Dear MBA students,

ESLSCA 44D

As agreed please find attached the Final Term Exam, you should:
1. Answer ALL questions, Part1 & Part2
2. Use your text book, extra text book, the internet, and other references.
3. DON'T discuss or share, by any means of communication, with any other class students (even for those who are
Otherwise will be counted as 'Plagiarism'
4. It is NOT ACCEPTED to just copy and paste from any source, your interpretation and write-up is a MUST to g
5. Reply with your file .xls, of your answer to ME ONLY, to ashraf@ashrafelsafty.com .
6. MUST include your first name and family name WITHIN the file name (ex.: DrAshrafElsafty-E-RM-44D-Fina
7. Use BLUE color for your text answers, or just fill in the shaded blocks.
8. Email directly to ME ONLY no later than agreed deadline day and time 23rd March 2015, 10:00 pm, oth
9. Please give every single question the needed high care, as grades are NOT equally distributed among que

As I mentioned before for the mid-term and during our classes, we are studying to learn, and we are now leveragin
So please focus on your time and answers to learn while filling the exam.

I hope I did met your expectations, and now you as a researcher, you will be responsible for what you have learne
what you already gained for the welfare of the country and your people.

Hope you gained the ultimate scientific benefit from the course and me as well.
May Allah bless you all.

Kind Regards,

Dr. Ashraf Elsafty

Adjunct Professor, Strategist
Strategic Management & Research Methods.
ESLSCA, MIU, Riti/MsM cairo outreach.
44D
 Dr. Ashraf Elsafty
Research Methods
ESLSCA 44D #VALUE!
Final Exam
Part ONE
Q
Answer ONLY using A or
DON'T DELETE OR HIDE ANY O

Just
answer
here, on
grey
cells
only

1 Which of the following is most suitable when there is A

little to no insight in a certain problem or when there is
no information available on how similar problems or
research issues have been solved in the past?

A. Exploratory research.
B. Descriptive research.
C. Causal research.
D. Experimental research.

2 What cannot be seen as purpose of a causal study? C

A. Understanding the dependent variable.

B. Predicting the dependent variable.
C. Making sure that all relevant variables are included
in the study.
D. Explaining variance in the dependent variable.

3 If a bank manager wants to analyze the relationship A

between interest rates and bank deposit patterns of
clients, a ‘field study’ is the most suitable method of
investigation.

A. true
B. false
4 A marketing manager aims to investigate the B
relationship between customer satisfaction and store
loyalty among British consumers. For this purpose,
data will have to be collected from British stores and
the ‘unit of analysis’ is the country.

A. true
B. false

5 The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of a multinational A

corporation wants to know the profits made during the
past 5 years by each of the subsidiaries in England,
Germany, France, and Spain. It is possible that there
are many regional offices of these subsidiaries in each
of these countries. The profits of the various regional
centers for each country have to be aggregated and the
profits for each country for the past 5 years provided to
the CFO. Hence, the ‘unit of analysis’ is the country.

A. true
B. false

6 Studies, when data on the dependent variable are B

gathered at two or more points in time to answer the
research question, are called:

a. Cross-sectional studies.
b. Longitudinal studies.
c. Exploratory studies.
d. Case studies.

7 Experimental designs invariably are longitudinal A

studies since data are collected both before and after a
manipulation.
A. true
B. false

8 Which of the following studies is a causal study? The B

researcher tries to find out:
 a. What percentage of the population thinks
commercials are annoying compared to 10 years ago.

b. Why unemployment in Europe is higher than in Asia.

c. If smoking is related to cancer.

d. All the above answers are correct.

9 A bank manager wants to determine the cause-and- B

effect relationship between interest rate and the
inducements it offers to clients to save and deposit
money in the bank. What is the appropriate study
setting?

a. A field study.
b. A field experiment.
c. A lab experiment.
d. None of the above.

10 The goal of a ­_____________ study, hence, is to offer to the B

researcher a profile of the phenomena of interest from
an individual, organizational, industry-oriented, or
other perspective.

a. Exploratory.
b. Descriptive.
c. Causal.
d. Experimental.

11 ____________ studies are also necessary when some facts A

are known, but more information is needed for
developing a viable theoretical framework.
a. Exploratory.
b. Descriptive.
c. Causal.
d. Experimental.
12 Whether a study is a causal or a correlational one A
depends on the type of research questions asked and
how the problem is defined.

A. true
B. false

13 The extent of interference by the researcher with the A

normal flow of work at the workplace has a direct
bearing on whether the study undertaken is causal or
correlational.

A. true
B. false

14 A causal study is conducted in the natural environment B

of the organization with minimum interference by the
researcher with the normal flow of work.

A. true
B. false

15 In studies conducted to establish cause-and-effect A

relationships, the researcher tries to manipulate
certain variables so as to study the effects of such
manipulation on the dependent variable of interest.

A. true
B. false

16 Correlational studies are invariably conducted in B

contrived settings, whereas most rigorous causal
studies are done in non-contrived lab settings.
A. true
B. false

17 The unit of analysis refers to the level of aggregation of A

the data collected during the subsequent data analysis
stage.

A. true
B. false
18 Our research question determines the unit of analysis. A

A. true
B. false

19 A study can be done in which data are gathered just A

once, perhaps over a period of days or weeks or
months, in order to answer a research question. Such
studies are called:

a. Cross-sectional studies.
b. Longitudinal studies.
c. Exploratory studies.
d. Case studies.

20 A marketing manager is interested in tracing the B

pattern of sales of a particular product in four different
regions of the country on a quarterly basis for the next
2 years. This is an example of a:

a. Cross-sectional study.
b. Longitudinal study.
c. Exploratory study.
d. Case study.

21 Knowledge of research design details also helps A

managers to study and intelligently comment on
research proposals.
A. true
B. false

22 Methodological rigor increases as we move A

progressively from an exploratory study to a
hypothesis-testing study, and with this, the costs of
research also increase.

A. true
B. false

23 Measurement is the assignment of numbers or other A

symbols to characteristics of objects according to a pre-
specified set of rules.
 A. true
B. false

24 Objects include: A

a. Persons, strategic business units, and companies.

b. Countries, cars, and arousal seeking tendency.

c. Elephants, kitchen appliances, and shopping
enjoyment.
d. Restaurants, shampoo, and service quality.

25 Examples of characteristics of objects are: C

a. Length, weight, and country.

b. Arousal seeking tendency, strategic business unit,
and shopping enjoyment.
c. Service quality, conditioning effects, and taste.
d. Restaurants, shampoo, and service quality.

26 Attributes of objects that can be physically measured A

by some calibrated instruments pose no measurement
problems.
A. true
B. false

27 Reduction of abstract concepts to render them A

measurable in a tangible way is called operationalizing
the concepts.
A. true
B. false

28 Operationalizing is done by looking at the behavioral A

dimensions, facets, or properties denoted by the
concept. These are then translated into observable and
measurable elements so as to develop an index of
measurement of the concept.

A. true
B. false
29 Operationalizing a concept involves a series of steps. A

1. Come up with a definition of the construct.

2. Develop a response format.
3. Assess the validity and reliability of the
measurement scale.
4. Develop an instrument (one or more items or
questions) that actually measures the concept that one
wants to measure.
What is the correct order?
a.   1-4-2-3.
b.   4-2-1-3.
c.   4-2-3-1.
d.  3-1-4-2.

30 Operationalizing a concept consists of delineating the B

reasons, antecedents, consequences, or correlates of
the concept.
A. true
B. false

31 You cannot measure objects; you measure _____________ D

of objects.
a. Elements.
b. Dimensions.
c. Antecedents.
d. Attributes.

32 Operationalizing is: C

a. Designing questionnaires.
b. Translating a problem definition into a research
question.
c. Making an abstract concept measurable.
d. Defining difficult concepts in the research proposal.

33 A variable or construct must always be directly B

observable.
A. true
B. false
34 Operationalizing a variable precedes defining a B
variable.
A. true
B. false

35 The construct ‘hunger’ is a typical example of a A

construct that must be operationalized because it is an
abstract and subjective concept.
A. true
B. false

36 What is the type of scale of the variable ‘age’ if it is D

measured in the following way?
“What is your age? ____ years.”
a. Nominal.
b. Ordinal.
c. Interval.
d. Ratio.

37 What is the measurement level of income, measured in B

the following way: “What is your annual gross income?”

< €15.000
€20.000 - €30.000
€30.000 - €45.000
> € 45.000
a. Nominal.
b. Ordinal.
c. Interval.
d. Ratio.

38 “As the calibration or fine-tuning of a scale increases in D

sophistication, so does the power of the scale”. What is
therefore the most powerful scale?

a. A nominal scale.
b. An ordinal scale.
c. An interval scale.
d. A ratio scale.

39 The difference between an ordinal and a ratio scale is B

that a ratio scale has an arbitrary zero point.

A. true
 B. false

40 Army rank (such as lieutenant, captain, major, colonel, B

general, etc.) is ordinal in nature.

A. true
B. false

41 Temperature is usually measured on a ratio scale. A

A. true
B. false

42 A lady stands on a pair of scales three times in a row. B

The first time she weighs 69 kilo, the second time 69
kilo, and the third time 69 kilo. Her real weight is 51
kilo. What is the matter with the scales?

a. The pair of scales is not reliable and not valid.

b. The pair of scales is reliable but is not valid.
c. The pair of scales is not reliable but is valid.
d. The pair of scales is reliable and valid.

43 The following scale is a: “Ugly __ __ ­__ __ __ Beautiful” B

a. A likert-scale.
b. A semantic differential scale.
c. A numerical scale.
d. An itemized rating scale.

44 Which of the following is not a source of primary data? C

a. A focus group.
b. A panel.
c. Company records.
d. A video conference.

45 Whereas panels meet for a one-time group session, B

focus groups meet more than once.
A. true
B. false
46 The Delphi Technique is a forecasting method that uses A
a cautiously selected panel of experts in a systematic,
interactive manner.
A. true
B. false

47 The advantage of seeking secondary data sources is A

savings in time and costs of acquiring information.

A. true
B. false

48 Unstructured interviews are so labeled because the A

interviewer does not enter the interview setting with a
planned sequence of questions to be asked of the
respondent.

A. true
B. false

49 Structured interviews are those conducted when it is A

known at the outset what information is needed.

A. true
B. false

50 When conducting interviews, it is unethical that the B

researcher makes written notes as the interviews are
taking place, or as soon as the interview is terminated.

A. true
B. false

51 The principles of wording refers to which of the D

following factors?
a. The appropriateness of the content of the questions

b. How questions are worded and the level of

sophistication of the language used.
c. The type and form of questions asked.
d. All of the above.

52 The way questions are sequenced could also introduce A

certain biases, frequently referred to as the ordering
effects.
 A. true
B. false

53 Instead of phrasing all questions positively, it is A

advisable to include some negatively worded questions
as well, so the tendency in respondents to mechanically
circle the points toward one end of the scale is
minimized.

A. true
B. false

54 “Do you think there is a good market for the product C

and that it will sell well?”
This question is:
a. Leading.
b. Loaded.
c. Double-barreled.
d. Ambiguous.

55 “Don’t you think that in these days of escalating costs of A

living, employees should be given good pay raises?”

a. Leading.
b. Loaded.
c. Double-barreled.
d. Ambiguous.

56 The sequence of questions in the questionnaire should A

be such that the respondent is led from questions of a
general nature to those that are more specific.

A. true
B. false

57 The sequence of questions in the questionnaire should A

be such that the respondent is led from questions that
are relatively easy to answer to those that are
progressively more difficult.

A. true
B. false
58 The sequence of questions in the questionnaire should A
be such that you end with questions that respondents
refuse to answer.

A. true
B. false

59 The biggest disadvantage of secondary data is: A

a. That they are not meeting the specific needs of the

particular situation or setting.
b. That it is generally more expensive to collect
secondary data than primary data.
c. That they are generally qualitative in nature.
d. That they cannot be used for forecasting purposes.

60 Probability sampling designs are used when the A

representativeness of the sample is of importance in
the interests of wider generalizability.

A. true
B. false

61 Convenience sampling and quota sampling are B

examples of probability sampling.
A. true
B. false

62 A researcher who investigates the relationship between A

the loyalty program of a specific supermarket and the
loyalty towards this supermarket, collects his data by
questioning consumers who leave the specific
supermarket on several daily periods. The sampling
method used by this researcher is called:

a. Convenience sampling.
b. Simple random sampling.
c. Stratified sampling.
d. Quota sampling.
63 When the properties of the population are not over- A
represented or under-represented in the sample, we
will have a representative sample.
A. true
B. false

64 From a statistical perspective, probability sampling is A

preferred over non-probability sampling.

A. true
B. false

65 The results of probability sampling are less B

generalizable than the results of non-probability
sampling.

A. true
B. false

66 The sampling frame is a (physical) representation of all A

the elements in the population from which the sample
is drawn.
A. true
B. false

67 The payroll of an organization would serve as the A

sampling frame if its members are to be studied.
A. true
B. false

68 The type of probability and non-probability sampling D

designs that is chosen depends on:

a. The extent of generalizability desired.

b. The demands of time and other resources.
c. The purpose of the study.
d. All of the above.

69 A sample size of 40 is large enough. B

A. true
B. false
70 As a sampling technique, qualitative research generally A
uses non-probability sampling as it does not aim to
draw statistical inference.
A. true
B. false

Thanks
Dr Ashraf Elsafty
ONLY using A or B or C or D or E
LETE OR HIDE ANY OF THE ROWS or COLUMNS

IT IS A MUST to .. Add needed justification for your selection

Exploratory research is research conducted for problem has

not clearly defined. It occurs before we know enough to
make conceptual distinctions or posit an explanatory
relationship.

Causal study used to determine whether one or more

variables causes or affects the value of other variables. And
not making sure that all relevant variables are included or
not

Bank manager has taken the balance in different types of

accounts and correlated them to change in the interest rate
without interference work routine.
The unit of analysis is the major entity that you are
analyzing in your study and in this example the store loyalty
is unit of analysis where it’s the major entity in this
investigation.

The unit of analysis is the major entity that you are

analyzing in your study and in this example the country is
unit of analysis where it’s the major entity in this
investigation.

It is Longitudinal studies and it is a correlational research

study that involves repeated observations of the same
variables over long periods of time. It is a type of
observational study. Longitudinal studies are often used in
psychology to study developmental trends across the life
span, and in sociology to study life events throughout
lifetimes or generations.

Experimental study is under two points in time of Data

collection so it is conceder as longitudinal studies in case of
measuring data at more than 1 point of time

In causal study We finds the cause and effect relationship

between variables. to determine how the dependent
variable changes with variations in the independent
variable, and here this study we are searching for the
variables that Couse unemployment in Europe and Asia and
make it higher at Europe.
Field experiment where the interest rate in changing, with
all activities occurring in the normal and natural work
environment. all chosen branches for this study would be
more or less compatible in size, number of customers,
deposit amounts , so that the interest savings relationships
are not changing by some third factors. But it is possible that
some other factors might affect the findings.

A descriptive study which information is collected without

changing the environment .
Descriptive studies can involve a one-time interaction with
groups of people or a study might follow individuals over
time . Descriptive studies, in which the researcher interacts
with the participant, may involve surveys or interviews to
collect the necessary information. Descriptive studies in
which the researcher does not interact with the participant
include observational studies of people in an environment
and studies involving data collection using existing records.

Exploratory studies we need to more information about

variables to know if there are new variables or not so we can
confirm if the old verbale is valid or not.
That is will be depend on problem definition so if the
research question asked to determine the variables the
study will be correlational study and if the question is cause
and effect it will be causal study, so the problem definition
from the first will determine the study type.

Researcher can apply correlational study by follow normal

flow of work but causal study the researcher need to
manipulate variables on his study.

At Causal study the researcher need to manipulate

variables on his study, but at correlational study can be
apply by normal flow of work.

In cause-and-effect relationships the researcher need to see

the effect of variables in each others to know the relation
ship between different variables, and to check if variables
change together or not.

Correlation studies to be done in normal working

environment no contrived setting where causal studies
done in contrived lab settings.

The collected Data and source of collected data should be

answered the problem required in data definition and its
should be relevant to answer of problem that under
research
The research question at problem definition from bignng
will determine the needed data collection and so we can
determine the unit of analysis so it is refer to problem
definition.

Cross sectional is Collecting Data at same point in time.

Longitudinal study is Collecting Data at more than one point

on the time.

Evaluating the quality of the research and how it work on

the problem definition.

An exploratory study is used when there are no data about

this situation and there are no body work on this research
before or no similar problem appeared before, so we are
going in exploratory study to obtaining a good grapes of the
phenomena of interest and for advancing knowledge
through good theory building and hypothesis testing.

To measure any thing you cant measure it by itself, we can

measure its attributes and characteristics when we measure
firm we can measure its capital , profit, number of empyee
according to agreed modeless.
Objects we can measure (Persons, strategic business units,
and companies).

Characteristics of objects (Service quality, conditioning

effects, and taste) and its mentioned in the solution and this
characteristics measurable.

Objects can be measure like length, width or weight

Operationalizing the concepts is translate the characters of

abstract to a scale based on degrees of change.

When abstract concept cant be operationalized by

measuring so we are going to looking at behavioral
dimensions, facets, or properties then we converts these
observations to index of measurement .
Operationalizing a concept should be start with definition of
construct and this is the most important start then we
develop the instrument that will measure the concept then
we will work on response format and finally validity and
reliability of measure scale.

Operationalization concept is how to transfer observation of

characteristics to be measured on scale.

Attributes of objects measurable and can be

operationalized.

Only Attributes of objects measurable can be

operationalized.

Not must be directly observable.

Variables should be defined first.

After transform hunger first to observable behavior to

measure

There are zero point

Ordinal where there are order.

There are zero point that is enables more statistical

measure and more analysis

Zero is the main difference.

Ordinal Scale does not show the degree of difference but at
this example we can see degree of difference between
ranks.

Temperature scale is a ratio scale zero scale point

called absolute zero.

The pair of scales is reliable where the weight is 69 Kilo in

three times but is not valid where they weight her by wrong
way.

“Ugly __ __ ­__ __ __ Beautiful” is two bipolar adjectives so its

semantic differential.

Company records are sources of secondary data, and all the

rest considered part of primary data.

Panels meet more than once.

Delphi technique the experts meet several times to agree
about the output after these many discussions.

Its save the time and cost where its always available and
easy to get it but you have to take care to don’t make it the
only source of Data as it is easily becomes not valid data so
you should have recent resources.

Your target is to get the needed information that are related

to our variables so you should prepare all questions before
interview to be structured interview.

In Structured interviews the interviewer take notes from

the answers that may add new information in other aria he
was neglect it before and he can add more variables.

In Structured interviews the interviewer take notes from

the answers that may add new information in other aria he
was neglect it before and he can add more variables.

Questions maintained all these items and its depending on

the sequences of questions.

Random questions in the questionnaire effect the

systematic of research.
To discover who really interested in the questionnaire or
not

There are two parts in question, so its will give two different
response(good market, sells well).

There are directing for response toward specific answer.

That to let the respondent complete the questioner till the

end where if you start by specific question he will not
welcome to complete till the end.

Using this approach to make questioner flows easy and to

secure the respondent and enforce him to complete it to the
end.
Questions that people don’t like answer it that related to his
personal life like asking about hos partner or about drugs
should be at the end of the questionnaire and you will need
to justifying that this information help to solve big problem.

Its save the time and cost where its always available and
easy to get it but you have to take care to don’t make it the
only source of Data as it is easily becomes not valid data so
you should have recent resources.

When representativeness of the samples is important for

research then we will use probability sampling where the
elements of population will have probability of of selection
from the population and to take the representativeness of
the sample will be easier.

Convenience sampling and quota sampling are non

probability sampling

Convenience sampling executed by asking persons who are

known, available and know the required data related to
the research.
From the definition of A representative sample its
characters correctly resemble that of the population without
being under or over estimated.

For statistical perspective probability sampling is preferred

due to its high generalizability.

Non probability sampling is considered as non

representative where a critical concern so that
generalizability of non probability sampling is repressive
and have more generalizability.

Sampling frame used to cover each element in the

population.

Sampling frame should contain all employee to be useful to

be studied

The extent of generalizability desired, the demands of time

and other resources and the purpose of the study, are
important to choosing sampling design (probability and
non-probability).

To determine sample size you need to know type of this

research and apply the convenient mathematical formula to
calculate sample size
Non-probability sampling is often used in qualitative
researches are selected according to the since in this
subject.
44D
 Dr. Ashraf Elsafty
Research Methods
ESLSCA 44D
Final Exam
Part TWO
Q
Part 1:
1 Develop a conceptual model for the scenario below, with
needed discussion and graph:
Incidence of smoking in movies has started to increase again,
after having declined for several decades. According to the
National Cancer Institute smoking is seen in at least three out of
four contemporary box-office hits. What’s more, identifiable
cigarette brands appeared in about one-third of all movies in
2008. Exposure to smoking in movies is an important predictor
of adolescent smoking initiation: smoking in movies has been
shown to affect adolescents’ intentions to start smoking. In turn,
the intentions to start smoking are determined by a more
positive attitude toward smoking after seeing a film character
smoke. Recent research has revealed that the relationship
between seeing a film character smoke and the attitude toward
smoking is stronger when a person’s identification with a film
character increases. These findings are consistent with social
learning theory, which predicts that attitudes and behaviors are
modeled by observing the behaviors of others.

2 What are the basic research design issues? Describe them in

detail.(4-5 paragraphs)
3 “An exploratory study is just as useful as a predictive study”.
Discuss this statement. (2-3 Paragraphs)

4 Discuss the inter-relationships among: non-contrived

setting, purpose of the study, type of investigation,
researcher interference, and time horizon of the study.
5 Why is the unit of analysis an integral part of the research
design? (1-2 paragraphs)

6 Why is the ratio scale the most powerful of the four scales?
(1 paragraph, use example)

7 Below are three scenarios. For each, indicate how the

researcher should proceed with the following, giving
reasons covering:
The purpose of the study
The type of investigation
The extent of researcher interference
The study setting
The time horizon for the study
The unit of analysis.
Scenario A: Ms. Joyce Lynn, the owner of a small business (a
woman’s dress boutique), has invited a consultant to tell her how
she is different from similar small businesses within a 60-mile
radius, in regard to her usage of the most modern computer
technology, sales volume, profit margin, and staff training.

Scenario B: Mr. Paul Hodge, the owner of several restaurants is

concerned about the wide differences in the profit margins of the
various restaurants. He would like to try some incentive plans for
increasing the efficiency levels of those restaurants that are
lagging behind. But, before he introduces this, he would like to be
sure that the idea will work. He asks a researcher to help him on
this issue.
 Scenario C: A manager is intrigued why some people seem to
derive joy from work and get energized by it, while others find it
troublesome and frustrating.

From your text book: 5th digital edition

8 Exercise 4.6

Variable
Dependent variable
Independent variable
Moderating variable

9 Exercise 4.7
Situation 1

Situation 2
 Situation 3

10 Exercise 4.8
Variable
Dependent variable
Independent variable
Intervening variable
Moderating variable

11 Compare between Cluster and Stratified Sampling design,

stating why both is probability sampling, with clear example
of your own.
12 Operationalize the subjective concept 'Shopping Enjoyment',
and use the needed measurement scales.

13 Write a full research proposal/research project, using the

book studied examples and guided by the sample thesis
provided, regarding a problem/opportunity about “Egypt’s
needed development”, from a business and management
perspective, it is of your selection to set the whole story to
guide your proposal or to define the context to support
developing a clear research proposal. (Should cover all
topics studied within research methods; mention the item
on the left and your answer on the right, and within 2 or 3
pages length only).

Introduction

Objectives of the Study

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

LITERATURE REVIEW
Theoretical Framework

Independent variable

Dependent variable

Moderating Variable

Hypothesis Development

Sampling
Conclusion
#VALUE!

Answer

In the conceptual model there are relation between the Adolscent

initiation to smoke (Dependent variable) and Smoking in movies
(Independent Variable) with a (Mediating Variable) is seeing
characters Smoking, a (Moderating Variable) persons Identification
with Film Character . In he developed Model Smoking in movies is
indirect effect on Adolscent initiation to smoke, seeing characters
smoke work as Mediating variable with strong relationship . by this
relationship the attude will increase the Initiation of Smoking. The
relationship between Smoking in movies & Attitudes will be more
effective with Moderating variable of " persons identification with
Film Character" .

The basic research design issues are These issues that relate to
where the study will be conducted, the extent of which the
researcher manipulates and controls the study, the duration of the
study and at what level the data will be analyzed, as well as deciding
what the sample would be, how the data would be collected, how
variables will be measured and how they will be analyzed to test the
hypotheses.
The purpose of the study exploratory, descriptive, hypothesis testing
The types of investigation, causals, correlation.
The extent of researcher interference, normally occurred,
manipulating, control, simulate.
The study setting, where the research will conducted
The unit of analysis, level of aggregation of the data.
Time horizon ,cross-sectional, longitudinal.
Measurement: how variables measured
Data collection methods, Interviewing, questionnaire Observation,
Unobtrusive methods.
Sampling design: determine the type of the sample to be used
probability or nonprobability and the size
Data analysis: how data will be analyzed to test the hypothesis
An exploratory study is used when there are no data about this
situation and there are no body work on this research before or no
similar problem happened before, so we are going in exploratory
study to obtaining a good grapes of the phenomena of interest and
for advancing knowledge through good theory building and
hypothesis testing.
Extensive preliminary work needed to be aware about phenomenon
and to know what is occurring before we develop a model and set
up a rigorous design for investigation. so it is useful as the
predictive study to studying unknown things and we get the results
busied on our knowledge and we cant be sure if its actually correct.

Problem definition is the most important thing to start the research

and we are working to find answers for this problem that defined at
the biffing so we can say problem definition will shape the research,
when we know the porpoise of study and decided if we will go
exploratory or descriptive then we addressed the problem
definitions all other items will be effected, and also if we will go
cause and effect relationship or correlation, if the study done for
exploratory we use correlation and if study need more rigor of
descriptive and hypothetical tests we will use causal study. and for
study setting will be contrived or non controverted for no contrived
settings If organizational research be done in the natural
environment where work proceeds normally, the research is in no
contrived settings, contrived settings If organizational research be
done in artificial environment the research is in contrived settings,
study will depend on type of research (correlation or causal)
correlational studies are invariably conducted in no contrived
settings, whereas most rigorous causal are done in contrived lab
settings. For research interference its depend on resort setting
,contrived have higher level of interference. For time horizon it is
decided according to perpous of researches its define how long the
time will study need and how many experiments and observation
needed for study.
The unit of analysis is the major entity that you are analyzing in your
study, for example if we have a researcher wont to investigate the
relationship between absentism and loyalty in all company level data
will be collected from all level in the firm and the unit of analysis is
employee loyalty where it’s the major entity in this investigation.
The collected Data and source of collected
data should be answered the problem required in data definition
and its should be relevant to answer of problem that under research.
The research question at problem definition from bignng
will determine the needed data collection and so we can determine
the unit of analysis so it is refer to problem definition.

We have four types of scales, nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio, the
ratio scale is the most powerful because its solve the disadvantage of
interval scale and all the other types of scales arbitrary origin point,
where we have absolute zero point as measurement point, the ratio
scale not only measures the differences between points on the scale
its measures the ratio in the differences. Example: Temperature
scale is a ratio scale where there are zero scale point called absolute
zero.
The purpose of the study: how Ms. Joyce is different form other
compotator in her circle, this study will be descriptive study where
in this study we will need info and variables that make her different
in the market. The type of investigation:
it is correlation investigation where we investigate the variables
that effect on her position on the market.
The extent of researcher interference: its
minimal where consultant ( researcher) will follow normal follow of
work by required questioner and interview.
The study setting: Non contrived where the research will be done in
normal environment. The time horizon
for the study: cross sectional study where the data will be collected
one time. The unit of analysis: small
business will be unit of analysis where study will work on small
business data analysis.

The purpose of the study: the study would be hypothesis where the
owner aims to study the impact of introducing incentives to
restaurant the environment variables. and the variables that will be
study efficiency level, incentive plans, and profit margin to know the
relationship between variables. The type of investigation: it is
Causal investigation where we investigate the variables relation
ship and Couse and effect relationship.
The extent of researcher interference: its minimal where
researcher will follow normal follow of work by required questioner
and interview. The study setting: Non
contrived where the research will be done in normal environment.
The time horizon for the study:
Longitudinal study where we will collect data twice before and after
applying incentive. The unit of analysis:
group of restrunt where the owner want to know the effect of
applying incentive plans.
The purpose of the study: the study would be Exploratory where the
manger want to know what behind the derivation of joy from work .
The type of investigation:
correlational where we need to know if joy and work is related or
not. The extent of researcher interference: its
minimal where researcher will follow normal follow of work by
required questioner and interview.
The study setting: Non contrived where the research will be done in
normal environment where the employee work.
The time horizon for the study: Cross sectional study where
the data will be collected one time. The unit
of analysis: employee where we need to collect data about
employees to know what drives joy from work.

sales performance
intensity of e-business adoption
market uncertainty

"How motivation to work effect organizational effectiveness''

Motivation to work as independent variable here the org effectiveness
is dependent variable and we need to study motivating employee
will effect ORG effectiveness, effectiveness of org will be measured by
department achieved goals monthly and motivation will be
measured by line manger through count training, pounce,
allowances, vacations...

"How flexible hour system effect on productivity and motivation to

work enhance quality of work'' here the flexible hour system is
independent variable and productivity is dependent variable here
motivation to work is moderating variable, while the manger
studying the flexible hour system and its effects on productivity he
found there are relation between motivation and work quality.
" How night shift output have the best quality in the factory and the
morning shift have low quality'' while the researcher studying night
shift and morning shift quality for specific factory he food there are
and incenve paid for night shift as motivation and found its also paid
according to the quality and number of unit produced at night shift,
here at this research the motivation intervenes between night shift
and quality so its here motivation to work is mediating variable

problems for organization

Failure to follow Accounting principles
Taking timely corrective actions
Experience in bookkeeping

Both deal with problems with simple random sampling, Stratified

sampling and cluster sampling are opposites of each other.
At Stratified sampling, we can
divide the population to groups different from each other , if one
group were unpresented in the sample we would regard the sample
as unsatisfactory, in each group the population are similar and this
similarity being the main feature of each group, there are no overlap
between groups. At Cluster sampling
the population is divided into clusters that are all same as each other
so if some of these groups were missed out it will not be matter, but
each cluster is representative of the population . each member of the
population should be a member of only one cluster, so that clusters
not overlap. Strata (groups of
stratified) look different from each other, but its individual
members are all the same . Clusters look the same as each other, but
their members are as different as the population as a whole.
In stratified sampling, the sub-samples are taken proportionate to
the size of the sample so that the overall sample matches the
population. But in cluster sampling, the sub-samples taken from each
cluster are all the same size.
Operationalizing concepts is translate the characters of abstract to
a scale based on degrees of change. Operationalizing is done by
looking at the behavioral dimensions, facts, or properties denoted
by the concept. These are then translated into observable and
measurable elements so as to develop an index of measurement of
the concept. we can operationalize shopping enjoyment by looking at
its traits of number of visits or eating or sales of food and record that
by observation, or we can get data from credit cards provider to see
how many times per week for emblems tis customer are going to
shop and we can get more details about in witch direction he is going
in shopping, and we can use customers feedback through customer
services data to check customer loyalty.

MAKE SURE TO ANSWER THIS QUESTION

FULLY.

Worker problem in Egypt is one of biggest problem that effect

Industry sector and stop us to catch Developed countries, we have
electronics factory at Egypt and this factory have a lot of work but its
problem the factory can’t cover market needs duo to bad quality and
low number of Items manufacturer, factory manager think this
problem from the big turnover in workers in last two years more
than 70% of workers leave the factory before completing two years
at factory.

The basic research we need to find the relationship between

turnover, productivity and worker satisfaction.
Q1: What are the main reason for turn over?
Q2: why number of turnover increased last two years?
Q3: what is the relation between turnover and supervisor
experince,and employee satisfaction, and incentive?
Q4:Satisfaction with work is not correlated with turnover intentions
Q5:Satisfaction with supervisor is
significantly and negatively
correlated with turnover intentions? Q6:
positive organizational support does not effect the relationship
between satisfaction with work and turnover intentions?

Research type: Exploratory, as I'm intending to explain the different

kind of relationship
Investigation type: correlation,
Study setting: Field Study,
Unit's analysis: Workers.
Time Horizon: Cross-sectional Cross sectional study where the data will
be collected one time.
Data collection methods : Questionnaire.

there are many research researched turnover in worker

(Eisenberger
et al., 1986; Riggle et al., 2009) employees evaluate
the company’s ability to help them achieve job success and cope
with stressful situations (Rhoades & Eisenberger, 2002).Beneficial
mutual exchanges can contribute
to critical and lasting agreements characterized by a strong sense
of reciprocity for both the employee and employer (Blau, 1964;
Eisenberger et al., 2001; Riggle et al., 2009) The
possibilities of external work opportunities are often incorporated
into models depicting turnover or turnover intentions (Holtom et
al., 2008; March & Simon, 1958; Price, 1977).

Perceptions of External Employment

Opportunities
 Perceptions of External Employment
Opportunities

Job Satisfaction -Satisfaction

with Work (a) -Satisfaction with
Supervisor (b)

Positive Organizational Support

Job Satisfaction -Satisfaction with Work and Satisfaction with

Supervisor

turnover

Assessment of perceived alternative employment opportunities and

positive organizational support

There is a relation between turn over and worker satcfaction

There is a relation between turn over and calary comparing with
calary in the market
There is a relation between turnover and number of working hour
There is a relation between turnover and occupational health and
safety roles.
There is a relation between turnover and supervisor work style
There is a relation between turnover and number of years of
experience.

Population: 5 factories in 6th of October city.

Sampling Methods: Random sampling
Sampling Criteria: workers who spent less than two years in
factories from different department including high tech department
and that not need special experience.
Sample Size: 155 worker.
Through the above research, we can find comprehensive model for
turn over and its relation to productivity in Egypt. Factories need to
retain its worker by paying for them as a market and give them
required insurance and make random survey on supervisor to be
sure they are insuring goo environment for worker.
T1
smoking in Movies & Cigarette Bran
(Independent Variable)
 Taking timely
Failure to follow corrective
Accounting principle
actions(Media
(Independent
Variable) ting
Variable)

Experience in
Bookkeeping
(Moderating
Variable)
 xternal Employment
ortunities
 xternal Employment
ortunities

Turnover Intention

nizational Support
 T2
smoking in Movies & Cigarette Brand seeing character smoking
(Independent Variable) (Mediating Variable)

person's identification with film character

(Moderating Variable)
Problems in Organization
(Dependent Variable)
 T3
Adolescents' smoking initiation
ng character smoking (Dependent Variable)
Mediating Variable)

start smoking
(Dependent Variable)