See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/16841698

Array processors: An introduction to their architecture, software, and

applications in nuclear medicine

Article  in  Journal of Nuclear Medicine · December 1983

Source: PubMed

CITATIONS READS

15 710

4 authors, including:

Michael A King
University of Massachusetts Medical School
512 PUBLICATIONS   7,730 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Postdoc View project

Reconstruction using a robust smoothing prior View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Michael A King on 09 January 2015.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

ADJUNCTIVE MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE

Array Processors: An Introduction to Their Architecture, Software, and

Applicationsin NuclearMedicine
Michael A. King, Paul W. Doherty, Ronald J. Rosenberg, and Steven L. Cool

University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, Hartfoni Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut, and
Analogic Corporation, Wakefield, Massachusetts

Arrayprocessors
are “number
crunchers―
thatdramatIcallyenhancethe pro.
cessingpowerof nuclearmedicinecomputersystemsfor applicationsdealingwith
the repetitiveoperationsinvolvedin digitalimage processingof large segmentsof
data. The generalarchitectureand the programmingof array processorsare intro@
duced, along with some applications of array processors to the reconstruction of
emissiontomographic
images,digItalImageenhancement,
andfunctionalImage
formation.

J Nuci Med 24: 1072—1079,1983

With the advent of emission computed tomography
and digital image filtering, nuclear medicine computer
systems are now being called upon to support increasing
data-processing loads, in terms of both volume and
complexity. An alternative to purchasing a new com
puter to cope with this expanded workload is to add an
array processor, since these can be obtained for a fraction
of the cost of a new computer system. An increasing
number of manufacturers now offer array processors as
an option for use with nuclear medicine computer sys
tems. To help define their potential role in nuclear
medicine, this article will introduce in general terms the
architecture, programming, and some applications of
array processors.
WHAT IS AN ARRAY PROCESSOR?
Array processors are general-purpose add-on devices
designed to perform high-speed mathematical compu
tations such as Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT) on arrays
ofdata (1—3).When incorporated into a nuclear mcdi
cine computer system, they can reduce program execu
tion time considerably if repetitive operations are to be
performed on several collections of data. They are,
Received May 13, 1983; revision accepted June 15, 1983.
For reprints contact: Michael A. King, PhD, Dept. of Nuclear
Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake
Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01605.
therefore, well suited for performing operations on whole
nuclear medicine images, but generally lose their ad
vantage if one-time operations are to be performed on
single pixels.
GENERAL ARCHITECTURE OF AN ARRAY PROCESSOR
What makes an array processor different from a
general-purpose computer is that flexibility of execution
has been traded for an enhanced ability to carry out
numerical and logical operations. In general-purpose
processors, operations are performed sequentially, one
at a time, allowing the result of one calculation to im
mediately alter the course of execution of the program
for all the remaining data. Array processors are designed
to process a number of pieces of data simultaneously
through several stages, thereby enhancing processing
speed but limiting flexibility. Their hardware configu
ration (architecture) is thus quite different from that of
a general-purpose mini-computer. The hardware of an
array processor can generally be divided into the four
basic functional units (Fig. 1). These are interconnected
by internal buses or communication paths (1 ,4,5). Not
all array processors have all of these functional units, but
Fig. 1 provides a convenient starting point for learning
about array processors in general.
The first of these functional units is the Input/Output
(I/O) Interface. This is usually specific to the host
computer with which the array processor is operating.

1072 THE JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE


FIG. 1. Four basic functional units of array processor, and its internal
buses.
It provides for the transfer of data and commands be
tween the host and the array processor. There may also
be an auxiliary I/O port for the transfer ofdata directly
to the array processor. With the addition of the appro
priate interface, this could be used for the high-speed
acquisition of images from a gamma camera. It also
could be used with a fast bus to process data stored in a
high-speed video memory for on-the-fly processing of
data to be displayed. Besides being interfaced to a single
computer, the array processor could be made part of a
network. This is especially attractive since the workload
from a single nuclear medicine system would seldom
keep an array processor continually busy.
The second functional unit is the Control Processor.
This governs the operation of the array processor through
decoding and executing instructions passed to it from the
host. It usually has a much faster cycle time (instruction
execution time) than the host computer. This accounts
for part of the increased throughput of an array pro
cessor, although the major portion comes from the spe
cial configuration of the arithmetic and logic unit as
described below. It has its own machine language
usually, program memory. The program memory may
be either programmable-read-only memory (PROM),
or random-access memory (RAM). The difference be
tween the two is that PROM memory is loaded with in
structions at the factory, whereas, RAM memory can
be loaded with programs from the host computer. With
associated software (assembler, linker, etc.) the latter
permits user-developed software to run on the array
processor, and thus provides the programmer with more
freedom in terms of the functions that the array pro
cessor can perform.
By having its own control processor, some array pro
cessors can run independently from the host. This allows
for distributive processing techniques that share the
processing load between the host and the array processor
so that each can perform separate tasks simultaneously.
An example of this is illustrated in Fig. 2, which shows
the flow chart for a nonstationary frequency-domain
image-processing algorithm (6). The array processor is
shown as filtering a submatrix of the image with a locally
optimized filter while the host is forming the filter for the
next submatrix.
Volume 24, Number I1
ADJUNCTIVE MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE
@Q@i
FIG.2. Flowchart for nonstationaryImage processing, Illustrating
technique of distributive processing(reprintedfrom Ref. 6, by per
mission).
The third functional unit is the Data Memory. By
having a separate high-speed data memory, the array
processor can perform operations on data without tying
up the host's bus, or being limited by the host's data
retrieval time. Moreover, by having separate program
and data memories connected to the other portions of the
array processor by separate buses, both data and soft
ware can be addressed and fetched simultaneously. This
cannot be done in a general-purpose machine, where a
single memory holds both data and software.
The amount of data memory is very important. For
best performance it is necessary to have enough data
and, memory so that I/O with the host is kept to a minimum
(2). For example, a 64-by-64 pixel array requires 4096
words (4K) ofdata memory. Thus, more than 4K of data
memory is required to filter a 64-by-64 pixel image
efficiently, since memory is also required for the filter.
The importance of the amount of data memory in de
termining execution time can be seen in the following
example. If the array processor has enough data memory
to hold the image, filter, and any necessary FF1' look-up
tables (this requires 24 for the program shown in Table
1), with our system* it takes 0.1 2 sec to pass a 64-by-64
matrix to the array processor, apply FFT to the image,
filter the image, apply inverse FF1' to it, and return the
image to the host.t Using the same systems with software
that requires less than 4K ofdata memory, it takes about
3sectofilter
animage,
since
therows
andcolumns
ofthe
image are passed to the array processor one at a time for
transforming and filtering. Similar processing by the host
alone requires 36 sec with floating-point hardware and
a standard Fortran FF1' subroutine, and I 30 sec without
the floating-point hardware.
Besides the amount of data memory, the number of
bits in each word (word length), and storage format are
I 073
 KING, DOHERTY, ROSENBERG,AND COOL

cantly different from the arithmetic and logical unit of

a general-purpose machine.

ARRAY PROCESSOR SOFTWARE

The software provided with the array processor usu

A ally consists of system software for control of host and
@ @:::E u:i@ @MC
array-processor activity, diagnostic software, and ap
plication software that performs the desired “number
.@\. crunching―tasks. The application software may consist
of several different levels. First, there may be available
complete programs that perform selected nuclear med
icine processing procedures, such as reconstruction of
B emission tomographic images and digital image filtering.
The extent and existence of this software is very impor
tant for nonprogrammers since it will probably be the
limit of their use of the array processor.
FIG.3. Comparison ofreference
images (left)andtranverse slice
(right) through liver/spleen SPECTstudy. A. Reconstruction with
At the second level, interaction with the array pro
medium Shepp-LoganfiRer. B. Two-dimensional FFT processing cessor occurs by having a higher-level language (For
of studybeforereconstructionwithrampfilter. tran) call a library of standard mathematical subroutines
that run the array processor (1 ,2,4). A programmer can
also important (7). The word length determines the more or less write a normal program in Fortran and
precision with which each number is expressed in the simply insert, at appropriate points in the program,
array processor. Typical word lengths are 24, 32, 48, or statements that tell the host computer to execute the
64 bits. The data are generally stored in either block desired subroutine on the array processor (2). An ex
floating-point or individual-exponent floating-point ample of this is given in Table 1, which shows a portion
format. With the latter, each piece of data is stored with of a Fortran program that filters a two-dimensional
its own exponent, which requires a word length long 64-by 64-pixel image in the frequency domain using a
enough to hold both value and exponent. With block two-dimensional complex fast Fourier transform (FFT).
floating-point format, a single exponent is used for an In this program all subroutines that begin with the letter
entire block of data. For example, each pixel in an image K call the array processor (4). Data are stored in the
would be stored in a word of data memory, with a single array processor in block floating-point format as data
exponent for the whole image stored at the beginning of buffers, which are identified and referenced by a user
the block in only one additional word of memory (4). chosen ID number between 1 and 255 (4). The program
This saves time when one is working with an array of requires 24K of data memory. The original image is
data, since only one exponent per block ofdata need be stored in data buffer No. 2 (DBF 2). It is combined with
dealt with. However, it does limit the range and precision a 4K data buffer of zeros (DBF 3) to yield an 8K com
of the data. Nuclear medicine images are made up of plex data buffer (DBF 4). This is processed by FFT, then
integer data of at most 10 bits to 12 bits in length. Thus, multipled by a 4K data buffer holding the filter (DIIF
the use of an array processor with a data-word length of 1). The result is then inverse FFT, any possible small
24 bits and block floating-point format is generally quite negative values are removed, and the real portion re
satisfactory in nuclear medicine. turned to the host. The subroutines are named in such
The last functional unit is the Pipeline Arithmetic a fashion that their function can be remembered. For
Unit. This provides the “numbercrunching― muscle of example, to pass a host integer array to an array pro
the array processor, where the real gain in processing cessor block floating-point data buffer, one would call
time is obtained. Its processing speed is usually obtained the subroutine KHIAB with arguments consisting of the
by a combination of parallel-processing a number of name of the array in host memory, the data buffer's ID
pieces of data read from the processor's fast data mem number, and the number of elements in the array to be
ory using its own bus, and the use of the pipeline struc passed. Notice that the array processor's software au
ture in the arithmetic unit (1—5).That is, the arithmetic tomatically takes care of locating and assigning the
unit is partitioned into several stages, and new data are necessary data memory and converting the data from
introduced to the first stage when the previous data move integer to block floating-point format. Thus, provided
to the second stage, etc., analogous to the way oil flows the appropriate subroutines are available, the main task
through a pipeline. Pipelining thus results in a saving of of an application programmer is to determine what al
time by keeping all of the hardware busy most of the gorithms or segments of a program can best be per
time. This portion of the array processor is thus signifi formed using an array processor, and to combine them

1074 THE JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE

 ADJUNCTIVE MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE

TABLE1. PORTION
OF SAMPLEARRAYPROCESSOR
FORTRAN
PROGRAM
C
C Form flfter and pass to AP
C
CALL GAUSS
CALLKHFAB
(F,1,4096) IDBF 1 = Filter
C
C Read In Imageand pass to AP
C
IR IREADW(4096,IMAG,IBLK,ICHAN) tReadfrom disk file
CALL KHIAB(IMAG,2, 4096) IDBF2 = Image
C
C Make complex
C
CALL KZRDB(3) IDBF3 = Zeros
CALL KMUX1(4, 2, 3) IDBF4 = ComplexImage
C
C FIlterImagewith 2DFFT
C
CALLKFFTC2
(8192,64,4,4) IForward2DFFT
CALLKBRVC2(8192,64,4,4) I2D Bit reverse
CALLKMLRC
(4,4, 1) IFIlter- Mutt real tImes complex
CALL KBRVC2(8192, 64, 4, 4) 12DBItreverse
CALLKIFTC2
(8192,64,4,4) llnverse
2DFFT
C
C Separate out real part of Image
C
CALL KDMX1(2,3,4) IDBF2 = Filtered image
C
C RemoveanynegatIvevalues
C
CALL KBNDL(2,2,5) !Lower bound wIth zero In DBF 5
C
C Returnto host and dIsk
C
CALLKABHI(IMAG,2,4096.0)
IR IWRITW(4096,IMAG,IBLJ(,ICHAN)
C

to minimize the overhead time (7). in terms of decreased execution time, but requires a
After using an array processor for a while, most users greater programming sophistication on the part of the
will find that not all the operations they wish to perform user.
may be possible with the software contained in the sub Another level that is coming into view is that of a
routine package supplied with the machine. When the higher-level language compiler for use with an array
appropriate subroutines are not available, or when processor (3,8). These automatically implement a subset
maximum economy of execution time is desired, it be of the higher-level language instructions consisting
comes necessary to use the third level of interaction with mostly of arithmetic and logical operations on the array
an array processor. Many systems provide for some de processor.
gree of user interaction with the array processor through
microcoding or assembly language. With some, however, APPLICATIONS OF ARRAY PROCESSORS
IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE
such programming can be done only by the manufac
turer and supplied to the user in PROMs. Working at We emphasize that array processors do not allow one
this level provides the maximum in freedom for algo to perform any new computational tasks in nuclear
rithm implementation. It also provides maximum benefit medicine, they merely decrease dramatically the cxc

Volume24,Number II 1075
@ :@@z

KING, DOHERTY,ROSENBERG,AND COOL

NORMAL

a.
.@t@:t

@
j@
—...,!!@PF&p!:A::::z
... @:@:: @!P:@ :@!::@:
•INFEROAPICAL : :.@
@LL a. LI
.!: ..:

£Y@L: @i; Ti
@.@.@4t:PP

INFARCTION...@.L,.,

.. •:@.@.. ::@....!@...
@
@ r:?@: :t@:.
.
:A?@:@ : ::z@‘•

@
@
I@i
.L@‘1±.1;
. I.. •kA@
..

@!IsRIGHT
?:@:: r:ut .@!::.: : :@‘..

PACING. VENTRICULAR

@
@
@

L@!
DA
I, = @s.I uLl h ...

‘@-I
::E : ..@
11 ‘.@:II @‘—

FIG. 4. (A) Three systolIc dynamic ejection-fraction Images(DEFI)from normal patIent. From upper left to lower right end of fIrst thIrd
of systole;endof secondthirdof systole;endsystole;andannotatedcolorscale.Notesmoothprogressionof ejectionthrou@outsystole,
withoutevIdenceof abnormalwall motIon.(B)FunctlonalImagesattime of maximumnegatlve(upper)andposltive(Iower)flrst derIvatives.
Notenormalsharpclusteringof pixelsfor both left andrI@itventricules.(C)FunctlonalImageat time of maxImumnegatIvesecondderivative
(upper)and phase Image(lower)(reprinted from Ref. 19, by permissIon).
FIG.5. (A) SystolicDEFIImagesshowaea of earlydysklnesls(red)In InferoapicalregIon,with essoclatedareaof anteroseptalhypoklnesls.
(B)Inmaximum
negative
first-derIvatIve
Image(upper),
Inferoapical
regIon
hasdelayed
maxImum
rateofejection,
whereas
maxImum
posftlve first-derivatIve image (lower) shows larger surroundIngarea (IncludIngapex of right ventrIcle) of delayed maxImal filling. (C)
MaxImumnegative second derivatIve and phase Imagesalso show delayed emptyIng of apex (reprinted from Ref. 19, by permIssIon).
FIG.6. (A)Systolic
DEFIImages
showIna'easing
areaofapparent
ri@it-ventr1cuIar
(RV)apical
dysklnesis
assocIated
withRVpacemaker.
ThIsIsbecauseapexhasstartedto fIll beforerestof ventriclehasemptied.(B)Themaximumnegativefirst-derivativeimagebestdem
onstratesspreadof waveof actIvatIondtrlng systole:fromapexof RVlaterally,overrestof RV,acrossseptumto LV,finallyendingIn
posterolateral
aspectsofLV.Notethatsmallareaaboveshowsmaximum
rateofchangeoccurrIng
duringdiastole,indicatIng
InclusIon
of smallportionof leftatrIumInareaof analysis.(C)MaxImumnegativesecond.derlvatlve
andphaseImagesshowsimilarthanges(reprinted
from Ref. 19, by permissIon).

1076 THE JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE

@ . .

ADJUNCTIVEMEDICALKNOWLEDGE

In the area of cardiac nuclear medicine the phase

image (14,15) has become popular in spite of the time
t . ............ needed to form this functional image (16), and there is
some question as to its usefulness in separating diastolic
and systolic events (17,18). We have used an array
processor to do spatial and temporal Fourier filtering of
a 32-frame, 64-by-64-pixel, gated blood-pool study and
!::! I to form an extensive functional image set and histo
grams, all in less than 1 mm (19). The functional image
set includes: the phase image, three images derived from
@ : I@I tIP! !Z the first and second derivatives ofthe time-activity curves
A ofindividual
pixels
intheventricular
ROl,anda 15-
frame series ofdynamic ejection-fraction images (DEFI)
(20). Thesefunctionalimagesareillustratedin Fig.4
for a normal study, in Fig. 5 for a patient with an in
@ 5,.
feroapical infarction, and in Fig. 6 for a patient with a
right-ventricular pacemaker. The three images based
upon the derivatives of the time-activity curves allow
separation of systolic and diastolic function, since they
@ ...... .
include information from more than the first har
monic.
Besides the formation of functional images, an array
: ZJ' t@:i @s
ti@i @z processor can be used for the digital filtration, both
spatial and temporal, of dynamic images. With flow
B studies this can provide a significant improvement in
FIG.7. End-dIastolic Images, andSIngle-pIxeltime-activitycurves. image quality (21). With our system*, we are able to
(A)Spatiallyprocessed bynIne-poInt smoothIng. (B)Spatially
and filter two-dimensionally in the frequency domain, and
temporally fIltered usIng array processor (reprinted from Ref. 19, provide a limited-sized temporal filter on 64-by-64-pixel
by permIssion).
images at a rate of about three frames per second. With
cardiac images the frames can be corrected for count
cution time. Because of this, mathematical procedures fall-off and filtered three-dimensionally as well. A 32
that would not normally be performed can be accom frame, 64 by 63 pixel, gated blood-pool study can be
plished in clinically acceptable time frames. In the fol
lowing paragraphs, examples of some applications of
array processors in nuclear medicine will be given to 11-
lustrate this point. The use of array processors in other
areas of medical imaging is covered in a recent review
article (9).
Perhaps the most important
processor in nuclear medicine will be in reconstructing
application of an array I
images for emission computed tomographs. Use of an
array processor can reduce reconstruction time for a
A B
64-by-64 matrix and 64 angles from 15-30 sec/section
to about 1—2
sec/section (10). An exciting application
of array processors is to decrease the execution time of
some of the more complex tomographic reconstruction
algorithms such as iterative reconstruction (1 1), to the
point where they can be applied in clinically acceptable
time. In addition to speeding the reconstruction of to
mographic images, an array processor can be used to
filter two-dimensionally the acquired data before re
C .. D
construction (12), and filter the images “optimally―
after FiG. 8. LAO 600 thallIum perfusion Images.(A) Hl@-couM(500K)
static study processed by nIne-point bInomial smoothIng. (B) Same
reconstruction (13). Figure 3 illustrates the marked
ImagefollowIng count-dependentfIlterIng. (C)End-dIastolIcframe
suppression of noise that can be obtained with two (30K) of gated thallium study from same patient as A and B pro
dimensional FET prereconstruction filtering of the ac cessed by nIne-point binomial smoothing. (D) Same frame pro
quisition data. ceased by count-dependentenhancementfIlter.

Volume 24, Number 11 1077

KING, DOHERTY, ROSENBERG, AND COOL

processed in this manner in less than 20 sec. Figure 7 tions of array processors in nuclear medicine have been
showsa comparisonbetweena Fourier-processed end introduced. The speed and processing power of these
diastolic image (B) and one processed by the standard systems make them attractive additions to computer
nine-point binomial convolution filter (A). The study was systems to enhance throughput and allow the use of
acquired in the MLAO view using a slant-hole colli processing algorithms that would otherwise be too
mator. The reduction in noise and the sharper definition time-consuming for a clinically dedicated computer
of the atrium and ventricles provide a clearer image from system.
which regions of interest can be selected and for viewing
as a cine. This can be particularly helpful in the low FOOTNOTES
count exercise studies. Also notice how the filtering
makes possible the definition of a time-activity curve * AP400 Array Processor, Analogic Corporation, Wakefield,

from a single pixel. MA.

t Gamma 11, Digital Equipment Corporation, Marlborough,
Optimal digital filtering of static images can also be MA.
done rapidly using an array processor. Such techniques t A2, Medical Data Systems,Ann Arbor, MI.
as Wiener filtering (22), or stationary (12) and non
stationary (6) count-dependent filtering in the frequency ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
domain, become feasible in clinically reasonable time
periods when an array processor is used. An example is Theauthorsgratefullyacknowledgethe presentand pastassistance
seen in Fig. 8, which shows a comparison between and adviceof Dr.Tom Miller,Dr.TonyParker,RonaldB.Schwinger,
DavidA. Jacobs,KarenJohnson,Dr. BillC. Penney,and Dr. Howard
nine-point binomial smoothing and digital enhancement Cohen,and the secretarialskillsof LindaA. Carreaux.
filtering using a count-dependent technique for a high Thisworkwasaidedbya grant fromthe AmericanCancerSociety,
count (500K) and a low-count (30K) thallium study. The Massachusetts Division, Inc.
gain through noise suppression and resolution recovery
is most pronounced in the low-count study. REFERENCES
The high speed of digital filtering using an array
processor makes it possible to filter an image under 1. CASPERA: Array processors.Mini-Micro Systems 11:
58—63,
1978
“real-time―
control of the operator. An example of this
2. ROBINSONAL: Array processors:
Maxi numbercrunching
is to vary the cutoff frequency of a Butterworth low-pass fora miniprice.
Science
203:156—160,
1979
filter (23) with a joystick, while watching the video 3. KARPLUSWJ, COHEND: Architecturalandsoftwareissues
display to select the cutoff frequency most appropriate in the design and application of peripheral array processors.
for that image. This has been implemented on a nuclear Computer 14:11—17,
1981
medicine computer systems by one of us using assembly 4. AnIntroduction
totheAP400ArrayProcessor.
Wakefield,
MA,AnalogicCorporation,1979
language coding on an array processor* of a two-di 5. CHARLESWORTH
AE: An approachto scientific array
mensional FFT for real data, which transforms a 128- processing:
thearchitecturaldesignoftheAP-120B/FPS-164
by 128-pixel image in less than 0.2 sec. This allows for family.Computer14:18—27,1981
a new 128-by 128-pixel image to be written back to the 6. KINGMA, MILLERTR,JACOBS D, etal: Nonstationary
video display approximately two times a second. imageprocessingin the frequencydomain.In Digital imaging:
Clinical Advances in Nuclear Medicine. New York, The
Filtering in the spatial domain is also much faster with Society ofNuclear Medicine, 127—141,1982
an array processor. For example, it requires 0.4 sec to 7. MARON N, BRENGLETA: Integrating an array processor
pass a 64-by 64-pixel image to the array processor* and into a scientific computing system. Computer 14:41-44,
perform a two-dimensional convolution ofthe image with 1981
a 13-by 13-pixel mask, against 6 sec to carry out the 8. BRODEB: Precompilationof Fortranprogramsto facilitate
array processing. Computer 14:46—51,1981
same filtering on the hostt with an assembly-language 9. ALEXANDER
P: Array processors
in medicalimaging.
implementation of a new algorithm that minimizes the Computer16:17—30,
1983
number of multiplications (24). The standard convolu Jo. LARSSONS, ISRAELSS0N
A: Considerations
on system
tional algorithm on the host required 35 sec per image. design, implementation and computer processingin SPECT.
IEEE TransNuclSci29:1331—1342,
1982
With sufficient data memory, a 128-by 128-pixel image
Ii. ARTHAUD N, AMMIRATI JL: Comparison of SPECT
can be convolved two-dimensionally with a I 3-by 13- techniquesonhigh-speeddigitalarrayprocessor.InEmission
pixel mask in about 2 sec including disk I/O. Computed Tomography Current Trends. New York, The
Numerous other applications of array processors exist Societyof NuclearMedicine,193—209,
1983
in nuclear medicine. The applications are limited only 12. KING MA, DOHERTY PW, SCHWINGER RB, Ct al: Fast
count-dependent digital image processing. J NucI Med
by the imagination of the programmer. 1039—1045,1983
13. KING MA, SCHWINGER RB, DOHERTY PW: Fast Wiener
CONCLUSION digital post-processing of SPECT images. I Nucl Med 24:
P81—82, 1983 (abst)
The architecture, programming, and some applica 14. LINKS JM, DOUGLASS KH, WAGNER HN: Patterns of

1078 THE JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE

 ADJUNCTIVE MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE

ventricular emptying by Fourier analysis of gated blood-pool Nuclear Medicine. New York, Society of Nuclear Medicine,
studies. JNucl Med 21:978—982, 1980 153—163,
1982
15. BYROME, PAVELDG, MEYER-PAVELC: Phaseimages 20. KING MA, DOHERTYPW: Color codedejectionfraction
of gated cardiac studies: A standard evaluation procedure. In imagesfor followingregionalfunctionthroughout the cardiac
Functional Mapping of Organ Systems. New York, The cycle. In Functional Mapping ofOrgan Systems. New York,
Societyof NuclearMedicine,I 19—
128, 1981 TheSocietyof NuclearMedicine,119—128, 1981
/6. LOGANKW, HICKEYKA: Cardiacphase-amplitude21. YUILLE DL: A new approach to the smoothing of dynamic
analysis using macro programming. Med Phys 8:897-899, nuclear medicine data: Concise communication. J Nucl Med
1981 19:836—844,1978
17. WENDTRE, MURPHYPH, CLARKJW, Ctal: Interpretation 22. KING MA, DOHERTY PW, SCHWINGER RB, et al: A
of multigated Fourier functional images. J Nucl Med 23: Wiener filter for nuclear medicine images. Med Physics: in
715—724,1982 press
18. MILLERTR, GOLDMANKJ, SAMPATHKUMARAN
KS,et 23. HAMMING RW: Digital Filters, EnglewoodCliffs, Pren
al: Analysis of cardiac diastolic function: application in cor tice-Hall, Inc., 189—195,1977
onary artery disease. J Nuci Med 24:2—7,1983 24. MILLER TR, SAMPATHKUMARANKS, KING MA: Rapid
19. KING MA, DOHERTY PW: Cardiac image processing using digital filtering. J Nucl Med 24:625—628,1983.
an array processor. In Digital imaging: Clinical Advances in

MideästernChapter
Society of Nuclear Medicine
14th Annual Meeting
April 12-14, 1984 SheratonInn and ConferenceCenter FrederiCksburg,Virginia
Announcement and Call for Abstracts
The Scientific Program Committee of the Mideastern Chapter of the Society of Nuclear Medicine solicits the submission
of abstracts from members and nà nmembers of the Society of Nuclear Medicine for the 14th Annual Meeting to be held
April 12—14,
1984in Fredericksburg,Virginia. The programwill include submitted papers, invitedspeakers,teaching sessions,
and exhibits.
Abstracts should not exceed 300 words and should contain a statement of purpose, the method used, results, and conclu
sions. The name of the author presenting the paper must be underlined.
Original abstracts and four copies should be sent to:
Andrew Keenan, MD
Dept.of NuclearMedicine
Clinical Center, N.I.H.
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda,Maryland20205
Tel: (301)496-5675
The program will be approvedfor credit towardthe AMA Physician'sRecognition AwardUnderContinuing Medical Education
Category1 throughthe Societyof NuclearMedicine.
For further information concerning the program, please write or telephone Dr. Keenan, Program Chairman, (301)496-5675.
Abstractsmust be receivedby January16,1984.

Volume 24, Number 11 I079

View publication stats