surficial sedimentary cover, in combin-
401 460
(ii) a Hi-Target single-beam hydrographic echo-sounder ation with the Triton Elics acquisition software. Although
402 461
403 (SBES) operating at 200 kHz, at Eresos. Conductivity, boomer SBP systems are considered superior in penetrating 462
404 Temperature and Depth (CTD) casts were used for the estima- potentially sandy sediments, depicting sub-bottom stratig- 463
405 tion of sound velocity profiles in the water column at various raphy and structures, the use of higher frequency profilers is 464
406 stations (20–100 m deep), which were consequently used for still considered valid (Finkl and Hobbs 2009), since they can 465
407 the calibration of the recorded depth values. MBES lines did provide (a) higher resolution transects along the seabed and 466
408 not provide full coverage of the two areas; they covered 10% (b) indications of the texture of the shallow-seated sediment- 467
409 and 35% of the surveyed area, in Lesvos strait and Vatera, ary layers according to their acoustic characteristics. 468
 MARINE GEORESOURCES & GEOTECHNOLOGY 5

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Figure 3. Echo-types (ET) distinguished in the SBP profiles. (a,b) ET-1 in Lesvos strait, (c) ET-2 in Eresos, attributed to acoustic basement outcropping (red bar arrow)
499 and to Posidonia (green bar arrow), (d) ET-3 from Lesvos strait, and (e) ET-4 from Vatera. M: multiple. Vertical scale in two-way travel time (TWTT, sec).
558
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In total, 54 surficial sediment samples were collected, 33 indicative of a prospective MA deposit) was performed with
502 561
from Lesvos strait (L─S1 to L─S33), 12 from Vatera (L─V1 the SonarWiz 6 software. ArcGIS 10.2 was used for the
503 562
to L─ V12), and 9 from Eresos (L─ E1 to L─ E9) using a interpolation, mapping, and the estimation of the MA
504 563
Smith-McIntyre grab (collecting 15-cm-thick surficial sedi- deposit volumes.
505 564
ments; Figure 1).
506 565
507 3.3. Laboratory analysis 566
508 3.2. Data analysis 567
509 Folk’s (1980) methodology was adopted to characterize par- 568
510 Since MBES and SBES did not obtain full coverage, the ticle size distribution. First, sediments were washed in dis- 569
511 bathymetry was produced through spatial interpolation with tilled water, dried, and weighed. Fractions coarser than sand 570
512 the use of ArcGIS 10.2. The method Topo to Raster was (including biogenic material) were separated from mud 571
513 selected for the Lesvos Strait and Eresos area, and the IDW using a mesh of 63 lm by wet sieving. Then, the coarse- 572
514 for the Vatera area based on their accuracy performance, grained sediments were dried at 60  C for 24 h and their tex- 573
515 expressed as Root Mean squared error (RMSE) and surface ture was determined with a set of nested sieves (at 0.5 phi 574
516 continuity quality characteristics (i.e., absence of interpol- intervals). For the discrimination of the finer muddy (silt 575
517 ation artefacts). The RMSE values for Lesvos Strait, Eresos, and clay) sediments, a Micromeritics Sedigraph Analyzer 576
518 and Vatera are 2.91, 0.71, and 1.56, respectively. was used. The grain size parameters were calculated by 577
519 Chirp profiles were interpreted following echo type dis- Gradistat (Blott and Pye 2001). 578
520 crimination methodology, as proposed by Damuth (1980). Mineralogical composition (qualitative and semi-quantita- 579
521 Then, echo-type distribution maps were constructed, tive) was carried out for 34 samples using a powder X-ray 580
522 roughly demonstrating the recent sedimentary processes (for diffractometer (PXRD) Siemens D 5005, equipped with a 581
523 the near-bottom uppermost seafloor sediments) at the three copper tube and a graphite monochromatograph, in com- 582
524 studied areas. The surficial echo character along the chirp bination with the Eva 10.0 DIFFRACplus software package. 583
525 profiles was also correlated with the results of the sediment The sampling interval of all measurements was 0.020 /step 584
526 analysis. The seismic data analysis (including estimation of and 1.0 s step time. Initially, the samples were treated in 585
527 the thickness of the surficial loose layer, wherever it was order to remove organic particles (wood, seaweed, etc.) and 586
 6 T. HASIOTIS ET AL.

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615 Figure 4. Aerial distribution of the SBP echo-types in (a) Lesvos strait, (b) Vatera, and (c) Eresos. 674
616 675
617 then, they were homogenized and manually ground in the and the presence of abundant channels and small canyons 676
618 form of fine powder (<200 lm). No further pretreatment that develop mainly to the east. A wreck was also detected 677
619 took place, so as not to alter the mineralogical composition and mapped at a water depth of about 25 m in the eastern 678
620 of the bulk samples. part of the surveyed area (Figure 2d). 679
621 In Eresos, the bathymetric information collected in this 680
622 study was merged with that of Andreadis et al. (2017) to 681
4. Results
623 produce a uniform bathymetry (Figure 2e). The results show 682
624 4.1. Bathymetry relatively steep slopes (up to 20%) at water depths between 683
625 12 and 35 m, at a short distance (600 m) from the coast- 684
Lesvos strait can be subdivided into the north and south
626 line. The slope gradients decrease toward the eastern side of 685
part, attaining maximum depths of about 60 and 50 m,
627 the studied zone and deeper than the 35 m isobath. In shal- 686
respectively (Figure 2a). At the southern part, the 30 m iso-
628 low waters (<10 m), Andreadis et al. (2017) detected signifi- 687
629 bath appears almost 1.5 km off the coastline, whereas to the 688
north part, the 30 m water depth is closer. The 30 m isobath cant spatio-temporal variability in the two systems of
630 longshore bars and troughs that develop inshore, which was 689
631 represents, approximately, the mean deeper limit of 690
Posidonia oceanica, a seagrass species that forms extensive attributed to the intense hydrodynamic regime.
632 691
633 meadows; it is endemic and very important part of the 692
634 Mediterranean Sea ecosystem and is protected as a priority 4.2. Seismic data interpretation 693
635 habitat under the international legislation (Directives 92/42 694
CEE and 97/62/CE). The slope gradients are very small, Four echo-types (ET) (Figure 3) were distinguished in the
636 695
especially deeper than 30 m (<2.8%), and only locally, a chirp sub-bottom profiles, at all survey sites and their aerial
637 696
micro-relief (<1.0 m) appears on the seafloor. distribution is displayed in Figure 4. ET-1 appears to occupy
638 697
639 The bathymetric survey in Vatera extended almost down the largest area along the three surveyed regions, followed 698
640 to 230 m due to the abrupt slope change deeper than by ET-2, whereas ET-3 and ET-4 are less common. 699
641 100 m (Figure 2b,c). Shallower than the 100 m (shelf-edge), ET-1 is characterized by a sharp/strong bottom-echo with 700
642 the seabed is smooth with small slope gradients (<8%) that a complex sub-bottom acoustic character. The underlying 701
643 increase slightly toward the east limit of the studied area. acoustic character may have the form of (i) few, parallel to 702
644 Deeper than the 100 m, the upper slope is characterized by subparallel, continuous or discontinuous, distinct or indis- 703
645 steep inclinations (usually exceeding 50%) with rugged relief tinct (slightly chaotic) reflections or (ii) an almost semi- 704
 MARINE GEORESOURCES & GEOTECHNOLOGY 7

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733 Figure 5. SBP profiles showing (a) a paleo-valley filled with layered sediment in North Lesvos strait, (b) a fault (F - dashed line) in Vatera, (c) rugged relief due to 792
734 canyons and channels at the upper slope of Vatera escarpment, (d) sediment ponds (dashed yellow lines) behind acoustic basement outcrops (green bar arrow: 793
735 Posidonia) in Eresos, and (e) a mounded feature (red bar arrow) in Eresos, probably related to a recent coarse sedimentary deposit at the eastern side of the sur- 794
veyed zone. M: multiple. Vertical scale in two-way travel time (TWTT, sec).
736 795
737 796
transparent layer, which are both locally found to overlie an discontinuous sub-bottom reflector, and it is usually associ-
738 797
intense sub-bottom reflector. This echo-type develops, in ated with dense P. oceanica meadows. Densely distributed P.
739 798
general, deeper than the 30 m isobath and corresponds to oceanica prairies growing over sandy sediments can scatter
740 799
a surficial sedimentary unit that is almost layered (inter- acoustic energy preventing acoustic signal penetration.
741 800
bedded silts and sands) or locally appears to be almost ET-3 returns an acoustically semi-transparent to chaotic
742 801
743 homogeneous consisting mainly of coarse-grained material surficial layer over a prolonged acoustic reflector. It was 802
744 with few faint interlayers. Its thickness is not uniform and detected only in Lesvos strait (Figure 4a) shallower than the 803
745 usually thins out toward deeper waters. Often, the deeper 30–33 m isobath. ET-3 has been frequently ground-trothed 804
746 reflection constitutes either a faint, indistinct discontinuous by camera and scuba diving (in the framework of other 805
747 echo or the acoustic basement whose intensity depends on projects), and correspond to dense meadows of P. oceanica 806
748 the thickness of the overlying sedimentary sequences. The growing over a soft homogeneous sedimentary layer (sandy 807
749 data show that the maximum acoustic signal penetration mud), which is underlain by the acoustic basement. It has a 808
750 varies and ranges locally from about 15 to 18 m in Lesvos maximum thickness of about 6 m and thins out toward the 809
751 strait (usually <8 m) to <10 m in Eresos. In general, high 35 m isobath. 810
752 penetration results from a small amount of thin silt/sand ET-4 appears overlapping irregular hyperbolic reflections 811
753 interlayers (Damuth 1980). Fading out and thinning of sub- with no or one sub-bottom reflector, indicative of anomal- 812
754 bottom reflections demonstrate fluctuations of supplied sedi- ous relief. This echo-type is found only at Vatera (Figure 813
755 ments and gradual erosional retreat of the shoreface during 4b), deeper than the shelf-edge (90–100 m) and corre- 814
756 Holocene transgression. sponds to numerous channels/small canyons intersecting the 815
757 ET-2 is characterized by a prolonged bottom echo with steep upper slope of the surveyed area that constitutes a 816
758 no sub-bottom reflectors, which is due to numerous bedded sharp irregular escarpment. 817
759 silt/sand layers in the topmost meters of the seafloor 818
760 (Damuth 1980), or it is related to the acoustic basement 819
761 (consolidated/hard sediments) outcropping. Wherever ET-2 4.2.1. Spatial and ET characteristics 820
762 is found shallower than the 30 m water depth (Eresos, Lesvos strait: ET-1 turns to almost stratified reflections at 821
763 Vatera), it is occasionally underlain by one relatively sharp the deeper parts (50–60 m), where penetration locally 822
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836 895
837 896
838 897
839 898
840 899
841 900
842 901
843 902
844 903
845 904
846 905
847 906
848 907
849 908
850 909
851 910
852 911
853 912
854 913
855 914
856 915
857 916
858 917
859 918
860 919
861 920
862 921
863 922
864 Figure 6. (a) 3D representation of the SBP data in Eresos (out of scale), showing the (a) extent of the potential sandy deposit (red hatched area) in the sub-bottom
923
865 profiles and (b) thickness map of the coarse surficial deposit. 924
866 925
867 926
868 reaches 18 m, suggesting an increase in the finer sediment relevant extended areas that roughly coincide with the distri- 927
869 fractions probably related to inputs from ephemeral rivers bution of rock outcrops along the shoreline. The acoustic 928
870 discharging to the northwest. Small paleo-valley or channel basement or relative strong lowermost sub-bottom reflector 929
871 morphologies were also detected in the SBP profiles verify- position under the seafloor, its anomalous relief and the fact 930
872 ing transportation and infill of the small basin to the north that the overlying sedimentary column thins out toward deeper 931
873 (Figure 5a). The topmost of the stratified sedimentary waters, all suggest that it must probably correspond to the 932
874 sequence (<3–4 m) returns a semi-transparent to slightly Holocene/Pleistocene boundary (Kapsimalis et al. 2005). 933
875 chaotic acoustic respond that probably corresponds to a sur- Vatera: ET distribution appears a zonation, with ET-2 934
876 ficial coarser layer enriched in shells and shell fragments occupying the shallower waters (<30 m) thus attributed to 935
877 that promote scattering of the acoustic signal (see below— Posidonia prairies and ET-1 developing down to the shelf-edge 936
878 sedimentology). ET-1 occupies mainly the southern part of (90–100 m) (Figure 4b). Locally, along ET-1, sub-bottom 937
879 Lesvos strait, deeper than 30 m depth. ET-2 is found scat- reflections termination and displacement are attributed to 938
880 tered in the northern part of the surveyed zone (Figure 4a), faults, buried under a thin veneer of recent sediments, altering 939
881 suggesting acoustic basement outcropping/subcropping at the surrounding relief locally up to 15 m (Figure 5b). The 940
 MARINE GEORESOURCES & GEOTECHNOLOGY 9

941 1000
942 1001
943 1002
944 1003
945 1004
946 1005
947 1006
948 1007
949 1008
950 1009
951 1010
952 1011
953 1012
954 1013
955 1014
956 1015
957 1016
958 1017
959 1018
960 1019
961 1020
962 1021
963 1022
964 1023
965 1024
966 1025
967 1026
968 1027
969 1028
970 1029
971 1030
972 1031
973 1032
974 1033
975 1034
976 1035
977 1036
978 1037
979 1038
980 1039
981 1040
982 Figure 7. (a) Percentage of sand and mud of the surficial sediments and (b) spatial distribution of the total sand percentage in Lesvos strait. Percentage of sand 1041
and mud of the surficial sediments in Vatera (c) and Eresos (d).
983 1042
984 1043
abrupt termination of the reflections along the shelf-edge desig- might have created sediment traps during lower sea levels,
985 1044
986 nates the (deeper) area covered by ET-4, that is, the upper part which favored upslope sediment accumulation at various 1045
987 of the Vatera escarpment, an active fault bounding the north- stratigraphic levels as sea-level rose. Also, a mounded feature 1046
988 ern part of Lesvos basin. The overall acoustic characteristics of about 0.1 km2 in aerial extent with an average height of 1047
989 ET-4, together with the multi-beam morphology, suggest a about 7 m relatively to the adjacent seabed was observed 1048
990 steep and rugged relief, dissected by numerous channels/can- within ET-1 developing between 35 and 50 m. Its acoustic 1049
991 yons developing at the shelf-edge (Figure 5c). characteristics (very intense surficial reflection without or 1050
992 Eresos: ET-2 is found (a) shallower than the 30 m, along with one only subsurface reflection) indicate a recent sedi- 1051
993 the steep coastal slope and it is indicative of P. oceanica and mentary deposit consisting of coarse sediments (Figure 5e). 1052
994 (b) locally deeper, between 65 and 90 m, with slightly dif- The narrow seismic line spacing in Eresos permitted a rough 1053
995 ferent acoustic characteristics (wavy relief and/or a few over- estimation of the extent and thickness of the surficial sedi- 1054
996 lapping hyperbolic reflections tangential to the seafloor) mentary layer (Figure 6). The results show that the area cov- 1055
997 indicating the potential rise/outcropping of the acoustic ered by the surficial (coarse) layer is about 1  106 m2 and 1056
998 basement (Figures 3c, 4c, and 5d). This results in uneven its thickness ranges between 0.7 and 8 m. The central and 1057
999 terrain, particularly in the central part of the study area that eastern parts of the study area seem to have the greatest 1058
 10 T. HASIOTIS ET AL.

1059 Table 1. XRD mineralogical analysis of the seabed samples of Lesvos Island. 1118
1060 Sample Qtz b-Qtz Ab Cc MgCc Kfs Bt Ill/Ms Chl Ed Act Sep Gp Lz Hl Tlc Crs Gln Stb Dol Gt 1119
1061 L-E1 MD MJ TR TR TR TR 1120
1062 L-E2 MD MJ TR TR TR TR 1121
L-E3 TR MJ TR TR TR TR TR
1063 L-E4 MJ MJ TR TR TR 1122
1064 L-E5 MD MJ TR TR TR 1123
1065 L-E6 TR MJ TR TR TR 1124
L-E7 TR MJ TR TR TR TR TR
1066 L-E8 TR MJ TR TR 1125
1067 L-E9 TR MJ TR TR TR TR 1126
1068 L-V1 MJ MD TR TR TR TR TR TR 1127
L-V2 MJ MD TR TR TR TR TR TR
1069 L-V3 MJ MD TR TR TR TR TR 1128
1070 L-V4 MJ MD TR TR TR TR TR TR 1129
1071 L-V5 MJ MD TR TR TR TR TR TR TR 1130
L-V7 MJ MD TR TR TR TR TR TR
1072 L-V8 MJ MD TR TR TR TR TR TR TR 1131
1073 L-V9 MJ MD TR TR TR TR TR TR 1132
1074 L-V10 MJ MD TR TR TR TR TR TR 1133
L-V11 MJ MD TR TR TR TR TR TR
1075 L-V12 MJ MD TR TR TR TR TR TR TR 1134
1076 L-S3 MJ TR MD MJ TR TR TR TR TR 1135
1077 L-S4 MJ TR MJ MD TR TR TR TR TR TR TR TR 1136
L-S7 MJ TR MD MD TR TR TR TR TR TR TR
1078 L-S11 MD TR TR TR MJ TR TR TR 1137
1079 L-S12 MD TR TR TR MD TR TR TR TR TR 1138
1080 L-S16 MJ MD MD MJ TR TR TR TR 1139
L-S19 MJ TR TR TR MD TR TR TR
1081 L-S22 MJ TR TR MD TR TR TR TR TR TR TR 1140
1082 L-S24 MJ TR MD TR TR MD TR TR 1141
1083 L-S25 MJ TR MJ MD TR TR TR TR TR TR TR TR TR TR 1142
L-S26 MD MD TR MJ TR MJ TR TR TR
1084 L-S28 MD TR MD MJ TR TR TR TR TR TR 1143
1085 L-S29 MD TR MJ TR TR TR TR TR TR TR TR TR TR TR 1144
1086 L-S32 TR TR MJ TR TR TR TR TR 1145
1087 L-E: Eresos samples; L-V: Vatera samples; L-S: Lesvos strait samples; Qtz: quartz; b-Qtz: beta-quartz; Ab: albite; Cc: calcite; MgCc: magnesian calcite; Kfs: potassium 1146
feldspars; Bt: biotite; Ill/Ms: illite/muscovite; Chl: chlorite; Ed: edenite; Act: actinolite; Sep: sepiolite; Gp: gypsum; Lz: lizardite; Hl: halite; Tlc: talc; Crs: cristobalite;
1088 Gln: glaucophane; Stb: stilbite; Dol: dolomite; Gt: goethite. 1147
1089 1148
1090 thickness, although there are similar but smaller in extent relatively to mud (27.5–50.5%, mean 41.2%). Sand dominates 1149
1091 and localized deposits at the western part. Toward deeper at shallower water samples, with the finer sand fractions 1150
1092 waters, the deposit decreases in thickness (<2 m). (125–63 lm) being predominant in all sampling stations 1151
1093 (41.1–54.1%). The mean sediment size ranges between 0.18 1152
1094 and 0.47 mm and according to their sorting, they are character- 1153
1095 4.3. Grain size composition
ized very well to poorly sorted (0.26–0.84 mm). 1154
1096 Grain size analysis of Eresos samples (Figure 7d) revealed 1155
In Lesvos strait, sediments appear a discrete grain-size
1097 that the dominant sediment class is sand (90–100%, mean 1156
grouping, with mud (0.4–77.8%, mean 23.2%) occupying the
1098 size ranging between 0.13 and 0.45 mm) with mud found at 1157
northern part of the surveyed area as well as the shallowest
1099 small proportions (max 10%) at the deepest sampling sta- 1158
part (<30–35 m), while sand (22.2–99.6%, mean 76.8%)
1100 1159
appears to be the dominant particle fraction at the central tions. The major sand subclass is fine sand (7.4–49.9%,
1101 1160
and southern part deeper than the 30 m depth (Figure mean value of 37.3%) and the second most frequent subclass
1102 1161
7a,b). The higher percentages of mud coincide with the is the medium-grained sand (3.7–47.1%, mean value of
1103 1162
greater depths observed to the north, which acts as a trap 26.7%). Coarse sand (concentrations of up to 50%) was
1104 1163
for the finer-grained material. Martsouka et al. (2009) sampled at water depths between 18 and 30 m mixed with
1105 1164
reported a similar coarse-grained distribution for the central Posidonia leaves/roots. In general, all the sediments are clas-
1106 1165
and southern parts of the strait, with the finer material dis- sified as very well to well sorted (0.11–0.37 mm).
1107 1166
1108 tributed at shallow water depths and attributed to human 1167
1109 activities. Sand appears a fractional transition from finer 1168
4.4. Mineralogy
1110 grains to the north toward coarse sands to the south, almost 1169
1111 mirroring the distribution of the finer (silt and clay) par- The majority of the samples from Lesvos strait have quartz 1170
1112 ticles. Gravel-size particles are <8% in all samples, most of as a major constituent with albite and calcite being the 1171
1113 them being shell fragments or intact shells. Their presence second most significant minerals (Table 1). Albite content 1172
1114 alters significantly bulk sediment sorting that ranges from varies from major/medium mineral at the northern/central 1173
1115 very well to poorly sorted (0.12–1.99 mm). part of the strait and declines to trace mineral off Thermi’s 1174
1116 Sediment samples in Vatera (Figure 7c) were found to have thermal springs (Figure 1c) and at the southern part of the 1175
1117 a slightly higher proportion of sand (49.5–72.5%, mean 58.8%) strait. The greater amounts of calcite are displayed off 1176
 MARINE GEORESOURCES & GEOTECHNOLOGY 11

1177 Thermi’s thermal springs. Magnesian calcite occurs in trace appropriate ports (docks), the water depth over the potential 1236
1178 amounts in several samples and as medium/major mineral deposits, and the types of dredging equipment likely to be 1237
1179 at samples from the southern part of the strait. Lower quartz available. The small dimensions of most Greek island 1238
1180 and beta-quartz amounts (medium to trace) are detected off beaches suggest that nourishment schemes are anticipated to 1239
1181 Thermi’s thermal springs and at the southern part of the be small in scale but frequent, compared to similar projects 1240
1182 strait. Furthermore, potassium feldspars, illite/muscovite, elsewhere, increasing the need for more integrated manage- 1241
1183 chlorites, goethite, and actinolite occur as trace minerals, ment approaches. In Australia, although in a much more 1242
1184 whereas cristobalite and talc occur sporadically as minor or different scale, most nourishment projects between 2001 and 1243
1185 trace minerals only in a few samples. Mineralogical compos- 2010 required <10,000 m3 of sand, mainly sourced from the 1244
1186 ition from the southern Lesvos strait coincides with those of same or nearby coastal compartments (Cooke et al. 2012). 1245
1187 Martsouka et al. (2009). Besides, sustainable MA exploitation must compromise 1246
1188 Samples at Vatera (Table 1) have quartz as major crystalline with a number of issues with regard to environmental con- 1247
1189 phase, albite as medium and calcite as trace mineral. Edenite, ditions and marine spatial planning concerns, since numer- 1248
1190 illite/muscovite, chlorite, and lizardite revealed in trace ous conflicts have been reported to arise before and during 1249
1191 amounts. Moreover, talc and potassium feldspars occur as trace extraction (Nonnis et al. 2011; Peduzzi 2014; UNEP 2019). 1250
1192 minerals at the east and west part of the area, respectively. The presence of P. oceanica meadows, priority habitat 1120 1251
1193 Mineralogical analysis of Eresos’ samples (Table 1) showed (European Directive 92/43/EOC)), almost all around the 1252
1194 that the primary mineral is albite, with quartz being the second Greek coasts up to a mean water depth of 30 m as well as 1253
1195 most significant phase, especially at shallower waters, with small-scale fisheries, touristic and recreational activities, 1254
1196 medium contents to the east that declines to trace mineral to aquacultures, etc., must be evaluated in detail before any 1255
1197 the west. Other minerals such as calcite, potassium feldspars, operational initiative. Negative impacts on Posidonia due to 1256
1198 biotite, and edenite were also recognized in minor trace nourishment operations are discussed in the Mediterranean 1257
1199 amounts. Halite was also determined in some unwashed sam- (Gonzalez-Correa, Fernandez Torquemada, and Sanchez 1258
1200 ples. This material resembles the beach mineralogy as was Lizaso 2008), whereas Aragones et al. (2015) report not only 1259
1201 observed by Velegrakis et al. (2008). the disappearance of Posidonia after nourishment works in 1260
1202 Poniente Beach but also the retreat of the beach itself. 1261
1203 Furthermore, in Greece, the narrow and relatively small in 1262
1204 5. Discussion aerial extent regions between the 30 and 60 m isobaths 1263
1205 and the rapidly reduced recent sediment thickness with 1264
Beach erosion and projected coastal retreats in Greek islands
1206 increasing water depths, the coastal rocky relief, the existing 1265
(Monioudi et al. 2016, 2017) indicate that the needs for
1207 submarine infrastructures (e.g., power and fiber optic cables) 1266
replenishment sediment volumes are going to be widespread
1208 and the limited extent of the territorial waters (Stamatakis 1267
and sporadic. High transportation costs for sand and gravel
1209 et al. 2013) are subjects that must be addressed during logis- 1268
from the Greek mainland and environmental considerations
1210 tical and economic evaluations. 1269
steer to surveying for MA resources in various offshore sites,
1211 1270
mainly around big and/or touristic islands. Thus, identifica-
1212 1271
tion of loose sediment borrow sites, scattered at various
1213 5.1. Potential marine aggregate deposits in Lesvos 1272
regions in the Aegean and Ionian Seas, is a prerequisite to
1214 1273
rationally confront the threat of beach losses. Also, repeated In Lesvos Island, MA geophysical and sedimentological pro-
1215 1274
1216 nourishment schemes guide toward high beach quality that specting in three locations around the island has shown 1275
1217 also secures tourism quality and have positive effects in mit- promising results. Relatively coarse-grained sediments (ET- 1276
1218 igating erosion (Cooke et al. 2012). It seems that it will 1) are dominant along the three studied areas deeper than 1277
1219 become a necessity for island communities and authorities 30 m, although ground-truthing via vibro-coring is consid- 1278
1220 to have a general idea of potential sand reserves on the shelf ered essential in order to accurately confirm sediment con- 1279
1221 areas surrounding the potentially infected coastal areas. sistency at least 2 m under the seabed. Still, the strong 1280
1222 Since beach replenishment is considered a repeated technical bottom acoustic return of ET-1 in the seismic profiles was 1281
1223 (soft engineering) solution and not a one-time process, verified to consist of sandy material locally with shells and/ 1282
1224 maintenance sand volumes are to be taken into account as or shell fragments in Lesvos strait and Eresos. Though, at 1283
1225 the same borrow sites are likely to be visited repeatedly as Vatera and the north part of Lesvos strait ET-1 attains a 1284
1226 long as suitable material remains available. Therefore, high mud content, thus reducing their potential as MA bor- 1285
1227 detailed bathymetric mapping, geophysical surveys, and sedi- row sites. These sediments have been deposited during Late 1286
1228 ment sampling are considered essential not only for sedi- Quaternary (Martsouka et al. 2009). The structure and loca- 1287
1229 mentological assessments (determination of the physical and tion of the deposits in Lesvos strait and Eresos suggest that 1288
1230 chemical composition of the deposits) but also for the pre- they could constitute relict sands left behind during the 1289
1231 cise estimation of the MA volumes. However, locating suit- Holocene transgression. 1290
1232 able MA deposits is an expensive and time-consuming task The mineralogy of the three examined areas is mostly 1291
1233 (Knorr 2017). Preliminary selection of potential mining associated with the volcanic formations of the island. Eresos 1292
1234 areas also depends on the logistics of dredging, such as the mineralogy is characterized by the presence of plagioclase, 1293
1235 distance from the site needing the commodity and from the quartz, edenite, and biotite and is highly associated with 1294
 12 T. HASIOTIS ET AL.

1295 1354
1296 1355
1297 1356
1298 1357
1299 1358
1300 1359
1301 1360
1302 1361
1303 1362
1304 1363
1305 1364
1306 1365
1307 1366
1308 1367
1309 1368
1310 1369
1311 1370
1312 1371
1313 1372
1314 1373
1315 1374
1316 1375
1317 1376
1318 1377
1319 1378
1320 1379
1321 1380
1322 1381
1323 1382
1324 1383
1325 1384
1326 1385
1327 Figure 8. General map presenting the distribution of various natural and man-made features and restrictions around Lesvos (aquacultures, archaeological sites and 1386
Natura 2000 from MARISCA project (MARISCA 2016)). The potential MA deposit in South Lesvos strait is also shown.
1328 1387
1329 1388
1330 Eresos Formation, consisting of coarse-grained andesite of 0.5 m and in any case not to remove a surficial layer 1389
1331 accompanied with hornblende and biotite phenocrysts (Pe- more than 2 m thick), the dense seismic grid in Eresos 1390
1332 Piper and Piper 1993). The sedimentological and mineral- revealed a deposit covering about 1 km2, denoting a poten- 1391
1333 ogical analysis have also shown a close material resemblance tial volume of 0.5  106 to 2  106 m3. At Vatera, although 1392
1334 between the borrow and fill sites. Vatera mineralogy consists seabed texture comprises an almost equal percentage of sand 1393
1335 of quartz, albite, calcite, micas, clay minerals, chlorites, and and mud, the areal extent of the probable deposit between 1394
1336 amphiboles and is mostly associated with the Pre-Miocene 40 and 55 m water depth is 1.7 km2 suggesting a maximum 1395
1337 schists-marble unit and the Miocene Polychnitos Ignimbrite bulk mixed sediment volume of 0.85  106 to 3.4  106 m3. 1396
1338 (Migiros et al. 2000; Lamera et al. 2001). Samples from the In the southern part of Lesvos strait, the aerial extent of ET-1 1397
1339 northern Lesvos strait are also associated with Polychnitos that was superficially sampled to consist of sandy sediments 1398
1340 Ignimbrite formation, whereas the southern part is influ- covers an area of about 71.2 km2, suggesting prospective extrac- 1399
1341 enced by the pre-Miocene basement rocks and the Mytilene tion volumes between 35.6  106 and 142.5  106 m3. Cost- 1400
1342 volcanic formation. Locally, along Lesvos strait, the presence 1401
benefit analysis for beach nourishment in Tuscany (Italy)
1343 of beta-quartz (or high quartz) suggests silica-rich volcanic 1402
revealed that only if the deposit to be dredged is more than
1344 rocks. Halite was determined in several samples from all 1403
1  106 m3, it would be an advantage for the local commun-
1345 areas, and it is attributed to the marine environment. Also, 1404
ities (Bigongiari et al. 2015), thus suggesting that the potential
1346 calcite might have a diverse origin, being most probably bio- 1405
genic-derived. Since the examined deposits are considered deposit in Lesvos strait might be a strategic resource of
1347 1406
only for nourishment purposes, their high content in salts high value.
1348 1407
1349 and biogenic material (e.g., broken shells) are not considered 1408
1350 to be disadvantages for beach replenishment. 5.2. Potential borrow sites prioritization 1409
1351 Regarding potential MA volumes to be abstracted, if 1410
1352 common environmental terms for the exploitation of such In order to evaluate the potential of the studied areas as 1411
1353 deposits are to be introduced (e.g., exploit only a thin layer borrow sites for further detailed investigations, the following 1412
 MARINE GEORESOURCES & GEOTECHNOLOGY 13

1413 Table 2. Summary of environmental constraints and human activities related to the suitability of dredging sites around 1472
Lesvos Island.
1414 1473
1415 Lesvos Strait Vatera Eresos 1474
1416 Potential MA volume range 35.6–142.5  106 m3 0.85–3.4  106 m3 0.5–2.0  106 m3 1475
Posidonia oceanica distance (min) >1100 m 150 m <100 m
1417 Territorial waters–border distance 0.6–4 km 10 km >10 km 1476
1418 Trawling activity distance In contact 1.8 km 1.8 km 1477
1419 Marine archaeology sites proximity 2300 m 350 m <100 m 1478
Natura 2000 sites No No Yes
1420 Submarine cables No Yes Yes 1479
1421 Aquacultures No No No 1480
1422 Suitable port proximity Yes No No 1481
Wrecks (known-nearby) No Yes No
1423 Intense marine traffic Yes No No 1482
1424 1483
1425 1484
criteria were considered (Figure 8 and Table 2): (i) The site coincides with a trawling fishing field, positional bar-
1426 1485
deeper observed limit of P. oceanica around Lesvos, reported gaining with stakeholders could foster sustainable use of
1427 1486
to occur shallower than about 35 m, also allocating a protec- both activities. Also, although marine traffic is intense in
1428 1487
tion buffer zone wherever feasible (Topouzelis et al. 2018). Lesvos strait, negotiations with competent authorities and
1429 1488
In Lesvos strait P. oceanica rests in a minimum distance of ship-owners could support viable use of the area. On the
1430 1489
>1.11 km from the potential MA deposit, whereas in Eresos, other hand, the small deposit in Eresos could be secondarily
1431 1490
it is closer than 100 m. (ii) The territorial waters of Greece considered to cover mainly local needs, only under compli-
1432 1491
(6 nautical miles) and the borders with Turkey in Lesvos ance with public and private stakeholders. Vatera, as previ-
1433 1492
strait. (iii) The restrictions for trawling activity, that is pro- ously mentioned, appears to comprise the less promising
1434 1493
hibited closer than 1.5 miles from the coastline or shallower deposit and should not be debated, at least in this stage.
1435 1494
than 50 m. (iv) Marine archaeological sites proximity, in
1436 1495
Vatera and Eresos being closer than 350 m. (v) Sites that
1437 6. Conclusions 1496
belong to the Natura 2000 network, thus restraining Eresos.
1438 1497
(vi) Submarine cables (fiber optic), which are landed at Although beach nourishment practices are a fundamental
1439 1498
Eresos and at the eastern side of Vatera. (vii) Aquacultures aspect in coastal management, and marine spatial planning
1440 1499
(existing/planned) that are mainly distributed inside/close to initiatives in the Eastern Mediterranean have incorporated
1441 1500
1442 Kalloni and Gera Gulfs and locally to the north. (viii) Ports MA existence in their plans (SUPREME 2017), in Greece, 1501
1443 that can be used by the dredgers, Mytilene port being the there is, still, little concern regarding the timely identifica- 1502
1444 most important that could be utilized, under conditions, tion of potential sites/locations for further MA studies. Since 1503
1445 also as a delivery place if MA are not directly dumped into erosion is predicted to be exacerbated by climatic change 1504
1446 beaches needing nourishment. However, the generally small and induce severe retreats of the beaches of the Greek 1505
1447 size of the ports that cannot support material screening and/ islands, affecting not only the coastal ecosystems but also 1506
1448 or cleaning, and the narrow islands road networks, which the prosperity of the local communities whose economy 1507
1449 might create additional environmental problems during relies on a sandy beach experience, reconnaissance marine 1508
1450 transportation, both suggest that the most suitable technique geophysical and sedimentological surveys, at least off big 1509
1451 for beach replenishment seems to be dumping from the ship and/or touristic islands, appear to be a necessary priority in 1510
1452 ashore (rainbow method). (ix) The presence of wrecks, one order to locate MA deposits that could remedy the antici- 1511
1453 detected at Vatera at 25 m depth, also being a popular div- pated beach losses. On the other hand, exploring and 1512
1454 ing destination. (x) Marine traffic that according to web exploiting marine sands for just one beach replenishment is 1513
1455 information (www.marinetraffic.com/) seems to be intense an expensive exercise in (small) island settings; thus, the 1514
1456 at Lesvos strait, crossing the prospective MA deposit, rela- option for investigating multiple or larger areas for sand 1515
1457 tively to the other surveyed sites where it is relatively intense reserves that could cover the needs also of neighboring 1516
1458 at a minimum distance of about 4 km. islands should be a management and operational option. 1517
1459 It is evident that the southern part of Lesvos strait posi- The determination of potential MA deposits could supply a 1518
1460 tively meets almost all of the abovementioned criteria and sand borrow inventory managed by the Greek state author- 1519
1461 consequently has a high potential (relatively to Eresos and ities and be selectively surveyed in detail depending on the 1520
1462 Vatera) for further exploration (Table 2), since it (a) hosts needs on a regional scale. 1521
1463 the highest volume of aggregates even if only the surficial The marine survey in Lesvos, managed to locate promis- 1522
1464 sedimentary cover (50 cm) is considered for exploitation, (b) ing borrow sites, the larger one (southern Lesvos strait) 1523
1465 is located in a safe distance from P. oceanica (>1.1 km), ter- meeting various criteria for further detailed geological and 1524
1466 ritorial waters (0.6–4 km), and marine archaeological sites environmental studies in order to estimate the quality and 1525
1467 (2.3 km), (c) does not host any protected conservation area volume of the reserve more accurately and determine the 1526
1468 or wreck or aquaculture, (d) is not crossed by submarine environmental impacts of the extraction. The coarse-grained 1527
1469 cables or pipelines (or planned similar infrastructures), and surficial deposits were found at water depths between 40 1528
1470 (e) neighbors to Mytilene port that could serve, if needed, and 55 m, which are considered well within the operational 1529
1471 for the delivery of marine aggregates. However, even if the ability of the modern dredging vessels. Changes in the 1530
 14 T. HASIOTIS ET AL.

1531 submarine topography deeper than 40 m are not expected to Planning.” Resources Policy 48: 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2016.02. 1590
1532 influence shoreline stability, although the appropriate envir- 004. 1591
Bigongiari, N., L. Cipriani, E. Pranzini, M. Renzi, and G. Vitale. 2015.
1533 onmental studies should also be aware of this issue and pro- 1592
“Assessing Shelf Aggregate Environmental Compatibility and
1534 vide information/modelling regarding changes in the wave Suitability for Beach Nourishment: A Case Study for Tuscany 1593
1535 climate after potential sand extraction (Goncalves (Italy).” Marine Pollution Bulletin 93 (1–2): 183–193. doi:10.1016/j. 1594
1536 et al. 2014). marpolbul.2015.01.021. 1595
1537 The areal extent and the volume of the potential MA Blott, S. J., and K. Pye. 2001. “Gradistat: A Grain Size Distribution and 1596
1538 deposits to be abstracted are considered sufficient to feed Statistics Package for the Analysis of Unconsolidated Sediments.” 1597
Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 26 (11): 1237–1248. doi:10.
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