Chapter 14
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1. 1) Which of the following statements is correct in
describing the terms monohybrid cross and dihybrid
cross?
A) A monohybrid cross involves a single parent,
whereas a dihybrid cross involves two parents.
B) A dihybrid cross involves organisms that are
heterozygous for two characters that are being studied,
and a monohybrid cross involves organisms that are
heterozygous for only one character being studied.
C) A monohybrid cross is performed for one
generation, whereas a dihybrid cross is performed for
two generations.
D) A monohybrid cross results in a 9:3:3:1 ratio, whereas
a dihybrid cross gives a 3:1 ratio.
2. 2) What was the most significant conclusion that Gregor
Mendel drew from his experiments with pea plants?
A) There is considerable genetic variation in garden
peas.
B) Traits are inherited in discrete units and are not the
result of "blending."
C) Recessive genes occur more frequently in the F1
generation than do dominant ones.
D) Genes are composed of DNA.
3. 3) How many unique gametes could be produced
through independent assortment by an individual with
the genotype AaBbCCDdEE?
A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 64
4. 4) The individual with genotype AaBbCCDdEE can make
many kinds of gametes. Which of the following
correctly describes why this situation is possible?
A) recurrent mutations form new alleles
B) crossing over during prophase I leads to genetic
variety
C) different possible assortment of chromosomes into
gametes occurs
D) there is a tendency for dominant alleles to
segregate together
B 5. 5) Mendel continued some of his experiments into the B
F2 or F3 generation in order to ________.
A) obtain a larger number of offspring on which to base
statistics
B) observe whether or not a recessive trait would
reappear
C) observe whether or not the dominant trait would
reappear
D) distinguish which alleles were segregating
6. 6) Which of the following statements about A
independent assortment or segregation is correct?
A) The law of independent assortment describes the
behavior of two or more genes relative to one another.
B B) The law of segregation describes the behavior of two
or more genes relative to one another.
C) The law of independent assortment is accounted for
by observations of prophase I of meiosis.
D) The law of segregation is accounted for by anaphase
of mitosis.
7. 7) A sexually reproducing animal has two unlinked D
genes, one for head shape (H) and one for tail length
(T). Its genotype is HhTt. Which of the following
genotypes is possible in a gamete from this organism?
B
A) Hh
B) HhTt
C) T
D) HT
8. 8) Which of the following statements correctly C
describes how Mendel accounted for the observation
that traits had disappeared in the F1 generation and
C then reappeared in the F2 generation?
A) New mutations were frequently generated in the F2
progeny, causing traits that had been lost in the F1 to
reappear in the F2.
B) The mechanism controlling the appearance of traits
was different between the F1 and the F2 plants.
C) Traits can be dominant or recessive, and the
recessive traits were "hidden" by the dominant ones in
the F1.
D) Members of the F1 generation had only one allele
for each trait, but members of the F2 had two alleles for
each trait.
9. 9) Which of the following statements correctly explains
the fact that all seven of the pea plant traits studied by
Mendel obeyed the principle of independent
assortment?
A) None of the traits obeyed the law of segregation.
B) The diploid number of chromosomes in the pea
plants was seven.
C) All of the genes controlling the traits were located
on the same chromosome.
D) All of the genes controlling the traits behaved as if
they were on different chromosomes.
10. 10) Mendel's observation of the segregation of alleles
in gamete formation has its basis in which of the
following phases of cell division?
A) prophase I of meiosis
B) anaphase II of meiosis
C) metaphase II of meiosis
D) anaphase I of meiosis
11. 11) Mendel's law of independent assortment has its
basis in which of the following events of meiosis I?
A) synapsis of homologous chromosomes
B) crossing over of homologous pairs of chromosomes
C) alignment of pairs of homologous chromosomes
along the middle of the cell
D) the division of cells at telophase
12. 12) Use the figure and the following description to
answer the question.
In a particular plant, leaf color is controlled by gene
locus D. Plants with at least one allele D have dark
green leaves, and plants with the homozygous
recessive dd genotype have light green leaves. A true-
breeding, dark-leaved plant is crossed with a light-
leaved one, and the F1 offspring is allowed to self-
pollinate. The predicted outcome of the F2 is
diagrammed in the Punnett square shown in the figure,
where 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent the genotypes
corresponding to each box within the square.
Which of the boxes marked 1-4 correspond to plants
with dark leaves?
A) 1 only
B) 2 and 3
C) 4 only
D) 1, 2, and 3
D 13. 13) Use the figure and the following description to C
answer the question.
In a particular plant, leaf color is controlled by gene
locus D. Plants with at least one allele D have dark
green leaves, and plants with the homozygous
recessive dd genotype have light green leaves. A true-
breeding, dark-leaved plant is crossed with a light-
leaved one, and the F1 offspring is allowed to self-
pollinate. The predicted outcome of the F2 is
diagrammed in the Punnett square shown in the figure,
where 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent the genotypes
corresponding to each box within the square.
Which of the boxes marked 1-4 correspond to plants
D
with a heterozygous genotype?
A) 1
B) 1, 2, and 3
C) 2 and 3
D) 2, 3, and 4
14. 14) Use the figure and the following description to A
answer the question.
C
In a particular plant, leaf color is controlled by gene
locus D. Plants with at least one allele D have dark
green leaves, and plants with the homozygous
recessive dd genotype have light green leaves. A true-
breeding, dark-leaved plant is crossed with a light-
leaved one, and the F1 offspring is allowed to self-
pollinate. The predicted outcome of the F2 is
diagrammed in the Punnett square shown in the figure,
D where 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent the genotypes
corresponding to each box within the square.
Which of the boxes marked 1-4 correspond to plants
that will be true-breeding?
A) 1 and 4 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1, 2, 3, and 4
D) 1 only
15. 15) Skin color in a certain species of fish is inherited by B
a single gene with four different alleles. How many
different types of gametes would be possible in this
organism?
A) 2
B) 4
C) 8
D) 16
16. 16) Why did all of the F1 offspring of Mendel's classic D 20.
pea cross always look like one of the two parental
varieties?
A) No genes interacted to produce the parental
phenotype.
B) Each allele affected phenotypic expression.
C) The traits blended together during fertilization.
D) One allele was dominant.
17. 17) Mendel crossed yellow-seeded and green-seeded C
pea plants and then allowed the offspring to self-
pollinate to produce an F2 generation. The results were
as follows: 6,022 yellow and 2,001 green (8,023 total). 21.
Which of the following statements correctly describes
the relationship of the allele for green seeds to the
allele for yellow seeds?
A) The green allele is dominant to the yellow allele.
B) The two alleles exhibit incomplete dominance.
C) The green allele is recessive to the yellow allele.
D) The two alleles are codominant.
18. 18) Albinism is a recessive trait. A man and woman both C
show normal pigmentation, but both have one parent
who has albinism (without melanin pigmentation). What 22.
is the probability that their first child will have albinism?
A) 0
B) 1/2
C) 1/4
D) 1
19. 19) Albinism is a recessive trait. A man and woman who C
both have normal pigmentation have one child out of
three who has albinism (without melanin pigmentation).
What are the genotypes of this child's parents? 23.
A) One parent must be homozygous for the recessive
allele; the other parent can be homozygous dominant,
homozygous recessive, or heterozygous.
B) One parent must be heterozygous; the other parent
can be homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive,
or heterozygous.
C) Both parents must be heterozygous.
D) One parent must be homozygous dominant; the
24.
other parent must be heterozygous.
20) A black guinea pig crossed with a guinea pig with A
albinism produced 12 black offspring. When the albino
was crossed with a second black animal, six blacks and
six albinos were obtained. What is the best explanation
for this genetic situation?
A) Albinism is a recessive trait; black is a dominant
trait.
B) Albinism is a dominant trait; black is incompletely
dominant.
C) Albinism and black are codominant.
D) Albinism is a recessive trait; black is codominant.
21) Gray seed color in peas is dominant to white. B
Assume that Mendel conducted a series of
experiments where plants with gray seeds were
crossed among themselves, and the following progeny
were produced: 302 gray and 98 white. What is the
most probable genotype of each parent?
A) GG × gg
B) Gg × Gg
C) GG × Gg
D) gg × Gg
22) When Mendel crossed yellow-seeded and green- C
seeded pea plants, all the offspring were yellow-
seeded. When he took these F1 yellow-seeded plants
and crossed them to green-seeded plants, what
genotypic ratio was expected?
A) 1:2:1
B) 3:1
C) 1:1
D) 1:1:1:1
23) Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). C
Short tails (T) are dominant to long tails (t ). What
fraction of the progeny of crosses BbTt × BBtt will be
expected to have black fur and long tails?
A) 1/16
B) 3/8
C) 1/2
D) 9/16
24) In pea plants, the tall phenotype is dominant to the D
dwarf phenotype. If a heterozygous pea plant is
crossed with a homozygous tall pea plant, what is the
probability that the offspring will be dwarf in size?
A) 1
B) 1/2
C) 1/4
D) 0
25. 25) What is the probability of producing the genotype D 29. 29) Two true-breeding stocks of pea plants are C
AABBCC in a cross of individuals who both possess this crossed. One parent has red, axial flowers, and the
genotype: AaBbCc? other has white, terminal flowers; all F1 individuals have
red, axial flowers. The genes for flower color and
A) 1/4 location assort independently. Among the F2 offspring,
B) 1/8 what is the probability of producing plants with white
C) 1/16 axial flowers?
D) 1/64
A) 9/16
26. 26) Given the following genotypes for two parents, B
B) 1/16
AABBCc × AabbCc, assume that all traits exhibit simple
C) 3/16
dominance and independent assortment. What
D) 1/4
proportion of the progeny of this cross will be
expected to phenotypically resemble the first parent 30. 30) A man has extra digits (six fingers on each hand A
with the genotype AABBCc? and six toes on each foot ). His wife and their daughter
have the normal number of digits (five fingers on each
A) 1/4 hand and five toes on each foot.) Having extra digits is
B) 3/4 a dominant trait. The couple's second child has extra
C) 3/8 digits. What is the probability that their next (third)
D) 1 child will have extra digits?
27. 27) Which of the following statements best describes B
A) 1/2
the addition rule of probability?
B) 1/16
C) 1/8
A) the probability that two or more independent
D) 3/4
events will occur simultaneously
B) the probability that either one of two independent 31. 31) Phenylketonuria is an inherited disease caused by a D
events will occur recessive autosomal allele. If a woman and her
C) the probability of producing two or more husband are both carriers, what is the probability that
heterozygous offspring their first child will be a phenotypically normal girl?
D) the likelihood that a trait is due to two or more
meiotic events A) 1/4
B) 1/16
28. 28) Which of the following calculations require the use D
C) 3/16
of the addition rule of probability?
D) 3/8
A) Calculate the probability of black offspring from the 32. 32) Assuming independent assortment for all gene C
cross AaBb × AaBb, where B is the symbol for black. pairs, what is the probability that a cross between the
B) Calculate the probability of children with both cystic following parents, AABbCc × AaBbCc, will produce an
fibrosis and polydactyly when parents are each AaBbCc offspring?
heterozygous for both genes.
C) Calculate the probability of each of four children A) 1/2
having cystic fibrosis if the parents are both B) 1/16
heterozygous. C) 1/8
D) Calculate the probability of a child having either D) 3/4
sickle-cell anemia or cystic fibrosis if parents are each
33. 33) Suppose two individuals with the genotype AaBbCc D
heterozygous for both.
are mated. Assuming that the genes are not linked,
what fraction of the offspring are expected to be
homozygous recessive for the three traits?

A) 1/4
B) 1/8
C) 1/16
D) 1/64
34. 34) In cattle, roan coat color (mixed red and white
hairs) occurs in the heterozygous (CRCW) offspring of
red (CRCR) and white (CWCW) homozygotes. Which of
the following crosses would produce offspring in the
ratio of 1 red:2 roan:1 white?
A) red × white
B) roan × roan
C) white × roan
D) red × roan
35. 35) Which of the following inheritance patterns C
describes the ability of a single allele to have multiple
phenotypic effects?
A) incomplete dominance
B) multiple alleles
C) pleiotropy
D) epistasis
36. 36) Which of the following phenotypes is an example D
of polygenic inheritance?
A) pink flowers in snapdragons
B) the ABO blood group in humans
C) white and purple flower color in peas
D) skin pigmentation in humans
37. 37) Hydrangea plants of the same genotype are D
planted in a large flower garden. Some of the plants
produce blue flowers and others pink flowers. This can
be best explained by which of the following?
A) the knowledge that multiple alleles are involved
B) the allele for blue hydrangea is completely
dominant over the allele for pink hydrangea
C) the alleles are codominant
D) environmental factors such as soil pH affect the
phenotype
38. 38) Which of the following scenarios describes an B
example of epistasis?
A) Recessive genotypes for each of two genes (aabb)
results in an albino corn snake.
B) In rabbits and many other mammals, one genotype
(ee) prevents any fur color from developing.
C) In Drosophila (fruit flies), white eyes can be due to
an X-linked gene or to a combination of other genes.
D) In cacti, there are several genes for the type of
spines.
B 39. 39) Radish flowers may be red, purple, or white. A C
cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-
flowered plant yields all-purple offspring. The part of
the radish we eat may be oval or long, with long being
the dominant trait. If true-breeding red long radishes
are crossed with true-breeding white oval radishes, the
F1 will be expected to exhibit which of the following
phenotypes?
A) red and long
B) white and long
C) purple and long
D) purple and oval
40. 40) Radish flowers may be red, purple, or white. A D
cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-
flowered plant yields all-purple offspring. The flower
color trait in radishes is an example of which of the
following inheritance patterns?
A) a multiple allelic system
B) sex linkage
C) codominance
D) incomplete dominance
41. 41) Skin color in a certain species of fish is inherited via C
a single gene with four different alleles. One fish of
this type has alleles 1 and 3 (S1S3), and its mate has
alleles 2 and 4 (S2S4). If each allele confers a unit of
color darkness such that S1 has one unit, S2 has two
units, and so on, then what proportion of their
offspring would be expected to have five units of
color?
A) 1/4
B) 1/8
C) 1/2
D) 0
42. 42) Gene S controls the sharpness of spines in a type B
of cactus. Cacti with the dominant allele, S, have sharp
spines, whereas homozygous recessive ss cacti have
dull spines. At the same time, a second gene, N,
determines whether or not cacti have spines.
Homozygous recessive nn cacti have no spines at all.
The relationship between genes S and N is an example
of which of the following inheritance patterns?
A) incomplete dominance
B) epistasis
C) pleiotropy
D) codominance
43. 43) Gene S controls the sharpness of spines in a type
of cactus. Cacti with the dominant allele, S, have sharp
spines, whereas homozygous recessive ss cacti have
dull spines. At the same time, a second gene, N,
determines whether or not cactuses have spines.
Homozygous recessive nn cactuses have no spines at
all. A cross between a true-breeding sharp-spined
cactus and a spineless cactus would produce ________.
A) all sharp-spined progeny
B) 50% sharp-spined, 50% dull-spined progeny
C) 25% sharp-spined, 50% dull-spined, 25% spineless
progeny
D) It is impossible to determine the phenotypes of the
progeny.
44. 44) Gene S controls the sharpness of spines in a type
of cactus. Cacti with the dominant allele, S, have sharp
spines, whereas homozygous recessive ss cacti have
dull spines. At the same time, a second gene, N,
determines whether or not cacti have spines.
Homozygous recessive nn cacti have no spines at all. If
cacti heterozygous for both traits, SsNn, were allowed
to self-pollinate, the offspring would segregate into
which of the following phenotype ratios?
A) 3 sharp-spined:1 spineless
B) 1 sharp-spined:2 dull-spined:1 spineless
C) 1 sharp-spined:1 dull-spined:1 spineless
D) 9 sharp-spined:3 dull-spined:4 spineless
45. 45) Feather color in budgies is determined by two
different genes: Y for pigment on the outside of the
feather, and B for pigment on the inside of the feather.
YYBB, YyBB, or YYBb is green; yyBB or yyBb is blue;
YYbb or Yybb is yellow; and yybb is white. A blue
budgie is crossed with a white budgie. Which of the
following results in the offspring is most possible?
A) green offspring only
B) white offspring only
C) blue offspring only
D) blue and white offspring
A 46. 46) Feather color in budgies is determined by two C
different genes, Y for pigment on the outside of the
feather, and B for pigment on the inside of the feather.
YYBB, YyBB, or YYBb is green; yyBB or yyBb is blue;
YYbb or Yybb is yellow; and yybb is white. Two blue
budgies were crossed. Over the years, they produced
22 offspring, five of which were white. What are the
most likely genotypes for the two blue budgies?
A) yyBB and yyBB
B) yyBB and yyBb
C) yyBb and yyBb
D) yyBb and yybb
47. 47) In human blood types, Rh positive is a trait that C
shows simple dominance over Rh negative. A woman
D who has blood type A positive has a daughter who is
type O positive and a son who is type B negative.
Which of the following phenotypes is possible for the
father?
A) A negative
B) O negative
C) B positive
D) AB negative
48. 48) A gene for the MN blood group has codominant A
alleles M and N. If both children in a family are of
blood type M, which of the following situations is
possible?
D A) Each parent is either M or MN.
B) Each parent must be type M.
C) Both children are heterozygous for this gene.
D) Neither parent can have the N allele.
49. 49) Marfan syndrome in humans is caused by an C
abnormality of the connective tissue protein fibrillin.
Patients are usually very tall and thin, with long spindly
fingers, curvature of the spine, sometimes weakened
arterial walls, and sometimes eye problems, such as
lens dislocation. Which of the following would you
conclude about Marfan syndrome from this
information?
A) It is recessive.
B) It is dominant.
C) It is pleiotropic.
D) It is epistatic.
50. 50) In rabbits, the homozygous genotype LCLC has
normal legs, LCLc results in deformed legs, and LcLc
results in very short legs. The genotype FBFB produces
black fur, FBFb brown fur, and FbFb white fur. If a cross
is made between brown rabbits with deformed legs
and white rabbits with deformed legs, what percentage
of the offspring would be expected to have deformed
legs and white fur?
A) 25%
B) 33%
C) 100%
D) 50%
51. 51) In humans, ABO blood types refer to glycoproteins
in the membranes of red blood cells. There are three
alleles for this autosomal gene: IA, IB, and i. The IA
allele codes for the A glycoprotein, The IB allele
codes for the B glycoprotein, and the i allele doesn't
code for any membrane glycoprotein. IA and IB are
codominant, and i is recessive to both IA and IB.
People with type A blood have the genotypes IAIA or
IAi, people with type B blood are IBIB or IBi, people
with type AB blood are IAIB, and people with type O
blood are ii. If a woman with type AB blood marries a
man with type O blood, which of the following blood
types could their children possibly have?
A) A and B
B) AB and O
C) A, B, and O
D) A, B, AB, and O
52. 52) An obstetrician knows that one of her patients is a
pregnant woman whose fetus is at risk for a serious
disorder that is detectable biochemically in fetal cells.
The obstetrician would most reasonably offer which of
the following procedures to her patient?
A) karyotyping of the woman's somatic cells
B) X-ray
C) amniocentesis or CVS
D) blood transfusion
53. 53) In some parts of Africa, the frequency of
heterozygosity for the sickle-cell anemia allele is
unusually high, presumably because this reduces the
frequency of malaria. Such a relationship is related to
which of the following?
A) Mendel's law of independent assortment
B) Mendel's law of segregation
C) Darwin's explanation of natural selection
D) the malarial parasite changing the allele
A 54. 54) Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a recessive human B
disorder in which an individual cannot appropriately
metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine. This amino
acid is not naturally produced by humans. Which of the
following treatments would be most effective for
people with PKU?
A) Feed them the substrate that can be metabolized
into phenylalanine.
B) Regulate the diet of the affected persons to
severely limit the uptake of phenylalanine.
C) Feed the patients the missing enzymes in a regular
cycle, such as twice per week.
D) Feed the patients an excess of the missing product.
A
55. 55) Hutchinson-Gilford progeria is an exceedingly rare C
human genetic disorder in which there is very early
senility and death, usually from coronary artery
disease, at an average age of 13 years. Patients, who
look very old even as children, do not live to
reproduce. Which of the following statements
represents the most likely assumption regarding this
disorder?
A) The disease is autosomal dominant.
B) The disorder will increase in frequency in successive
generations within a family.
C) The disorder may be due to mutation in a single
protein-coding gene.
D) Each patient will have had at least one affected
grandparent or parent.
56. 56) One of two major forms of a human condition B
C called neurofibromatosis (NF1) is inherited as a
dominant gene, although it may range from mildly to
very severely expressed. Which of the following is the
best explanation for why a young, affected child is the
first in her family to be diagnosed?
A) The mother carries the gene but does not express it.
B) One of the parents has a mild expression of the
gene.
C) The condition skipped a generation in the family.
D) The child has one more chromosome than either of
C
the parents.
57. 57) The following question refers to the pedigree chart C
in the figure for a family, some of whose members
exhibit the dominant trait, W. Affected individuals are
indicated by a dark square or circle.
What is the genotype of individual II-5?
A) WW
B) Ww
C) ww
D) ww or Ww
58. 58) The following question refers to the pedigree chart
in the figure for a family, some of whose members
exhibit the dominant trait, W. Affected individuals are
indicated by a dark square or circle.
What is the likelihood that the offspring of IV-3 and IV-
4 will have the trait?
B 62. 62) The pattern of inheritance can be predicted from B
data if one is given the parent or offspring genotypes
or phenotypes. Two organisms, with genotypes BbDD
and BBDd, are mated. Assuming independent
assortment of the B/b and D/d genes, determine the
genotypic ratios in offspring that would occur.

A) 0% A) 1/2 BBDD, 1/2 bbdd

B) 50% B) 1/4 BBDD, 1/4 BbDD, 1/4 BBDd, 1/4 BbDd
C) 75% C) 9/16 BBDD, 3/16 BbDD, 3/16 BBDd, 1/16 bbdd
D) 100% D) 1/4 BBDD, 1/2 BbDd, 1/4 bbdd
59. 59) The following question refers to the pedigree chart D
in the figure for a family, some of whose members
exhibit the dominant trait, W. Affected individuals are
indicated by a dark square or circle.
What is the probability that individual III-1 is Ww?

A) 3/4
B) 1/4
C) 2/4
D) 1
60. 60) The figure shows the pedigree for a family. Dark- D
shaded symbols represent individuals with one of the
two major types of colon cancer. Numbers under the
symbols are the individual's age at the time of
diagnosis. Males are represented by squares, females
by circles.
From this pedigree, this trait seems to be inherited
________.

A) from mothers
B) as an autosomal recessive
C) as a result of epistasis
D) as an autosomal dominant
61. 61) Which of the following statements is a correct A
explanation for the observation that all offspring
exhibit a phenotype for a particular trait that appears
to be a blend of the two parental varieties?

A) Neither of the parental genes is dominant over the

other.
B) The genes for the trait are dominant in both of the
parents.
C) The genes are linked and do not separate during
meiosis.
D) The genes for the trait are recessive in both of the
parents.