CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Water is a universal solvent, which consist of hydrogen and oxygen atoms, chemically; it
could be defined as a chemical substance with two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of
oxygen in each its molecules, hence the molecular formulae is H20. It is formed by direct
reaction of hydrogen.
Water is colourless, odourless and tasteless liquid in its pure form. It is an inorganic
substance that occur in three state; liquid state, solid state, gaseous state (Anon, J. 2005).

Water on earth move continually through a circle of evaporation, transpiration,

precipitation and run off. Usually reaching the sea, over land evaporation and transpiration
contribute to the precipitation. Clean and fresh drinking water is essential for human and
other life forms. Access to safe drinking water improved steadily and substantially over the
last decades in almost every part of the world. (Baron, et al; 2004). Water plays an
important role in human life. It is necessary for industry, agriculture and human existence.
Due to increase in industrialization, urbanization, agriculture activities and various human
activities as increase the population of surface water and ground water. Water is the most
widely circulated and abundant substances fund in nature. In total, there is 1400million
billion liters of water, but most of this water are not use for drinking purpose. Because 97%
is sea water and only 3% is fresh water out of which 2% is lidge in the polar lee capes and
glaciers. Only 1% water is available for portable by Jafri. Ground water plays important
role in human life, the effect of industrialization and urbanization leads to spoil the water
for agricultural purpose ground water is explored in rural especially in those area where
other sources of water like river, dam or a canal is not substantial during past two decades,
it is observe that ground water get polluted significantly due to check the quality of well

1
and bore hole water at regular time interval. Because due to use of infected drinking water
human pollution suffer wide ranging of water borne disease.

Water to be used for human consumption must meet certain requirements. The quality of
water required for specific application is as important as the availability of sufficient
quality water. Thus, water treatment projects were indicated to improve its quality using
various means including physical and chemical methods of disinfections involving the
addition of chlorine compound such as hypo-chlorides, chlorine dioxide and inorganic
chloro amines. Surface water are usually contaminated and requires treatment before being
used as drinking water. Well water have the advantages that they are clearer and have more
uniform mineral content than surface water. Ground water usually contain more hardness
than surface water because it has the capability of dissolving some of the rocks which
makes up the earth layers. Infections caused by contaminated water among worldwide to
some 5million causes yearly (WHO 2013).

In industrially developed countries, there is in the environment an elevated level of metal

ions. Different inorganic substances and ions have various positives and negatives effect
on the metabolism or organism. For instance, magnesium in many cellular function like
glycosis respiration and stability of ribosome, manganese ions are important for the
activation of enzymes involved with adenine nucleotides.

Water indeed is an essential component of life (Osunkiyesi, 2012). The need for water in
the day to day activities of man include for cooking, washing, drinking and for industrial
activities (Akpoborie et al, 2008). For the chemist therefore the quality of water is very
important to ensure that it is potable for drinking (Agbazue, 2008). Two major sources of
water whose quality are assessed by chemists are the surface (streams, rivers, ponds, lakes)
and ground waters (wells, boreholes). The reason is that surface waters are prone to
contamination because it was reported that surface waters are generally poor in quality

2
(Okeola et. al, 2010). Ground waters on the other hand are more reliable for domestic and
agricultural irrigation needs (Okeola et al, 2010; Haruna etal, 2008 and Shymala et al,
2008). In fact a study revealed that well waters are the main source of water in Akure, Ondo
state, an indication of how people generally desire this kind of water source for use in their
daily activities especially as surface water is not accessible to some communities. Due to
run offs into groundwater, they also tend to experience some level of contamination owing
to leaching from waste dumps and industries (Mahananda et al , 2010).
Owing to lack of potable water in most rural areas in Nigeria, the people tend to depend on
streams and river water for domestic use and other activities. The contamination of these
water sources comes from different sources in the environment. They include effluents
from industries, abattoir activities and pesticides (Iornumbe and Onah , 2008) and from
animal faecal discharges into surface and ground waters due to washing by rain falls (Oko,
2008). One sure way by which information on the quality of water could be conveyed to
those concerned is by using suitable indices (Dwivedi and Pathak, 2007).The water quality
index is a single value obtained from large number of variables in a sample. It summarizes
data into terms that can be described as excellent, good and bad and so on for the purpose
of reporting to recognized bodies or organizations and to the public on the state of water in
a place (Barti and Kartyal, 2011). Various methods have been employed to determine the
water quality index but the most commonly employed is the Weighted Arithmetic Index
(WAI) method.
It has been reported that the various sources of water supply in Wukari town include
boreholes (14.6%), hand dug wells (46.6%), streams (1.80%) and water vending (37%).The
level of adequacy of the water was rated 28.38% as against 71.64% inadequacy. Inhabitants
rely mostly on boreholes, vended water and hand-dug wells as sources for drinking water
and for other domestic activities and because of this inadequacy, households are
necessitated to collect waters in plastic containers or metal tanks for storage so they can

3
use when the need arises. Against this background this study is aimed at determining some
physico-chemical

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

According to Annelies J. Heidekamp and Ann T. LemleyApril 2005 Underground water
is a problem in over 85% of the United States according to the US Geological Survey.
Your water is considered “hard’ when it has a high concentration of dissolved minerals,
specifically calcium and magnesium. Water is a good solvent and these minerals dissolve
in it as it moves through soil and rock and are carried along, eventually ending up in your
water supply.

1.2.1 Problems with underground water.

Hard water interferes with almost every cleaning task from laundering and dishwashing
to bathing and personal care. The amount of hardness minerals in water affects the
amount of soap and detergent necessary for cleaning. Clothes laundered in hard water
may feel harsh and scratchy. Dishes and glasses may be spotted when dry. Hard water
may cause a film on glass shower doors, shower walls, bathtubs, sinks, faucets, etc. Skin
washed with hard water can become itchy and dry. Water flow may be reduced by
deposits in pipes and shower heads. Faucets and other fixtures can have permanent
deposits on them and the chrome finish can be destroyed.
Dealing with hard water problems in the home can be a nuisance. Soap used in hard water
combines with the minerals to form a sticky soap curd in washbasins and bathtubs. The
film may prevent removal of soil and bacteria. Bathing with soap in hard water leaves a
film of sticky soap curd on the skin.
Thus, this project work is meant to investigate the consumption of alcohol among tanker
drivers in Ibadan metropolis of Oyo State by providing answer to the following questions;

4
  How often do the resident student use the provided water?
 Does the usage of the water depend on the source on the source of water?
 Does the usage of the water affect the student financial and health status?

When laundry is done in hard water, laundry detergent is made less effective because of
hardness minerals and additional detergent must be added to get the same results.
Incomplete soil removal from laundry causes graying of white fabric and the loss of
brightness in colors.
Thus, this project work is meant to investigate the perception of student on water provided
in the hostels of Federal College of Animal Health And production Technology Ibadan

1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this research work is to analyze the perception of resident student on water
provided in the hostels of federal college of agric. and animal health and production
technology moor plantation Ibadan and the objectives of this study include;
1. To evaluate the percent of the usage of each source of water provided in the
hostel.
2. To determine the effect of the use of water provided on;
i. Health of the student
ii. Finance of student
3. To determine whether the percentage of its usage depends on the source of water

1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

5
The hypothesis of this study is stated in null form below.
Ho= the student use the water provided in the hostel
H1= the student doesn’t use the water provided in the hostel
H01: The percentage of it usage does not depend on the source of water
H02: the percentage of it usage depends on the source of water

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The reason for embarking on this project work is to check if the usage of the water
has an adverse effect on the resident student of federal college of agric. and animal health
and production technology. It is also expected to study and give a reasonable conclusion
base on the work in the study.

1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY

The study area used for this research work is FEDERAL COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AND ANIMAL HEALTH AND PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, MOOR
PLANTATION IBADAN,

6
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Water is the only substance that exists naturally on Earth in all three physical states of
matter gas, liquid, and solid—and it is always on the move among them. Pure water is
colorless, odorless, and tasteless and so common that you probably never think about how
unique it is and how essential to life.

According to Annelies J. Heidekamp and Ann T. Lemley (2005), water is a problem in

over 85% of the United States according to the US Geological Survey. Your water is
considered “hard’ when it has a high concentration of dissolved minerals, specifically
calcium and magnesium. Water is a good solvent and these minerals dissolve in it as it
moves through soil and rock and are carried along, eventually ending up in your water
supply.
Department of Cambridge Water (2011), said, Water is a good solvent and picks up
impurities easily. As water moves through soil and rock, it dissolves very small amounts
of minerals and holds them in solution. Dissolved calcium and magnesium are the two most
common minerals that make water “hard”. The degree of hardness becomes greater as the
calcium and magnesium content increases. (Pranjotoutomo), confirmed that water that
doesn’t produce lather (foam) with soap solutions, but produces white precipitate is known
as hard water, (scum) Hardness in water can cause water to form scales and a resistance to
soap
Ann T. Lemley (2005), Hard water also contributes to inefficient and costly operation of
water-using appliances. Heated hard water forms a scale of calcium and magnesium
minerals that can contribute to the inefficient operation or failure of water-using appliances.
Pipes can become clogged with scale that reduces water flow and ultimately requires pipe

7
replacement. Some powdered detergents have ingredients that combine with hard water
minerals to leave a white deposit on clothing, making it look faded.

2.2 UNDERGROUND WATER

Water is a good solvent and picks up impurities easily. As water moves through soil and
rock, it dissolves very small amounts of minerals and holds them in solution. Dissolved
calcium and magnesium are the two most common minerals that make water “hard”. The
degree of hardness becomes greater as the calcium and magnesium content increases. (Dep.
Of Cambridge water)

2.2.1 CONTENT OF UNDERGROUND WATER

Pranjotoutomo said that underground water contains calcium and magnesium. Dep. Of
Cambridge water also said Underground water has high mineral content (mainly Ca2+and
Mg2+) metal cations and sometimes other dissolved compounds such as bicarbonates and
sulfates,).

2.2.2 EFFECTS ON HUMANS

Both calcium and magnesium are essential minerals and beneficial to human health in
several respects. Inadequate intake of either nutrient can result in adverse health
consequences. ( Dr J. Cotruvo) Recommended daily intakes of each element have been set
at national and international levels. Individuals vary considerably in their needs for and
consumption of these elements. (J. Heidekamp 2005)

2.3 Calcium:
Inadequate intake

8
Inadequate intakes of calcium have been associated with increased risks of osteoporosis,
nephrolithiasis (kidney stones), colorectal cancer, hypertension and stroke, coronary artery
disease, insulin resistance and obesity. Most of these disorders have treatments, but not
cures. Owing to a lack of compelling evidence for the role of calcium as a contributory
element in relation to these diseases, estimates of calcium requirement have been made on
the basis of bone health outcomes, with the goal of optimizing bone mineral density.
Calcium is unique among nutrients, in that the body’s reserve is also functional; increasing
bone mass is linearly related to reduction in fracture risk. The total body stores are on the
order of 1200 g, with about 99% in bones and teeth. A large body of primary evidence from
randomized controlled trials shows that increasing calcium intake, especially in those who
have had habitually low calcium intakes, increases bone mass during growth and reduces
bone loss and fracture risk late in life. Osteoporosis is one of the most prevalent of age-
related diseases. Calcium and vitamin D are jointly beneficial in increasing bone
mass.(WHO 2011)
Epidemiological evidence indicates that dietary calcium reduces the incidence of kidney
stones. In contrast, the results of a large randomized trial suggest an increased risk of
kidney stones associated with calcium supplements, possibly because the calcium was
ingested as a bolus and not with food or the supplements were taken by those who exceeded
the upper intake level of 2500 mg/day.
2.3.1 Excess intake
To a great extent, individuals are protected from excess intakes of calcium by a tightly
regulated intestinal absorption and elimination mechanism through the action of 1, 25-
dihydroxyvitamin D, and the hormonally active form of vitamin D. When calcium is
absorbed in excess of need, the excess is excreted by the kidney in healthy people who do
not have renal impairment. Concern for excess calcium intake is directed primarily to those
who are prone to milk alkali syndrome (the simultaneous presence of hypercalcaemia,

9
metabolic alkalosis and renal insufficiency) and hypercalcaemia. Although calcium can
interact with iron, zinc, magnesium and phosphorus within the intestine, thereby reducing
the absorption of these minerals, available data do not suggest that these minerals are
depleted when humans consume diets containing calcium above the recommended levels.
For example, even though high intakes of calcium can exert acute effects on iron
absorption, there is no evidence of reduced iron status or iron stores with long-term calcium
supplementation. (WHO 2011)

2.4 Magnesium:
Inadequate intake
Magnesium is the fourth most abundant cation in the body and the second most abundant
cation in intracellular fluid. It is a cofactor for some 350 cellular enzymes, many of which
are involved in energy metabolism. It is also involved in protein and nucleic acid synthesis
and is needed for normal vascular tone and insulin sensitivity. Total body stores are on the
order of 25 g, with about 60% in bone. Total body burden is difficult to quantify, because
only a small portion is in blood or fluids, and it can be variable. Low magnesium levels are
associated with endothelial dysfunction, increased vascular reactions, elevated circulating
levels of C-reactive protein (a proinflammatory marker that is a risk factor for coronary
heart disease) and decreased insulin sensitivity. Low magnesium status has been implicated
in hypertension, coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome.
(WHO 2011)

2.4.1 Excess intake

The major cause of hypermagnesaemia is renal insufficiency associated with a significantly
decreased ability to excrete magnesium. Increased intake of magnesium salts may cause a
temporary adaptable change in bowel habits (diarrhoea), but seldom causes
10
hypermagnesaemia in persons with normal kidney function. Drinking-water in which both
magnesium and sulfate are present at high concentrations (above approximately 250 mg/l
each) can have a laxative effect, although data suggest that consumers adapt to these levels
as exposures continue. Laxative effects have also been associated with excess intake of
magnesium taken in the form of supplements, but not with magnesium in diet. .(WHO
2011)

11
 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents a detailed account of the methods and materials used for the data
collection and procedure of analysis. It also reviews what have been done, how it was done
and a description of how data was analyzed.
3.2 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
Primary data (through a well-structured questionnaire) is used to obtained data from
resident student in hostel of FCAIB. &FCAH&PT IB.
3.3 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Stratified sampling method was used to sample the resident student in hostel of federal
college of agric. And federal college of animal health and production tech. Ibadan, because
the resident where of large population that why there distributed into different strata
3.4 METHOD FOR DATA ANALYSIS
The method of data analysis employed in this study is;
 Descriptive statistics
Descriptive Statistics such as frequency distribution table was used to check the frequency
of the usage of the portable water provide in the hostel and in, to check if the water affect
the student financial and health status and cross-tabulation was used to determine if the
usage of the water depends on the source of water.
Descriptive Statistics (frequency distribution): This could be referred to as statistical
figures that provide intuition into the data set such as distribution information and it is
chosen because it is the best analysis for making description of data in the frequency aspect.

12
Frequency distribution table: It is a table that displays the frequency of various outcomes
in a sample. Each entry in the table contains the frequency or count of the occurrences of
values within a particular group or interval and in this way, the table summarizes the
distribution of values in the sample. Frequency distributions are used for both qualitative
and quantitative.
Chi-Square Test: This is used to investigate whether distribution of categorical variables
differ from one another. It is denoted by X2, and it is chosen because it is sufficient to test
whether there is significant difference or relationship between categorical variables.
Chi-square: It also a statistical test commonly used to compare observed data with data we
would expect to obtain according to a specific hypothesis. The chi-square test is always
testing what scientist call the null hypothesis, which states that there is no significant
difference between the expected and observed result.
It is calculated as follows:
X2= (oij-eij) 2
eij
Where: oij; is observed value
eij; is expected value
Degree of freedom (df) =(r-1) (c-1)
Where r; denote number of rows
C; denote number of column
X2tab=r2(r-1) (c-1), α
Where α is the significant level and in this test, α= 0.05
Decision Rule
If X2cal< X2tab, these means there is no significant difference than we accept Ho, otherwise
reject Ho
In addition, SPSS was used for the data analysis.

13
 CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 TABLE 1: SHOWS THE FREQUENCY OF THE USAGE OF
THE PORTABLE WATER
Hypothesis= Ho= the student use the water provided in the hostel
H1= the student don’t use the water provided in the hostel

HOW OFTEN DO YOU USE THE WATER IN THE HOSTEL

Frequenc Percent Valid Cumulative

y Percent Percent
REGULARLY 148 60.2 60.2 60.2
OCCASIONALLY 95 38.6 38.6 98.8
Valid
NEVER 3 1.2 1.2 100.0
Total 246 100.0 100.0

14
 Test Statistics
HOW OFTEN DO YOU USE THE
WATER IN THE HOSTEL
Chi-Square 131.293a
Df 2
Asymp. Sig. .000
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected
b. Frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell
frequency is 82.0.

DECISION CRITERION
Accept H0if P-value ≤ α (0.05), otherwise accept H0.
CONCLUSION
Since P-value=0.00 which is our asymptotic value in the table is ˂ α (0.05), we accept
H0, thereby reject H1. In conclusion, our observed percentage of the usage of water is
significantly different from what we would expect to get by chance.

15
4.2 TABLE2: SHOWS THE EFFECT OF THE USE OF THE
PORTABLE WATER ON FINANCE OF THE STUDENTS
HOW OFTEN DO YOU USE THE WATER IN THE HOSTEL * DOES THE USAGE OF THE
WATER AFFECT THE STUDENT FINACIALLY:
Cross tabulation
AFFECT THE Total
STUDENT
FINACIALLY
YES NO
Count 137 11 148
REGULARLY % within HOW OFTEN DO YOU USE
92.6% 7.4% 100.0%
HOW THE WATER IN THE HOSTEL
OFTEN Count 93 2 95
DO YOU OCCASIONALLY % within HOW OFTEN DO YOU USE
97.9% 2.1% 100.0%
USE THE THE WATER IN THE HOSTEL
WATER Count 2 1 3
NEVER % within HOW OFTEN DO YOU USE
66.7% 33.3% 100.0%
THE WATER IN THE HOSTEL
Count 232 14 246
Total % within HOW OFTEN DO YOU USE
94.3% 5.7% 100.0%
THE WATER IN THE HOSTEL

16
INTERPRETATION: The table shows that majority (92.6%) of the regular usage of
portable water agreed that portable water has an adverse effect on the students` finances,
majority (97.9%) of the occasional usage of portable water agreed that portable water has
an adverse effect on the students` finances.
CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that portable water provide in the hostel has an
adverse effect on the students` finances.

17
4.3 TABLE 3: SHOWS THE EFFECT OF THE USE OF THE PORTABLE
WATER ON HEALTH OF THE STUDENTS
HOW OFTEN DO YOU USE THE WATER IN THE HOSTEL * DOES THE USAGE
OF THE WATER AFFECT THE STUDENT HEALTH STATUS
Crosstabulation
HEALTH Total
STATUS
YES NO
Count 144 4 148
% within HOW OFTEN DO
REGULARLY 97.3 100.0
YOU USE THE WATER IN 2.7%
% %
THE HOSTEL
Count 93 2 95
HOW OFTEN
% within HOW OFTEN DO
DO YOU USE OCCASIONALLY 97.9 100.0
YOU USE THE WATER IN 2.1%
THE WATER % %
THE HOSTEL
Count 3 0 3
% within HOW OFTEN DO
NEVER 100. 100.0
YOU USE THE WATER IN 0.0%
0% %
THE HOSTEL
Count 240 6 246
% within HOW OFTEN DO
Total 97.6 100.0
YOU USE THE WATER IN 2.4%
% %
THE HOSTEL

18
INTERPRETATION: The table shows that majority (97.3%) of the regular usage of
portable water agreed that portable water has an adverse effect on the students` health,
majority (97.9%) of the occasional usage of portable water agreed that portable water has
an adverse effect on the students` health.
CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that portable water provide in the hostel has an
adverse effect on the students` health.
4.4 TABLE 4: SHOWS WHETHER THE OF ITS USAGE DEPENDS ON THE
NATURE OF THE WATER.
Which of the source of water do you make use of
Rain Borehole Well water Total
Regularly 3 49 96 148
Occasionally 0 16 79 95
Never 1 1 1 3
Total 4 66 176 240

CLASSIFICATION OIJ Eij (OIJ-EIJ)2 (OIJ- EIJ)2

EIJ
REGULARLY/RAIN 3 2.5 0.25 0.15
OCCASIONALLY/RAIN 0 1.5 2.25 1.5
NEVER/RAIN 1 0.05 0.9025 18.05
REGULARLY/BOREHOLE 49 40.7 68.89 1.692629
OCCATIONALL/BOREHOLE 16 26.1 102.01 3.908046
NEVER/BOREHOLE 1 0.8 0.04 0.05
REGULARLY/WELL 96 108.5 156.25 1.4400922
WATER
19
 OCCASIONALY WELL 79 69.7 86.49 1.2408895
WATER
NEVER/WELL WATER 1 2.2 1.44 0.6545455

H0: The frequency of its usage does not depend on the source of water
H1: The frequency of its usage depends on the source of water.
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 29.320a 4 .000
Likelihood Ratio 16.925 4 .002
Linear-by-Linear
4.397 1 .036
Association
N of Valid Cases 246
a. 5 cells (55.6%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is
.05.

Since, our chi-square result has (55.6%) having an expected count less than 5 we’ve
violated the rule of 20% as our expected count less than 5 we use other test
a. Our fisher’s exact test value 17.601 with exact significant (2 sided) is 0.001 as p
our (asymptotic value)

20
 Chi-square
Value df Asymp. Exact Exact Point
Sig. (2- Sig. (2- Sig. (1- Probabi
sided) sided) sided) lity
29.320
Pearson Chi-Square a
4 .000 .001

Likelihood Ratio 16.925 4 .002 .001

Fisher's Exact Test 17.601 .001
Linear-by-Linear
4.397b 1 .036 .045 .022 .011
Association
N of Valid Cases 246

INTERPRETATION: The table shows that 2.0% of the respondents use rain water
regularly, none of the respondent use rain water occasionally, 33.1% of the
respondents use borehole water regularly, 16.8% of the respondents use borehole
water occasionally, 64.9% of the respondents use well water regularly, 83.2% of the
respondents use well water occasionally.Among the source of water used by the
students, “well water” happens to be the most significant where 64.9% of the students use
it regularly and to claim with a 0.000 Asymptotic. Sig. value.

DECISION CRITERION

21
Accept H0if P-value ≤ α (0.05), otherwise accept H0.
CONCLUSION
Since P-value=0.01 which is our asymptotic value in the table is ˂ α (0.05), we accept
H0, thereby reject H1. In conclusion, the percentage of the water provided in the hostel
depends on the source of water

22
 CHAPTER FIVE
FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 FINDINGS
According to the data collected, it shows that 60.2% of the respondents use the water in
the hostel frequently, 38.6% of the respondents use the water in the hostel occasionally,
while 1.2% of the respondents never use the water in the hostel, and also 94.3% of the
respondents agreed that the use of portable water has an adverse effect on the student`s
finances, while 5.7% of the respondents dis- agreed that the use of portable water has an
adverse effect on the student`s finances, and 96.7% of the respondent agreed that the water
has an adverse effect on the student’s health while 2.4% of the respondent dis-agreed that
the water has an adverse effect on the student’s health, also it shows that the usage of the
water depends on well as source of water

5.2 CONCLUSION
Conferring to the perception of the student and the analysis it show that most of the
resident student in the hostel often use the water provided in the hostel, and also the analysis
also shows that the usage of the water has an adverse effect on the student health and
finance, it also shows that the frequency of the usage of the water depends on well as a
source of water

5.3 RECOMMENDATION
According to the perception of the resident student on portable water provided in the
hostels of Federal Colleges of Agric. and Animal Health and Production Tech. it shows
that the usage of the water has adverse effect on the student health and their finances, since

23
the student depend on the water provided in the hostel which can lead to student absence
from classes through illness, and also in adequate fund for other needs important for student
The following recommendations are made based on study work in order to reduce the rate
of the student being affected by the water provided:
 That the students should simmer the water in order to kill the particles that causes
infection in the water
 That the school management should treat the water provided in the hostels
 That the management should provide another source of water which is different
from the one provided in the hostel in order to ensure a safe and sound health of
the students
 That the management should provide a medical checkup for the students based on
random selection

24
 REFERENCES
Annelies J. Heidekamp and Ann T. Lemley (2005), water as problem in over 85% of the
United States according to the US Geological Survey
Agbazue,V.E(2008)The chemist and self-employment. Book of Proceeding of the

international conference of the chemical society of Nigeria Held in Effurun, Delta

State.

Akpoborie, T., Egbo,SS.H.O., Ebenuwa,C.C and Emeshili,E.M (2008). Comparative study

of the satchet water in Asaba Metropolis, South-South, Nigeria. Book of proceeding

of international conference of the chemical Society of Nigeria held in Effurun,Delta

State.

Anon, J. (2005). Government of Malawi national water policy. Ministry of water

development. Lilongwe: Capital Printing.

Baron, L., Cebcu, L., Tettamanti, M., & Berati, M. (2004). Evaluating the environmental

impact of various datary patterns combined with different food palliations systems.

In European Journal of clinical Nutrition. 12 (5),1- 28.

Barti, N and Kartyal,D (2011). Water quality indices used for surface water vulnerability

assessment. International journal of Environmental Sciences.2 (1):154,155.

Dwivedi,S.L and Pathak,V (2007). A Preliminary assignment of water quality index to

Mandakini River,Chitrakoot.Indian Journal of Environmental

protection.27(11):1036-1038.

25
Iornumbe, E.N and Onah, J.O (2008) Determination of heavy metal accumulation by

Erchornia Crassipes and Pollutants. Book of Proceeding of the international

conference of the chemical society of Nigeria Held in Effurun, Delta State.

omborg, B. (2001). The skeptical environmentalist. Massachusetts: Cambridge University

Press.

Mahananda,M.R., Mohanty,B.P and Behera,N.R (2010). Physico-chemical analysis of

surface and groundwater of Bargarh district ,Orissa, India IJRASS2(3):284-295.

Ogundele, J.O (2010). Physico-chemical and metal analysis of water samples from Akure,

Nigeria. Ecoservices international

Okeola, F.O., Kolawole,O.D., and Ameen,O.M (2010). Comparative study of physic-

chemical parameters of water from a River and it is surrounding wells for possible

interactive effect.Advances in environmental Biology. 4(3):336-344.

Osunkiyesi, A.A (2012). Physico-chemical analysis of Ogun River (water samples) within

two locations (Akin-Olugbade and Lafenwa) in Aboekuta, Ogun State. IOSR

Journal of Applied Chemistry.1 (4):24-27.

Pranjotoutomo, P.P. 2013 hard water and soft water www.waterworld.com

W.H.O. (2003). Guidelines for drinking water quality. World Health Organization.

Geneva. pp. 112-121.

26
WHO (1973) Trace elements in human nutrition: report of a WHO Expert Committee.
Geneva, World Health Organization (WHO Technical Report Series, No. 532).
WHO (2009) Calcium and magnesium in drinking-water: public health significance.
Geneva, World-Health-Organization.
(http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/200ssss9/9789241563550_eng.pdf).
http://www.water-research.net/hardness.htm

APPENDICES
HOW OFTEN DO YOU USE THE WATER IN THE HOSTEL * WHICH OF THE SOURCE OF
WATER DO YOU MAKE USE OF
Crosstabulation
WHICH OF THE SOURCE OF Total
WATER DO YOU MAKE
USE OF
RAIN BORE WELL
HOLE WATER

27
 Count 3 49 96 148
% within HOW
REGULARLY
OFTEN DO YOU USE 2.0% 33.1% 64.9% 100.0%
THE WATER
Count 0 16 79 95
HOW OFTEN
% within HOW
DO YOU USE
OCCASIONALLY OFTEN DO YOU USE
THE WATER 0.0% 16.8% 83.2% 100.0%
THE WATER IN THE
IN THE
HOSTEL
HOSTEL
Count 1 1 1 3
% within HOW
NEVER OFTEN DO YOU USE
33.3% 33.3% 33.3% 100.0%
THE WATER IN THE
HOSTEL
Count 4 66 176 246
% within HOW
Total OFTEN DO YOU USE
1.6% 26.8% 71.5% 100.0%
THE WATER IN THE
HOSTEL

H0: The frequency of its usage does not depend on the source of water
H1: The frequency of its usage depends on the source of water.
Chi-Square Tests

28
 Value df Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 29.320a 4 .000
Likelihood Ratio 16.925 4 .002
Linear-by-Linear
4.397 1 .036
Association
N of Valid Cases 246
a. 5 cells (55.6%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .05.

29