TABLE OF CONTENTS

2
CHAPTER 1
Algebra

3
CHAPTER 2
Logarithmic & Exponential Functions

3
CHAPTER 3
Trigonometry

5
CHAPTER 4
Differentiation

5
CHAPTER 5
Integration

8
CHAPTER 6
Numerical Solutions of Equations

9
CHAPTER 7
Vectors

12
CHAPTER 8
Complex Numbers

15
CHAPTER 9
Differential Equations
 CIE A-LEVEL MATHEMATICS//9709
1.3 Binomial Series
1. ALGEBRA Expanding (1 + 𝑥)𝑛 where |𝑥| < 1

1.1 The Modulus Function 𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 2 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) 3

1+ 𝑥+ 𝑥 + 𝑥 +⋯
• It gives the absolute value of a number. 1 1×2 1×2×3
• The modulus of a value gives the distance of the value
• Factor case: if constant is not 1, pull out a factor from
from the origin.
brackets to make it 1 & use general equation. Do not
• No line with a modulus ever goes under the x-axis.
forget the indices.
• Any line that does go below the x-axis, when modulated
• Substitution case: if bracket contains more than one 𝑥
is reflected above it.
term (e.g. (2 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )) then make the last part 𝑢,
|𝑎 x 𝑏| = |𝑎|x |𝑏|
expand and then substitute back in.
𝑎 |𝑎 |
| |= • Finding the limit of 𝑥 in expansion:
𝑏 |𝑏 |
E.g. (1 + 𝑎𝑥)𝑛 , limit can be found by substituting 𝑎𝑥
|𝑥 2 | = |𝑥|2 = 𝑥 2
|𝑥| = |𝑎 | ⇔ 𝑥 2 = 𝑎 2 between the modulus sign in |𝑥| < 1 and altering it to
have only 𝑥 in the modulus
√𝑥 2 = |𝑥|
{S15-P31} Question 3:
Show that, for small values of 𝑥 2 ,
• Graph of y=|𝑥| 2
(1 − 2𝑥 2 )−2 − (1 + 6𝑥 2 )3 ≈ 𝑘𝑥 4 ,
where the value of the constant 𝑘 is to be
determined.

Solution:
Expand (1 − 2𝑥 2 )−2 until the 𝑥 4 term
−2((−2)−1)
(1 + 𝑥)−2 = 1 + (−2)𝑥 + 𝑥2
1×2
= 1 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2
(1 + 2𝑥 ) = 1 − 2(2𝑥 2 ) + 3(2𝑥 2 )2
2 −2

= 1 − 4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 4
2
Expand (1 + 6𝑥 2 )3 until the 𝑥 4 term
2 2
2
2 (( )−1)
(1 + 𝑥)3 = 1 + ( ) 𝑥 + 3 3 𝑥2
3 1×2
1.2 Polynomials 2 1
= 1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥2
• To find unknowns in a given identity 3 9
2 2 1
o Substitute suitable values of 𝑥 (1 + 6𝑥 )3 = 1 + (6𝑥 2 ) − (6𝑥 2 )2
2

OR 3 9
= 1 + 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 4
o Equalize given coefficients of like powers of 𝑥
• Factor theorem: If (𝑥 − 𝑡) is a factor of the function 2
Subtract the terms of the expansion of (1 + 6𝑥 2 )3
𝑝(𝑥) then 𝑝(𝑡) = 0
from those of (1 − 2𝑥 2 )−2
• Remainder theorem: If the function 𝑓 (𝑥) is divided by (1 − 4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 4 ) − ( 1 + 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 4 )
(𝑥 − 𝑡) then the remainder: 𝑅 = 𝑓 (𝑡) = −8𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 4
The value of 𝑘 is:
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
16

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 CIE A-LEVEL MATHEMATICS//9709
1.4 Partial Fractions When 𝑥 = −1
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝐴 𝐵 −5𝐴 = 5 + 5
≡ + 𝐴 = −2
(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)(𝑟𝑥 + 𝑠) 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑟𝑥 + 𝑠
𝑞
• Multiply (𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞), substitute 𝑥 = − and find 𝐴
𝑝
𝑠
• Multiply (𝑟𝑥 + 𝑠), substitute 𝑥 = − 𝑟 and find 𝐵 When 𝑥 = 2
3

5 15
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐵 =5−
≡ + + 2 2
(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)(𝑟𝑥 + 𝑠)2 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑟𝑥 + 𝑠 (𝑟𝑥 + 𝑠)2 𝐵 = −1
𝑞
• Multiply (𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞), substitute 𝑥 = − 𝑝 and find 𝐴 Thus the partial fraction is:
𝑠 −2 −1
• Multiply (𝑟𝑥 + 𝑠)2 , substitute 𝑥 = − 𝑟 and find 𝐶 2+ +
𝑥 + 1 2𝑥 − 3
• Substitute any constant e.g. 𝑥 = 0 and find 𝐵
2. LOGARITHMIC & EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
2
≡ + 2 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 ⇔ log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥
(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)(𝑟𝑥 + 𝑠) 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑟𝑥 + 𝑠
𝑞 log 𝑎 1 = 0 log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1
• Multiply (𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞), substitute 𝑥 = − and find 𝐴
𝑝 log 𝑎 𝑏𝑛 ≡ 𝑛 log 𝑎 𝑏
𝐴 log 𝑎 𝑏 + log 𝑎 𝑐 ≡ log 𝑎 𝑏𝑐
• Take 𝑝𝑥+𝑞 to the other side, subtract and simplify.
𝑏
• Linear eqn. left at top is equal to 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 log 𝑎 𝑏 − log 𝑎 𝑐 ≡ log 𝑎
𝑐
• Improper fraction case: if numerator has 𝑥 to the log 𝑏
log 𝑎 𝑏 ≡
degree of power equivalent or greater than the log 𝑎
denominator then another constant is present. This can 1
log 𝑎 𝑏 ≡
be found by dividing denominator by numerator and log 𝑏 𝑎
using remainder
2.1 Graphs of ln(x) and ex
{S12-P33} Question 8:
Express the following in partial fractions:
4𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 1
(𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 − 3)
Solution:
Expand the brackets
4𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 1
2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 3
Greatest power of 𝑥 same in numerator and
denominator, thus is an improper fraction case

Making into proper fraction:

3. TRIGONOMETRY
2
2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 3 4𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 1
3.1 Ratios
4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 6 sin 𝜃 1
−5𝑥 + 5 tan 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃
This is written as: cosec 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
1
cot 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
5 − 5𝑥 sin 𝜃
2+
(𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 − 3)
3.2 Identities
Now proceed with normal case for the fraction: (cos 𝜃 )2 + (sin 𝜃)2 ≡ 1
𝐴 𝐵 5 − 5𝑥 1 + (tan 𝜃)2 ≡ (sec 𝜃)2
+ =
𝑥 + 1 2𝑥 − 3 (𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 − 3) (cot 𝜃)2 + 1 ≡ (cosec 𝜃 )2
𝐴(2𝑥 − 3) + 𝐵 (𝑥 + 1) = 5 − 5𝑥
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 CIE A-LEVEL MATHEMATICS//9709
3.3 Graphs Solution:
Use product rule to differentiate:
𝑢 = sin2 2𝑥 𝑣 = cos 𝑥
′
𝑢 = 4 sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑣 ′ = − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑢′ 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣 ′
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (4 sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 )(cos 𝑥 ) + (sin2 2𝑥 )(− sin 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 4 sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin2 2𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Use following identities:

cos 2𝑥 = 2 cos2 𝑥 − 1
sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
sin2 𝑥 = 1 − cos2 𝑥
Equating to 0:
𝑑𝑦
=0
𝑑𝑥
∴ 4 sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin2 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 = 0
3.4 Double Angle Identities 4 sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 = sin2 2𝑥 sin 𝑥
sin 2𝐴 ≡ 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
cos 2𝐴 ≡ cos 𝐴)2 − (sin 𝐴)2 ≡ 2(cos 𝐴)2 − 1
( Cancel sin 2𝑥 on both sides
4 cos 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥 sin 𝑥
≡ 1 − 2(sin 𝐴)2
2 tan 𝐴 Substitute identities
tan 2𝐴 ≡
1 − (tan 𝐴)2 4(2 cos2 𝑥 − 1) cos 𝑥 = (2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 ) sin 𝑥

3.5 Addition Identities Cancel cos 𝑥 and constant 2 from both sides
sin(𝐴 ± 𝐵) ≡ sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ± cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 4 cos2 𝑥 − 2 = sin2 𝑥
cos(𝐴 ± 𝐵) ≡ cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ∓ sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 Use identity
tan 𝐴 ± tan 𝐵 4 cos2 𝑥 − 2 = 1 − cos2 𝑥
tan(𝐴 ± 𝐵) ≡ 5 cos2 𝑥 = 3
1 ∓ tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
3
cos2 𝑥 =
3.6 Changing Forms 5
cos 𝑥 = 0.7746
𝑎 sin 𝑥 ± 𝑏 cos 𝑥 ⟺ 𝑅 sin(𝑥 ± 𝛼 )
𝑥 = cos−1 (0.7746)
𝑎 cos 𝑥 ± 𝑏 sin 𝑥 ⟺ 𝑅 cos(𝑥 ∓ 𝛼 ) 𝑥 = 0.6847 ≈ 0.685
Where 𝑅 = √𝑎 2 + 𝑏2 and
1
𝑅 cos 𝛼 = 𝑎, 𝑅 sin 𝛼 = 𝑏 with 0<𝛼< 𝜋 {W13-P31} Question 6:
2
{S13-P33} Question 9:

Diagram shows curve, 𝑦 = sin2 2𝑥 cos 𝑥, for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≥

𝜋
2
, and 𝑀 is maximum point. Find the 𝑥 coordinate of
𝑀. 𝐴 is a point on circumference of a circle center 𝑂,
radius 𝑟. A circular arc, center 𝐴 meets circumference
at 𝐵 & 𝐶. Angle 𝑂𝐴𝐵 is 𝜃 radians. The area of the
shaded region is equal to half the area of the circle.
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 CIE A-LEVEL MATHEMATICS//9709
Show that: 4. DIFFERENTIATION
2 sin 2𝜃 − 𝑟
cos 2𝜃 = 4.1 Basic Derivatives
4𝜃
𝑥𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
Solution:
𝑑𝑢 𝑢
First express area of sector 𝑂𝐵𝐴𝐶 𝑒𝑢 𝑒
1 𝑑𝑥
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜃𝑟 2 𝑑𝑢⁄
2 𝑑𝑥
1 ln 𝑢
𝑂𝐵𝐴𝐶 = (2𝜋 − 4𝜃)𝑟 = (𝜋 − 2𝜃)𝑟 2
2 𝑢
2 sin(𝑎𝑥) 𝑎 cos(𝑎𝑥)
Now express area of sector 𝐴𝐵𝐶
cos(𝑎𝑥) − 𝑎 sin(𝑎𝑥)
1
𝐴𝐵𝐶 = (2𝜃)(𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝐴)2 tan(𝑎𝑥) 𝑎 sec 2 (𝑎𝑥)
2 𝑎
Express 𝐵𝐴 using sine rule tan-1 (𝑎𝑥)
1+(𝑎𝑥)2
𝑟 sin(𝜋 − 2𝜃)
𝐵𝐴 =
sin 𝜃 4.2 Chain, Product and Quotient Rule
Use double angle rules to simplify this expression
𝑟 sin 2𝜃 • Chain Rule:
𝐵𝐴 = 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
sin 𝜃 = ×
2𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
=
sin 𝜃 • Product Rule:
= 2𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
Substitute back into initial equation (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 • Quotient Rule:
𝐴𝐵𝐶 = (2𝜃)(2𝑟 cos 𝜃)2
2 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 4𝜃𝑟 2 cos2 𝜃 𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢
( ) = 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Now express area of kite 𝐴𝐵𝑂𝐶 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣
𝐴𝐵𝑂𝐶 = 2 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
1 4.3 Parametric Equations
𝐴𝐵𝑂𝐶 = 2 × 𝑟 2 sin(𝜋 − 2𝜃)
2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑟 2 sin(𝜋 − 2𝜃) = ÷
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Finally, the expression of shaded region equated to • In a parametric equation 𝑥 and 𝑦 are given in terms of 𝑡
half of circle and you must use the above rule to find the derivative
1
4𝑟 2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 (𝜋 − 2𝜃) − 𝑟 2 sin(𝜋 − 2𝜃) = 𝜋𝑟 2
2 4.4 Implicit Functions
Cancel our 𝑟 2 on both sides for all terms
1 • These represent circles or lines with circular curves, on a
4𝜃 cos2 𝜃 + 𝜋 − 2𝜃 − (sin 𝜋 cos 2𝜃 + sin 2𝜃 cos 𝜋) = 𝜋
2 Cartesian plane
Some things in the double angle cancel out • Difficult to rearrange in form 𝑦 = ∴ differentiate as is
1
4𝜃 cos2 𝜃 + 𝜋 − 2𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 = 𝜋 • Differentiate 𝑥 terms as usual
2
Use identity here • For 𝑦 terms, differentiate the same as you would 𝑥 but
cos 2𝜃 + 1 1 𝑑𝑦
4𝜃 ( ) + 𝜋 − sin 2𝜃 − 2𝜃 = 𝜋 multiply with 𝑑𝑥
2 2 𝑑𝑦
4𝜃 cos 2𝜃 + 4𝜃 + 2𝜋 − 2 sin 2𝜃 − 4𝜃 = 𝜋 • Then make the subject of formula for derivative
𝑑𝑥
Clean up
4𝜃 cos 2𝜃 + 2𝜋 − 2 sin 2𝜃 = 𝜋
4𝜃 cos 2𝜃 = 2 sin 2𝜃 − 𝜋
2 sin 2𝜃 − 𝜋
cos 2𝜃 =
4𝜃

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 CIE A-LEVEL MATHEMATICS//9709
5. INTEGRATION {W12-P33} Question 7:
The diagram shows part of curve 𝑦 = sin3 2𝑥 cos3 2𝑥.
5.1 Basic Integrals The shaded region shown is bounded by the curve and
𝑥 𝑛+1 the 𝑥-axis and its exact area is denoted by 𝐴.
𝑎𝑥 𝑛 𝑎 +𝑐
(𝑛 + 1)
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑒
𝑎
1 1
ln|𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏|
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑎
1
sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) − cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑎
1
cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) Use the substitution 𝑢 = sin 2𝑥 in a suitable integral
𝑎
1 to find the value of 𝐴
sec 2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) tan(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) Solution:
𝑎
To find the limit, you are trying to the find the points
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛+1
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 at which 𝑦 = 0
𝑎(𝑛 + 1) 𝜋 3𝜋
sin 𝑥 = 0 at 𝑥 = 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋 cos 𝑥 = 0 at 𝑥 = 2 , 4
1 1 𝑥
tan−1 ( ) Choose the two closest to 0 because the shaded area
𝑥2 + 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎
has gone through 𝑦 = 0 only twice
𝜋
∴ 0 and
• Integration reverses a differentiation. It is the reverse of 2
differentiation. Since it is sin 2𝑥 and cos 2𝑥, divide both by 2
𝜋
• Use trigonometrical relationships to facilitate complex ∴ Limits are 0 and
4
trigonometric integrals. Integrate by 𝑢 substitution, let:
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 1
• Integrate by decomposing into partial fraction. 𝑢 = sin 2𝑥 = 2 cos 2𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 2 cos 2𝑥
sin3 2𝑥 cos3 2𝑥 ≡ (sin 2𝑥 )3 (cos2 2𝑥 ) cos 2𝑥
5.2 Integration by 𝒖-Substitution
≡ (sin3 2𝑥 × (1 − sin2 2𝑥 )) cos 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑢 ≡ (sin3 2𝑥 − sin5 𝑥 ) cos 2𝑥 ×
𝑑𝑢 2 cos 2𝑥
• Make 𝒙 equal to something: when differentiated, 1 3 5
≡ (𝑢 − 𝑢 )
multiply the substituted form directly 2
• Make 𝒖 equal to something: when differentiated, Now integrate:
multiply the substituted form with its reciprocal 1 1 𝑢4 𝑢6
∫(𝑢3 − 𝑢5 ) = ( − )
• With definite integrals, change limits in terms of 𝑢 2 2 4 6
𝜋
The limits are 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 4. In terms of 𝑢,
𝜋
𝑢 = sin 2(0) = 0 and 𝑢 = sin 2 ( ) = 1
4
Substitute limits
1 14 16 1 04 06 1
( − )− ( − ) =
2 4 6 2 4 6 24

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 CIE A-LEVEL MATHEMATICS//9709
′
𝒇 (𝒙) 5.5 Integrating Powers of Sine or Cosine
5.3 Integrating
𝒇(𝒙) To integrate sin 𝑥 or cos 𝑥 with a power:
𝒇′ (𝒙) • If power is odd, pull out a sin 𝑥 or cos 𝑥 and use
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝑘
𝒇(𝒙) Pythagorean identities and double angle identities
{S10-P32} Question 10: • If power is even, use the following identities
By splitting into partial fractions, show that: 1 1
2 sin2 𝑥 = − cos(2𝑥)
2𝑥 3 − 1 3 1 16 2 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = + ln ( ) 1 1
2
𝑥 (2𝑥 − 1) 2 2 27 cos2 𝑥 = + cos(2𝑥)
1 2 2
Solution:
Write as partial fractions 5.6 Integrating 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒎 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏 𝒙
2 2 If 𝒎 or 𝒏 are odd and even, then:
2𝑥 3 − 1 2 1 3
∫ 2
𝑥 (2𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑥 ≡ ∫ 1 + + 2 +
𝑥 𝑥 2𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑥 • Factor out one power from odd trig function
1 1 • Use Pythagorean identities to transform remaining even
3
≡ 𝑥 + 2 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 −1 − ln|2𝑥 − 1| trig function into the odd trig function
2
Substitute the limits • Let u equal to odd trig function and integrate
1 3 3
2 + 2 ln 2 − − ln 3 − 1 − 2 ln 1 + 1 + ln 1 If 𝒎 and 𝒏 are both even, then:
2 2 2
3 1 1 1 3 1 16 • Replace all even powers using the double angle
+ ln 16 + ln 3 ≡ + ln
2 2 2 3 2 2 27 identities and integrate

5.4 Integrating By Parts If 𝒎 and 𝒏 are both odd, then:

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 • Choose one of the trig. functions & factor out one power
∫𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 • Use Pythagorean identity to transform remaining even
For a definite integral: power of chosen trig function into other trig. function
𝑏 𝑏
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑢𝑣]𝑏𝑎 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 If either 𝒎 or 𝒏 or both = 1, then:
𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
What to make 𝒖: • Let 𝑢 equal to the trig function whose power doesn’t
L A T E equal 1 then integrate
Logs Algebra Trig 𝑒 • If both are 1, then let 𝑢 equal either

{W13-P31} Question 3: {W09-P31} Question 5:

Find the exact value of (i) Prove the identity
4 cos 4𝜃 − 4 cos 2𝜃 + 3 ≡ 8 sin4 𝜃
ln 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 (ii) Using this result find, in simplified form, the
√𝑥 exact value of
1
1
Solution: 3
𝜋
Convert to index form:
ln 𝑥 1 ∫ sin4 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= 𝑥 ln 𝑥 2 1
√𝑥 𝜋
6
Integrate by parts, let: Solution:
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑣 1 1 Part (i)
𝑢 = ln 𝑥 = = 𝑥 −2 𝑣 = 2𝑥 2 Use double angle identities
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
cos 4𝜃 − 4 cos 2𝜃 + 3
∴ ln 𝑥 2𝑥 2 − ∫ 2𝑥 2 × 𝑥 ≡ 2√𝑥 ln 𝑥 − ∫ 2𝑥 −2
−1
≡ 1 − 2 sin2 2𝜃 − 4(1 − 2 sin2 𝜃)
≡ 2√𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 4√𝑥 +3
Substitute limits Open everything and clean
= 4 ln 4 − 4 ≡ 1 − 2 sin2 2𝜃 − 4 + 8 sin2 𝜃 + 3

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2
≡ 1 − 2(sin 2𝜃) − 4 + 8 sin 𝜃 + 3 2 Solution:
≡ 1 − 2(2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃)2 − 4 + 8 sin2 𝜃 + 3 Part (i)
≡ 1 − 2(4 sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃) − 4 + 8 sin2 𝜃 + 3 Change to index form:
≡ 1 − 2(4 sin2 𝜃 (1 − sin2 𝜃)) − 4 + 8 sin2 𝜃 + 3 1
= cos −1 𝑥
≡ 1 − 8 sin2 𝜃 + 8 sin4 𝜃 − 4 + 8 sin2 𝜃 + 3 cos 𝑥
≡ 8 sin4 𝜃 Differentiate by chain rule:
Part (ii) 𝑑𝑦
= −1(cos 𝑥 )−2 × (− sin 𝑥 )
Use identity from (part i): 𝑑𝑥
1 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 1
3
𝜋 −1(cos 𝑥 )−2 × (− sin 𝑥 ) ≡ 2
≡ ×
1 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
∫ cos 4𝜃 − 4 cos 2𝜃 + 3 sin 𝑥 1
8 × ≡ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
1
𝜋
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
6
1
Part (ii)
𝜋
1 1 3 Multiply numerator and denominator by sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥
≡ [ sin 4𝜃 − 2 sin 𝜃 + 3𝜃]1 sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥
8 4 𝜋 ≡
6
(
(sec 𝑥 − tan 𝑥) sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 ) sec 2 𝑥 − tan2 𝑥
Substitute limits
1 sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥
≡ (2𝜋 − √3) ≡ ≡ sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥
32 2 2
sec 𝑥 − tan 𝑥 1
Part (iii)
Substitute identity from (part ii)
1
≡ (sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)2
{W12-P32} Question 5: (sec 𝑥 − tan 𝑥)2
1
(i) By differentiating , show that if 𝑦 = Open out brackets
cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)2
sec 𝑥 then = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 ≡ sec 2 𝑥 + 2 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + tan2 𝑥
1
(ii) Show that sec 𝑥−tan 𝑥 ≡ sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 ≡ sec 2 𝑥 + 2 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + sec 2 𝑥 − 1
(iii) Deduce that: ≡ 2sec 2 𝑥 + 2 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − 1
1 ≡ 2 sec 2 𝑥 − 1 + 2 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
≡ 2 sec 2 𝑥 − 1 + 2 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 Part (iv)
(sec 𝑥 − tan 𝑥)2 1
(iv) Hence show that: ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(sec 𝑥 − tan 𝑥)2
1
𝜋
4 1 1 ≡ ∫ 2 sec 2 𝑥 − 1 + 2 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = (8√2 − 𝜋)
0 (sec 𝑥 − tan 𝑥)2 4
≡ 2 ∫ sec 2 𝑥 − ∫ 1 + 2 ∫ sec 2 𝑥 tan2 𝑥
Using differential from part i:
≡ 2 tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2 sec 𝑥
Substitute boundaries:
1
= (8√2 − 𝜋)
4

6. NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF EQUATIONS

6.1 Approximation
• To find root of a graph, find point where graph passes
through 𝑥-axis ∴ look for a sign change
• Carry out decimal search
o Substitute values between where a sign change has
occurred
o Closer to zero, greater accuracy
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6.2 Iteration Part (iii)
• To solve equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 0, you can rearrange 𝑓(𝑥) Carry out the iteration using either one of the values
that the root lies in between as the starting point:
into a form 𝑥 = ⋯
• This function represents a sequence that starts at 𝑥₀, 3 4
𝑥𝑛+1 = √(3𝑥𝑛 + − 1)
moving to 𝑥𝑟 𝑥𝑛 2
• Substitute a value for 𝑥₀ and put back into function
getting 𝑥1 and so on. 𝑥0 = 1
• As you increase 𝑟, value becomes more accurate
• Sometimes iteration don’t work, these functions are 3 4
called divergent, and you must rearrange the formula for 𝑥1 = √(3𝑥0 + − 1) = 1.8171
𝑥0 2
𝑥 in another way.
• For a successful iterative function, you need a 3 4
𝑥2 = √(3𝑥1 + − 1) = 1.7824
convergent sequence. 𝑥1 2
• Ensure to use the full value and not the rounded off
value when carrying out the iteration. 3 4
𝑥3 = √(3𝑥2 + − 1) = 1.7765
{M16-P32} Question 3: 𝑥2 2
5 3 2
The equation 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 𝑥 − 4 = 0 has one positive
root.
3 4
𝑥4 = √(3𝑥3 + − 1) = 1.7755
(i) Verify by calculation that this root lies between 1 𝑥3 2
and 2.
(ii) Show that the equation can be rearranged in the The positive root = 1.78
form
3 4 7. VECTORS
𝑥 = √(3𝑥 + − 1)
𝑥2
(iii) Use an iterative formula based on this
7.1 Vector Notation
rearrangement to determine the positive root correct • A vector can be represented as 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ or 𝒂
to 2 decimal places. Give the result of each iteration to • The column vector form:
4 decimal places. 𝑥
Solution: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (𝑦)
𝐴𝐵
Part (i) 𝑧
Show a sign change and state it: • The linear vector form:
(1)5 − 3(1)3 + (1)2 − 4 = −5 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥𝐢 + 𝑦𝐣 + 𝑧𝐤
(2)5 − 3(2)3 + (2)2 − 4 = 8
7.2 Calculations with vectors
There is a sign change between the results obtained • Addition and Subtraction: Add or subtract each value of
when the values 1 and 2 are substituted into the
the vector with is corresponding value (i value with i
equation, therefore the root lies between the values 1
value & j value with j value etc.)
and 2.
(𝑥𝐢 + 𝑦𝐣 + 𝑧𝐤) + (𝑎𝐢 + 𝑏𝐣 + 𝑐𝐤)
Part (ii) = (𝑥 + 𝑎)𝐢 + (𝑦 + 𝑏)𝐣 + (𝑧 + 𝑐)𝐤
Rearrange the equation: • Multiplication by a scalar: Multiply each value of the
vector by the given value.
3 4
𝑥 = √(3𝑥 + − 1) 2(𝑥𝐢 + 𝑦𝐣 + 𝑧𝐤) = 𝟐𝑥𝐢 + 2𝑦𝐣 + 2𝑧𝐤
𝑥2
• Magnitude of a vector: Length of the vector
4
𝑥 3 = 3𝑥 + 2 − 1 Magnitude of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
𝐴𝐵 = |𝐴𝐵
𝑥
𝑥 5 = 3𝑥 3 + 4 − 𝑥 2 • Unit vector: a vector that has a magnitude of 1
𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 4 = 0
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Unit Vector of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 =
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 • To find the equation of the line, given 2 points A and B:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝐴𝐵|
o Find the direction vector using
• Displacement vector: Vector whose magnitude is the 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 − 𝑂𝐴
shortest distance between the two points. It is a straight • Substitute the values into the equation:
line from one point to the other. r = a + 𝑡b
• Position vector: Position of a point relative to the origin. where a = point A
It is a straight line from the origin to a point. The position b = direction vector (vector AB)
vector of point A is represented as 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . t = some scalar
• Dot product: Dot product of vectors 𝒂 and 𝒃 is written
as 𝒂. 𝒃,and it can be calculated in two ways. 7.5 Parallel, Skew or Intersects
o Method 1: 𝒂 = 𝑥𝒊 + 𝑦𝒋 + 𝑧𝒌 & 𝒃 = 𝑐𝒊 + 𝑑𝒋 + 𝑒𝒌 For the two lines:
𝑎. 𝑏 = 𝑥𝑐 + 𝑦𝑑 + 𝑧𝑒 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = 𝐚̃ + 𝑠𝐜̃ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 = 𝐛̃ + 𝑡𝐝̃
o Method 2: • Parallel:
Use the equation
o For the lines to be parallel 𝐜̃ must equal 𝐝̃ or be in
𝑎. 𝑏 = |𝑎||𝑏| cos 𝜃
some ratio to it e.g. 1: 2
where cos𝜃 = the angle between the two vectors
• Intersects:
|𝑎|= magnitude of vector 𝒂
|𝑏|= magnitude of vector 𝒃 o Make ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵
o If simultaneous works then intersects
7.3 Equation of a Line o If unknowns cancel then no intersection
• The equation of a straight line is expressed in the form: • Skew:
r = a + 𝑡b o First check whether line parallel or not
• For example: o If not, then make ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵
The column vector form: o Carry out simultaneous
1 1 o When a pair does not produce same answers as
𝑟 = ( 3 ) + 𝑡 (1) another, then lines are skew
−2 3
The linear vector form: 7.6 Angle between Two Lines
𝑟 = 𝐢 + 3𝐣 − 2𝐤 + 𝑡(𝐢 + 𝐣 + 3𝐤) • Use dot product rule on the two direction vectors:
𝑎. 𝑏
7.4 Finding the Equation of a Line |𝑎||𝑏|
= cos 𝜃
• Note: 𝑎 and 𝑏 must be moving away from the point at
which they intersect

7.7 ⊥ Distance from a Line to a Point

• AKA: shortest distance from a point to the line
• Find vector for the point, 𝐵, on the line
1 1
Vector equation of the line: 𝐫̃ = ( 3 ) + 𝑡 (1)
−2 3

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 CIE A-LEVEL MATHEMATICS//9709
1+𝑡 Substitute 1 into 2:
∴ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 = ( 3 + 𝑡 ) 2 + 2𝑡 = 5 + 𝑡
3𝑡 − 2 ∴ 𝑡 = 3 and then 𝑠 = −6
• 𝐴 is the point given Equation 3:
2 3 = 2−𝑡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = (3) Substitute the value of 𝑡
4 3 = 2 − 3 so 3 = −1
1+𝑡−2 𝑡−1
∴ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = ( 3 + 𝑡 − 3 ) = ( 𝑡 ) This is incorrect therefore lines don’t intersect
Part (ii)
3𝑡 − 2 − 4 3𝑡 − 6
Angle 𝑃𝐴𝐵 is formed by the intersection of the lines
• Use Dot product of 𝐴𝐵 and the direction vector
𝐴𝑃 and 𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵. 𝐝 = cos 90 1 − 2𝑡
𝑡−1 1 𝑃 = ( 5+𝑡 )
( 𝑡 ) . (1) = 0 2−𝑡
3𝑡 − 6 3 𝐴𝑃 = 𝑂𝑃 − 𝑂𝐴
1(𝑡 − 1) + 1(𝑡) + 3(3𝑡 − 6) = 0 1 − 2𝑡 1 −2𝑡
11𝑡 − 19 = 0 𝐴𝑃 = ( 5 + 𝑡 ) − (2) = ( 3 + 𝑡 )
19 2−𝑡 3 −1 − 𝑡
𝑡= 1
11 𝐴𝐵 = (−1)
• Substitute 𝑡 into equation to get foot 0
• Use Pythagoras’ Theorem to find distance Now use the dot product rule to form an eqn.
{S08-P3} Question:
|𝐴𝑃. 𝐴𝐵| −3𝑡 − 3
; = cos 60
The points 𝐴 and 𝐵 have position vectors, relative to |𝐴𝑃 ||𝐴𝐵| √6𝑡 2 + 8𝑡 + 10 × √2
the origin 𝑂, given by 1
−3𝑡 − 3 = √6𝑡 2 + 8𝑡 + 10 × √2
𝑂𝐴 = 𝐢 + 2𝐣 + 3𝐤 and 𝑂𝐵 = 2𝐢 + 𝐣 + 3𝐤 2
The line 𝑙 has vector equation 36𝑡 2 + 72𝑡 + 36 = 12𝑡 2 + 16𝑡 + 20
𝐫 = (1 − 2𝑡)𝐢 + (5 + 𝑡)𝐣 + (2 − 𝑡)𝐤 24𝑡 2 + 56𝑡 + 16 = 0
1
(i) Show that 𝑙 does not intersect the line 𝑡 = − 3 or 𝑡 = −2
passing through 𝐴 and 𝐵.
(ii) The point 𝑃 lies on 𝑙 and is such that angle {W11-P31} Question:
𝑃𝐴𝐵 is equal to 60°. Given that the With respect to the origin 𝑂, the position vectors of
position vector of 𝑃 is (1 − 2𝑡)𝐢 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐢 + 2𝐣 + 2𝐤
two points 𝐴 and 𝐵 are given by 𝑂𝐴
(5 + 𝑡)𝐣 + (2 − 𝑡)𝐤, show that 3𝑡 2 + and
7𝑡 + 2 = 0. Hence find the only possible ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 = 3𝐢 + 4𝐣. The point 𝑃 lies on the line through 𝐴
position vector of 𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝜆𝐴𝐵
and 𝐵, and 𝐴𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Solution: (i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (1 + 2𝜆)𝐢 + (2 + 2𝜆)𝐣 + (2 −
𝑂𝑃
Part (i)
Firstly, we must find the equation of line 𝐴𝐵 2𝜆) 𝐤
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 − 𝑂𝐴 (ii) By equating expressions for cos 𝐴𝑂𝑃 and
2 1 1 cos 𝐵𝑂𝑃 in terms of 𝜆, find the value of 𝜆
= (1) − (2) = (−1) for which 𝑂𝑃 bisects the angle 𝐴𝑂𝐵.
3 3 0 Solution:
1 1 1 −2 Part (i)
𝐀𝐁 = (2) + 𝑠 (−1) and 𝐋 = (5) + 𝑡 ( 1 ) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝜆𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝜆(𝑂𝐵 − 𝑂𝐴)
3 0 2 −1 3 1 2
Equating the two lines = 𝜆 (4) − (2) = ( 2 )
1+𝑠 1 − 2𝑡
0 2 −2
(2 − 𝑠) = ( 5 + 𝑡 ) 2𝜆
3 2−𝑡 ∴ 𝐴𝑃 = ( 2𝜆 )
Equation 1: 1 + 𝑠 = 1 − 2𝑡 so 𝑠 = −2𝑡 −2𝜆
Equation 2: 2 − 𝑠 = 5 + 𝑡

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2𝜆 1 2𝜆 Example:
𝑂𝑃 = 𝑂𝐴 + ( 2𝜆 ) = (2) + ( 2𝜆 ) Solve: 𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 13 = 0
−2𝜆 2 −2𝜆 Solution:
Part (ii) Convert to completed square form:
Interpreting the question gives the information that (𝑧 + 2)2 + 9 = 0
𝐴𝑂𝑃 is equal to 𝐵𝑂𝑃 ∴ cos 𝐴𝑂𝑃 is equal to cos 𝐵𝑂𝑃. 2
Utilize 𝑖 as −1 to make it difference of 2 squares:
Now you can equate the two dot product equations
(𝑧 + 2)2 − 9𝑖 2 = 0
𝑂𝐴. 𝑂𝑃 9 + 2𝜆
cos 𝐴𝑂𝑃 = = Proceed with general difference of 2 squares method:
|𝑂𝐴||𝑂𝑃 | 3√9 + 4𝜆 + 12𝜆2
𝑂𝐵. 𝑂𝑃 11 + 14𝜆 (𝑧 + 2 + 3𝑖 )(𝑧 + 2 − 3𝑖 ) = 0
cos 𝐵𝑂𝑃 = = 𝑧 = −2 + 3𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = −2 − 3𝑖
|𝑂𝐵||𝑂𝑃| 5√9 + 4𝜆 + 12𝜆2
9 + 2𝜆 11 + 14𝜆
= 8.3 Square Roots
3√9 + 4𝜆 + 12𝜆2 5√9 + 4𝜆 + 12𝜆2
Cancel out the denominator to give you Example:
9 + 2𝜆 11 + 14𝜆 Find square roots of: 4 + 3𝑖
= Solution:
3 5
45 + 10𝜆 = 33 + 42𝜆 We can say that:
3
12 = 32𝜆 and ∴ 𝜆 = 8 √4 + 3𝑖 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
Square both sides
8. COMPLEX NUMBERS 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑖 = 4 + 3𝑖
Equate real and imaginary parts
8.1 The Basics 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 4 2𝑎𝑏 = 3
𝑖 2 = −1 Solve simultaneous equation:
• General form for all complex numbers: 3√2 √2
𝑎= 𝑏=
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 2 2
• From this we say: 3√2 √2 3√2 √2
∴ √4 + 3𝑖 = + 𝑖 𝑜𝑟 − − 𝑖
𝑅𝑒(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 ) = 𝑎 & 𝐼𝑚 (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 ) = 𝑏 2 2 2 2
• Conjugates:
8.4 Argand Diagram
o The complex number 𝑧 and its conjugate 𝑧 ∗
𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 & 𝑧 ∗ = 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 For the complex number 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
• Arithmetic: • Its magnitude is defined as the following:
o Addition and Subtraction: add and subtract real and |𝑧| = √𝑎2 + 𝑏2
imaginary parts with each other • Its argument is defined as the following:
o Multiplication: carry out algebraic expansion, if 𝑖 2 𝑏
arg 𝑧 = tan−1
present convert to −1 𝑎
• Simply plot imaginary (𝑦-axis) against real (𝑥-axis):
o Division: rationalize denominator by multiplying
conjugate pair
o Equivalence: equate coefficients

8.2 Quadratic
• Use the quadratic formula:
o 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 is a negative value
o Pull out a negative and replace with 𝑖 2
o Simplify to general form
• Use sum of 2 squares: consider the example

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Argument:
Always: −𝜋 < 𝜃 < 𝜋

{W11-P31} Question 10:

• The position of 𝑧 ∗ is a reflection in the 𝑥-axis of 𝑧
8.5 Locus
|𝒛 − 𝒘| = 𝒓
The locus of a point 𝑧 such that |𝑧 − 𝑤| = 𝑟, is a circle
with its centre at 𝑤 and with radius 𝑟.
On a sketch of an Argand diagram, shade the region
whose points represent the complex numbers 𝑧 which
satisfy the inequality|𝑧 − 3𝑖 | ≤ 2. Find the greatest
value of arg 𝑧 for points in this region.
Solution:
The part shaded in blue is the answer.
To find the greatest value of arg 𝑧 within this region we
must use the tangent at point on the circle which has
the greatest value of 𝜃 from the horizontal (red line)

𝐚𝐫𝐠(𝒛 − 𝒘) = 𝜽
The locus of a point 𝑧 such that arg(𝑧 − 𝑤) = 𝜃 is a ray
from 𝑤, making an angle 𝜃 with the positive real axis.

The triangle magnified

|𝑧 − 𝑤 | = |𝑧 − 𝑣 |
2
The locus of a point 𝑧 such that |𝑧 − 𝑤| = |𝑧 − 𝑣| is the sin 𝛼 =
3
perpendicular bisector of the line joining 𝑤 and 𝑣 𝛼 = 0.730

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𝜋 𝜋 𝑥 = √2
𝜃 = 𝛼 + = 0.730 + = 2.30
2 2 ∴ greatest value of 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 = 2 + √2

{W11-P31} Question 10: 8.6 Polar Form

i. On a sketch of an Argand diagram, shade the • For a complex number 𝑧 with magnitude 𝑅 and
region whose points represent complex
argument 𝜃:
numbers satisfying the inequalities
1 𝑧 = 𝑅 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃) = 𝑅𝑒 𝑖𝜃
|𝑧 − 2 + 2𝑖 | ≤ 2, arg 𝑧 ≤ − 𝜋 and 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 ≥ 1,
4 ∴ cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
ii. Calculate the greatest possible value of 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 for
points lying in the shaded region. Polar Form to General Form:
Solution: Example:
Part (i) 𝜋

Argand diagram: Convert from polar to general, 𝑧 = 4𝑒 4 𝑖

Solution:
𝜋
𝑅=4 arg 𝑧 =
4
𝜋 𝜋
∴ 𝑧 = 4 (cos + 𝑖 sin )
4 4
√2 √2
𝑧 = 4( + 𝑖)
2 2
𝑧 = 2√2 + (2√2)𝑖
General Form to Polar Form:
Example:
Convert from general to polar, 𝑧 = 2√2 + (2√2)𝑖
Solution:
𝑧 = 2√2 + (2√2)𝑖
2 2
𝑅 = √(2√2) + (2√2) = 4
Part (ii)
The greatest value for the real part of 𝑧 would be the 2√2 𝜋
𝜃 = tan−1 =
one which is furthest right on the 𝑅𝑒 axis but within 2√2 4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
the limits of the shaded area. Graphically: ∴ 4 (cos + 𝑖 sin ) = 4𝑒 4 𝑖
4 4

8.7 Multiplication and Division in Polar Form

• To find product of two complex numbers in polar form:
o Multiply their magnitudes
o Add their arguments
𝑧1 𝑧2 = |𝑧1 ||𝑧2 |(arg 𝑧1 + arg 𝑧2 )

Example:
Find 𝑧1 𝑧2 in polar form given,
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑧1 = 2 (cos + 𝑖 sin ) 𝑧2 = 4 (cos + 𝑖 sin )
4 4 8 8
Solution:
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑧1 𝑧2 = (2 × 4) (cos ( + ) + 𝑖 sin ( + ))
4 8 4 8
3𝜋 3𝜋
Now using circle and Pythagoras theorems we can 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 8 (cos + 𝑖 sin )
8 8
find the value of 𝑥:
1 • To find quotient of two complex numbers in polar form:
𝑥 = 2 × cos 𝜋 o Divide their magnitudes
4
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 CIE A-LEVEL MATHEMATICS//9709
o Subtract their arguments 1
𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐 = (2𝐴 − 5)2
𝑧1 |𝑧1 |
= (arg 𝑧1 − arg 𝑧2 ) When 𝑡 = 0:
𝑧2 | 𝑧2 | 𝐴=7 ∴ 𝑐=3
1
Example: 𝑘𝑡 + 3 = (2𝐴 − 5)2
𝑧 When 𝑡 = 10:
Find 𝑧1 in polar form given, 1
2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 10𝑘 + 3 = (2(27) − 5)2
𝑧1 = 2 (cos + 𝑖 sin ) 𝑧2 = 4 (cos + 𝑖 sin )
4 4 8 8 10𝑘 = √49 − 3
Solution: 𝑘 = 0.4
𝑧1 2 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 Now substitute 20 as 𝑡 and then find 𝐴:
= ( ) (cos ( − ) + 𝑖 sin ( − ))
𝑧2 4 4 8 4 8 1

𝑧1 1 𝜋 𝜋 0.4(20) + 3 = (2𝐴 − 5)2

1
= (cos + 𝑖 sin ) 11 = (2𝐴 − 5)2
𝑧2 2 8 8
121 = 2𝐴 − 5
8.8 De Moivre’s Theorem 𝐴 = 63𝑚 2
𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑅𝑛 (cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 ) = 𝑅𝑛 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜃

{S13-P31} Question 10:

9. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Liquid is flowing into a small tank which has a leak.
• Form a differential equation using the information given Initially the tank is empty and, 𝑡 minutes later, the
o If something is proportional, add constant of volume of liquid in the tank is 𝑉 𝑐𝑚 3 . The liquid is
proportionality 𝑘 flowing into the tank at a constant rate of 80 𝑐𝑚 3 per
o If rate is decreasing, add a negative sign minute. Because of the leak, liquid is being lost from
• Separate variables, bring 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑡 on opposite sides the tank at a rate which, at any instant, is equal to
• Integrate both sides to form an equation 𝑘𝑉 𝑐𝑚 3 per minute where 𝑘 is a positive constant.
• Add arbitrary constant i. Write down a differential equation describing
this situation and solve it to show that:
• Use conditions given to find 𝑐 and/or 𝑘 1
𝑉 = (80 − 80𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 )
{W10-P33} Question 9: 𝑘
A biologist is investigating the spread of a weed in a ii. 𝑉 = 500 when 𝑡 = 15, show:
particular region. At time 𝑡 weeks, the area covered 4 − 4𝑒 −15𝑘
𝑘=
by the weed is 𝐴𝑚 2. The biologist claims that rate of 25
Find 𝑘 using iterations, initially 𝑘 = 0.1
increase of 𝐴 is proportional to √2𝐴 − 5.
iii. Work out volume of liquid at 𝑡 = 20 and state
i. Write down a differential equation given info
what happens to volume after a long time.
ii. At start of investigation, area covered by
weed was 7𝑚 2. 10 weeks later, area
covered = 27𝑚 2 Find the area covered 20
weeks after the start of the investigation.
Solution:
Part (i)
𝑑𝐴
∝ √2𝐴 − 5 = 𝑘√2𝐴 − 5
𝑑𝑡
Part (ii)
Proceed to form an equation in 𝐴 and 𝑡:
𝑑𝐴
= 𝑘√2𝐴 − 5
𝑑𝑡
Separate variables
1
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑘𝑑𝑡
√2𝐴 − 5
Integrate both side

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 CIE A-LEVEL MATHEMATICS//9709
Solution: {W13-P31} Question 10:
Part (i)
Represent the given information as a derivative:
𝑑𝑉
= 80 − 𝑘𝑉
𝑑𝑡
Proceed to solve the differential equation:
𝑑𝑡 1
=
𝑑𝑉 80 − 𝑘𝑉
1
𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑉 A tank containing water is in the form of a cone with
80 − 𝑘𝑉 vertex 𝐶. The axis is vertical and the semi-vertical
1
∫(1)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝑉 angle is 60°, as shown in the diagram. At time 𝑡 = 0,
80 − 𝑘𝑉
1 the tank is full and the depth of water is 𝐻. At this
𝑡 + 𝑐 = − ln|80 − 𝑘𝑉| instant, a tap at 𝐶 is opened and water begins to flow
𝑘
Use the given information; when 𝑡 = 0, 𝑉 = 0: out. The volume of water in the tank decreases at a
1 rate proportional to √ℎ, where ℎ is the depth of water
∴ 𝑐 = − ln(80)
𝑘 at time t. The tank becomes empty when 𝑡 = 60.
Substitute back into equation: i. Show that ℎ and 𝑡 satisfy a differential
1 1 equation of the form:
𝑡 − ln(80) = − ln|80 − 𝑘𝑉|
𝑘 𝑘 𝑑ℎ 3
1 1 = −𝐴ℎ −2
𝑡 = ln(80) − ln|80 − 𝑘𝑉| 𝑑𝑡
𝑘 𝑘 Where 𝐴 is a positive constant.
1 80 ii. Solve differential equation given in part i and
𝑡 = ln ( )
𝑘 80 − 𝑘𝑉 obtain an expression for 𝑡 in terms of ℎ and 𝐻.
80
𝑘𝑡 = ln ( )
80 − 𝑘𝑉
80
𝑒 𝑘𝑡 =
80 − 𝑘𝑉
80
80 − 𝑘𝑉 = 𝑘𝑡
𝑒
𝑘𝑉 = 80 − 80𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
1
𝑉 = (80 − 80𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 )
𝑘
Part (ii)
After carrying out the iterations, the following result
will be obtained:
𝑘 = 0.14 (2𝑑. 𝑝. )
Part (iii)
Simply substitute into the equation’s 𝑡:
1
𝑉= (80 − 80𝑒 −0.14(20) ) = 537 𝑐𝑚 3
0.14
The volume of liquid in the tank after a long time
approaches the max volume:
1
𝑉= (80) = 571 𝑐𝑚 3
0.14

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 CIE A-LEVEL MATHEMATICS//9709
Solution:
Part (i)
First represent info they give us as an equation:
1
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3
𝑟 = tan 60 × ℎ = ℎ√3
1 2
∴ 𝑉 = 𝜋(ℎ√3) ℎ = 𝜋ℎ 3
3
𝑑𝑉
= 3𝜋ℎ 2
𝑑ℎ
𝑑𝑉 1
∝ −√ℎ = −𝑘ℎ 2
𝑑𝑡
Find the rate of change of ℎ:
𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉
= ÷
𝑑𝑡 1𝑑𝑡 𝑑ℎ
𝑑ℎ −𝑘ℎ 2 𝑘 3
= 2
= − ℎ −2
𝑑𝑡 3𝜋ℎ 3𝜋

Part (ii)
1
𝑑𝑡 = 3 𝑑ℎ
−𝐴ℎ −2
1
∫ 𝐴𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 3 𝑑ℎ
−ℎ −2
2 5
𝐴𝑡 + 𝑐 = − ℎ 2
5
Use given information to find unknowns; when 𝑡 = 0:
2 5 2 5
−𝐴(0) + 𝑐 = (𝐻)2 ∴ 𝑐 = 𝐻2
5 5
When 𝑡 = 60:
−𝐴(60) + 𝑐 = 0
𝑐 = 60𝐴
1 5
𝐴= 𝐻2
150
Thus the initial equation becomes:
1 5 2 5 2 5
− 𝐻2 𝑡 + 𝐻 2 = ℎ 2
150 5 5
5 𝑡 2 2 5
𝐻 2 (− + ) = ℎ2
150 5 5
5
𝑡 2 2ℎ 2
− + =
150 5 5𝐻52
5
𝑡 2 2ℎ 2
= −
150 5 5𝐻52
5
2 2ℎ 2 5
−
5
𝑡 = 150 ( − 5 ) = 60 − 60ℎ 𝐻
2 2
5 5𝐻2
5
ℎ 2
𝑡 = 60 (1 − ( ) )
𝐻

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