Chapter 16

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1. The action of helicase creates _____. E. replication forks and

replication bubbles
A. primers and DNA fragments
B. primers and replication bubbles
C. DNA fragments and replication bubbles
D. DNA fragments and replication forks
E. replication forks and replication bubbles
2. After allowing phages grown with bacteria in a medium that contained 32P and 35S, Hershey and D. labeled DNA ... DNA
Chase used a centrifuge to separate the phage ghosts from the infected cell. They then examined
the infected cells and found that they contained _____, which demonstrated that _____ is the phage's
genetic material.

A. labeled protein ... DNA

B. labeled DNA .... protein
C. labeled protein .... protein
D. labeled DNA ... DNA
E. labeled DNA ... labeled protein
3. After DNA replication is completed, _____. D. each new DNA double
helix consists of one old
A. one DNA double helix consists of two old strands and one DNA double helix consists of two new DNA strand and one new
strands DNA strand
B. each new DNA double helix consists of two new strands
C. there are four double helices
D. each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand
E. each of the four DNA strands consists of some old strand parts and some new strand parts
4. At a specific area of a chromosome, the sequence of nucleotides below is present where the chain C. 5' A C G U U A G G 3'
opens to form a replication fork:
3' C C T A G G C T G C A A T C C 5'
An RNA primer is formed starting at the underlined T (T) of the template. Which of the following
represents the primer sequence?

A. 5' G C C T A G G 3'
B. 5' A C G T T A G G 3'
C. 5' A C G U U A G G 3'
D. 5' G C C U A G G 3'
5. The first step in the replication of DNA is catalyzed by _____. B. helicase

A. primase
B. helicase
C. ligase
D. single-strand binding protein
E. DNA polymerase
6. For a science fair project, two students decided to repeat the Hershey and Chase experiment, D. Amino acids (and thus
with modifications. They decided to radioactively label the nitrogen of the DNA, rather than the proteins) also have nitrogen
phosphate. They reasoned that each nucleotide has only one phosphate and two to five nitrogen atoms; thus, the radioactivity
atoms. Thus, labeling the nitrogen atoms would provide a stronger signal than labeling the would not distinguish
phosphates. Why won't this experiment work? between DNA and proteins.

A. There is no radioactive isotope of nitrogen.

B. Radioactive nitrogen has a half-life of 100,000 years, and the material would be too
dangerous for too long.
C. Although there are more nitrogens in a nucleotide, labeled phosphates actually have 16 extra
neutrons; therefore, they are more radioactive.
D. Amino acids (and thus proteins) also have nitrogen atoms; thus, the radioactivity would not
distinguish between DNA and proteins.
7. Hershey and Chase set out to determine what molecule served as the unit of inheritance. They B. DNA
completed a series of experiments in which E. coli was infected by a T2 virus. Which molecular
component of the T2 virus actually ended up inside the cell?

A. RNA
B. DNA
C. ribosome
D. protein
8. Hershey and Chase used a DNA-based virus for their work. How might the results have been B. With an RNA virus,
different if they had used an RNA virus? radioactive RNA would have
been in the final pellet.
A. With an RNA virus, the protein shell would have been radioactive in both samples.
B. With an RNA virus, radioactive RNA would have been in the final pellet.
C. With an RNA virus, radioactive protein would have been in the final pellet.
D. With an RNA virus, neither sample would have had a radioactive pellet.
9. Hershey and Chase used _____ to radioactively label the T2 phage's proteins. A. 35S

A. 35S
B. 32P
C. 92U
D. 222Ra
E. 14C
10. How does the enzyme telomerase meet the challenge of replicating the ends of linear C. It catalyzes the
chromosomes? lengthening of telomeres,
compensating for the
A. It adds numerous GC pairs, which resist hydrolysis and maintain chromosome integrity. shortening that could occur
B. It adds a single 5' cap structure that resists degradation by nucleases. during replication without
C. It catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres, compensating for the shortening that could occur telomerase activity.
during replication without telomerase activity.
D. It causes specific double-strand DNA breaks that result in blunt ends on both strands.
11. In a DNA double helix an adenine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the C. thymine ... cytosine
complementary strand, and a guanine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the
complementary strand.

A. cytosine ... thymine

B. cytosine ... uracil
C. thymine ... cytosine
D. uracil ... cytosine
E. guanine ... adenine
12. In a DNA double helix an adenine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary D. thymine ... cytosine
strand, and a guanine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand.

A. cytosine ... thymine

B. guanine ... adenine
C. cytosine ... uracil
D. thymine ... cytosine
E. uracil ... cytosine
13. In an analysis of the nucleotide composition of a molecule of DNA, which of the following A. A + C = G + T
combinations of base pairs will be found?

A. A + C = G + T
B. A = G and C = T
C. A = C
D. G + C = T + A
14. In a nucleosome, the DNA is wrapped around A. histones.

A. histones.
B. ribosomes.
C. polymerase molecules.
D. a thymine dimer.
15. In E. coli, there is a mutation in a gene called dnaB that alters the helicase that normally acts at the D. No replication fork will
origin of replication. Which of the following events would you expect to occur as a result of this be formed.
mutation?

A. Replication will require a DNA template from another source.

B. Additional proofreading will occur.
D. Replication will occur via RNA polymerase alone.
D. No replication fork will be formed.
16. In E. coli, what is the function of DNA polymerase III? B. to add nucleotides to
the 3' end of a growing
A. to degrade damaged DNA molecules DNA strand
B. to add nucleotides to the 3' end of a growing DNA strand
C. to seal together the broken ends of DNA strands
D. to unwind the DNA helix during replication
17. In E. coli, which enzyme catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand in the 5' → 3' direction? C. DNA polymerase III

A. primase
B. helicase
C. DNA polymerase III
D. DNA ligase
18. In the polymerization of DNA, a phosphodiester bond is formed between a phosphate group of the C. the 3' OH
nucleotide being added and which of the following atoms or molecules of the last nucleotide in the
polymer?

A. the 5' phosphate

B. C6
C. the 3' OH
D. a nitrogen from the nitrogen-containing bas
19. An old DNA strand is used as a _____ for the assembly of a new DNA strand. C. template

A. model
B. source of nucleotides
C. template
D. complement
E. primer
20. Part complete A. DNA replication is semiconservative.
In DNA replication, the resulting daughter molecules contain one strand of the
original parental DNA and one new strand. What is the explanation for this
phenomenon?

A. DNA replication is semiconservative.

B. RNA synthesis is conservative.
C. DNA replication is conservative.
D. DNA replication is not conservative.
21. Part complete C. Mixing a heat-killed pathogenic strain
In his transformation experiments, what phenomenon did Griffith observe? of bacteria with a living nonpathogenic
strain can convert some of the living cells
A. Mixing a heat-killed nonpathogenic strain of bacteria with a living pathogenic into the pathogenic form.
strain makes the pathogenic strain nonpathogenic.
B. Mice infected with a pathogenic strain of bacteria can spread the infection to
other mice.
C. Mixing a heat-killed pathogenic strain of bacteria with a living nonpathogenic
strain can convert some of the living cells into the pathogenic form.
D. Infecting mice with nonpathogenic strains of bacteria makes them resistant to
pathogenic strains.
22. Part complete
Use the figure to answer the following question.

In the late 1950s, Meselson and Stahl grew bacteria in a medium containing "heavy"
nitrogen (15N) and then transferred them to a medium containing 14N (a lighter
isotope). Which of the results in the figure would be expected after one round of
DNA replication in the presence of 14N? D. D

A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
23. Part complete A. The 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs
What is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the two strands that make counter to the 5' to 3' direction of the
up the DNA double helix? other strand.

A. The 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the 5' to 3' direction of the
other strand.
B. Base pairings create unequal spacing between the two DNA strands.
C. The double helix structure of DNA creates nonparallel strands.
D. One strand contains only purines and the other contains only pyrimidines.
24. Part complete C. Erwin Chargaff
Which of the following investigators was (were) responsible for the discovery that in
DNA from any species, the amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine, and the
amount of guanine equals the amount of cytosine?

A. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

B. Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty, and Colin MacLeod
C. Erwin Chargaff
D. Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl
25. Part complete B. Prokaryotic chromosomes have a
Which of the following statements accurately describes the differences between single origin of replication, whereas
DNA replication in prokaryotes and DNA replication in eukaryotes? eukaryotic chromosomes have many.

A. Prokaryotic chromosomes have histones, whereas eukaryotic chromosomes do not.

B. Prokaryotic chromosomes have a single origin of replication, whereas eukaryotic
chromosomes have many.
C. Prokaryotes produce Okazaki fragments during DNA replication, but eukaryotes do
not.
D. The rate of elongation during DNA replication is slower in prokaryotes than in
eukaryotes.
26. Part complete A. Heterochromatin is highly condensed,
Which of the following statements correctly describes the structure of chromatin? whereas euchromatin is less compact.

A. Heterochromatin is highly condensed, whereas euchromatin is less compact.

B. Both heterochromatin and euchromatin are found in the cytoplasm.
C. Heterochromatin is composed of DNA, whereas euchromatin is made of DNA and
RNA.
D. Euchromatin is not transcribed, whereas heterochromatin is transcribed.
27. Part complete C. External DNA is taken into a cell,
Which of the following statements describes the process of transformation in becoming part of the cell's genome.
bacteria?

A. A strand of RNA is created from a DNA molecule.

B. Bacterial cells are infected by a phage DNA molecule.
C. External DNA is taken into a cell, becoming part of the cell's genome.
D. A strand of DNA is created from an RNA molecule.
28. Part complete A. Histones are positively charged.
Which of the following structural characteristics is most critical for the association
between histones and DNA?

A. Histones are positively charged.

B. Histones are small proteins.
C. There are at least five different histone proteins in every eukaryote.
D. Histones are highly conserved (that is, histones are very similar in every eukaryote).
29. The radioactive isotope 32P labels the T2 phage's _____. C. DNA

A. tail
B. protein coat
C. DNA
D. head
E. base plate
30. Researchers found a strain of E. coli bacteria that had mutation rates one hundred times D. The proofreading mechanism
higher than normal. Which of the following statements correctly describes the most likely of DNA polymerase was not
cause of these results? working properly.

A. There were one or more base pair mismatches in the RNA primer.
B. The DNA polymerase was unable to add bases to the 3 end of the growing nucleic acid
chain.
C. The single-strand binding proteins were malfunctioning during DNA replication.
D. The proofreading mechanism of DNA polymerase was not working properly.
31. Semiconservative replication involves a template. What is the template? C. one strand of the DNA
molecule
A. single-stranded binding proteins
B. an RNA molecule
C. one strand of the DNA molecule
D. DNA polymerase
32. The synthesis of a new strand begins with the synthesis of a(n) _____. E. RNA primer complementary to
a preexisting DNA strand
A. short pieces of DNA
B. poly(A) tail
C. single-strand binding protein
D. Okazaki fragment
E. RNA primer complementary to a preexisting DNA strand
33. Telomere shortening puts a limit on the number of times a cell can divide. Research has B. Telomerase eliminates
shown that telomerase can extend the life span of cultured human cells. How might adding telomere shortening and retards
telomerase affect cellular aging? aging.

A. Telomerase will speed up the rate of cell proliferation.

B. Telomerase eliminates telomere shortening and retards aging.
C. Telomerase shortens telomeres, which delays cellular aging.
D. Telomerase would have no effect on cellular aging.
34. This is an image of a _____. C. phage

A. red blood cell

B. protist
C. phage
D. bacterium
E. moneran
35. Thymine makes up 28% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. C. 22%
Approximately what percentage of the nucleotides in this sample will be guanine?

A. 8%
B. 16%
C. 22%
D. 72%
36. True or false? True

Single-stranded DNA molecules are said to be antiparallel when they are lined up next to
each other but oriented in opposite directions.

True
False
37. Use the figure to answer the following question.

A space probe returns with a culture of a microorganism found on a distant planet.

Analysis shows that it is a carbon-based life-form that has DNA. You grow the cells in
15N medium for several generations and then transfer them to 14N medium. Which
pattern in the figure would you expect if the DNA was replicated in a conservative
manner? B. B

A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
38. Use the figure to answer the following question.

Referring to the figure, what bases will be added to the primer as DNA replication
proceeds?

A. 5 A, G, A, C, G, A, C 3
B. 3 G, T, C, G, T, C, T 5 A. 5 A, G, A, C, G, A, C 3
C. 3 T, C, T, G, C, T, G 5
D. 5 C, A, G, C, A, G, A 3
39. What catalyzes DNA synthesis? C. DNA polymerase

A. Replication fork
B. Primer
C. DNA polymerase
D. dNTPs
40. What is the function of the enzyme topoisomerase in DNA replication? A. relieving strain in the DNA ahead of
the replication fork caused by the
A. relieving strain in the DNA ahead of the replication fork caused by the untwisting of untwisting of the double helix
the double helix
B. elongating new DNA at a replication fork by adding nucleotides to the existing
chain
C. reattaching the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs in the double helix
D. building RNA primers using the parental DNA strand as a template
41. What is the role of DNA ligase in the elongation of the lagging strand during DNA B. It joins Okazaki fragments together.
replication?

A. It synthesizes RNA nucleotides to make a primer.

B. It joins Okazaki fragments together.
C. It unwinds the parental double helix.
D. It stabilizes the unwound parental DNA.
42. Which of the following characteristics would you expect of a eukaryotic organism that D. a reduction in chromosome length in
lacks the enzyme telomerase? gametes

A. a high probability of somatic cells becoming cancerous

B. an inability to produce Okazaki fragments
C. an inability to repair thymine dimers
D. a reduction in chromosome length in gametes
43. Which of the following effects might be caused by reduced or very little active B. Cells age and begin to lose function.
telomerase activity?

A. Cells may become cancerous.

B. Cells age and begin to lose function.
C. Cells maintain normal functioning.
D. Telomere lengthens in germ cells.
44. Which of the following enzymes creates a primer for DNA polymerase? C. Primase

A. Topoisomerase
B. Ligase
C. Primase
D. Helicase
45. Which of the following enzymes is important for relieving the tension in a helix as it A. Topoisomerase
unwinds during DNA synthesis?

A. Topoisomerase
B. Ligase
C. Single-strand binding proteins
D. Helicase
46. Which of the following facts did Hershey and Chase make use of in trying to B. DNA contains phosphorus, whereas
determine whether DNA or protein is the genetic material? protein does not.

A. DNA contains sulfur, whereas protein does not.

B. DNA contains phosphorus, whereas protein does not.
C. DNA contains nitrogen, whereas protein does not.
D. DNA contains purines, whereas protein includes pyrimidines.
47. Which of the following lists represents the order of increasingly higher levels of B. nucleosome, 30-nm chromatin fiber,
organization of chromatin? looped domain

A. nucleosome, looped domain, 30-nm chromatin fiber

B. nucleosome, 30-nm chromatin fiber, looped domain
C. looped domain, 30-nm chromatin fiber, nucleosome
D. 30-nm chromatin fiber, nucleosome, looped domain
48. Which of the following molecular characteristics cause histones to bind tightly to A. Histones are positively charged, and
DNA? DNA is negatively charged.

A. Histones are positively charged, and DNA is negatively charged.

B. Histones are negatively charged, and DNA is positively charged.
C. Both histones and DNA are strongly hydrophobic.
D. Histones are covalently linked to the DNA.
49. Which of the following statements about DNA synthesis is true? B. Primers are short sequences that allow
the initiation of DNA synthesis.
A. Nucleotides are added in a random fashion to single-stranded DNA.
B. Primers are short sequences that allow the initiation of DNA synthesis.
C. DNA polymerase adds dNTP monomers in the 3' to 5' direction.
D. As DNA polymerase moves along the template strand, each new nucleotide
provides a 5' hydroxyl group for the next reaction to occur.
50. Which of the following statements about Okazaki fragments in E. D. They are formed on the lagging strand of DNA.
coli is true?

A. They are usually 50 to 500 bases long.

B. They are sealed together by the action of helicase.
C. They are synthesized in the 3' to 5' direction.
D. They are formed on the lagging strand of DNA.
51. Which of the following statements correctly describes the C. The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5'
difference between the leading strand and the lagging strand in → 3' direction, while the lagging strand is synthesized
DNA replication? discontinuously in the 5' → 3' direction.

A. There are different DNA polymerases involved in elongation of

the leading strand and the lagging strand.
B. The leading strand requires an RNA primer, whereas the lagging
strand does not.
C. The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5' → 3'
direction, while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in
the 5' → 3' direction.
D. The leading strand is synthesized in the 3' → 5' direction in a
discontinuous fashion, while the lagging strand is synthesized in the
5' → 3' direction in a continuous fashion.
52. Which part of a deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) molecule D. Phosphate groups
provides the energy for DNA synthesis?

A. Base
B. Sugar
C. Free 3' hydroxyl (-OH) group
D. Phosphate groups
53. Who demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material of the T2 D. Hershey and Chase
phage?

A. Franklin
B. Watson and Crick
C. Meselson and Stahl
D. Hershey and Chase
E. Darwin and Wallace
54. Why does a new DNA strand elongate only in the 5' to 3' direction C. DNA polymerase can add nucleotides only to the free 3'
during DNA replication? end.

A. The polarity of the DNA molecule prevents addition of

nucleotides at the 3' end.
B. DNA polymerase begins adding nucleotides at the 5' end of the
template.
C. DNA polymerase can add nucleotides only to the free 3' end.
D. Replication must progress toward the replication fork.
55. Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3' to 5' strands D. DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3'
assembled in short segments? direction

A. DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 3' to 5' direction
B. only short DNA sequences can extend off the RNA primers
C. it is more efficient than assembling complete new strands
D. DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction
E. the replication forks block the formation of longer strands
56. You briefly expose bacteria undergoing DNA replication to radioactively labeled nucleotides. When you centrifuge A.
the DNA isolated from the bacteria, the DNA separates into two classes. One class of labeled DNA includes very leading
large molecules (thousands or even millions of nucleotides long), and the other includes short stretches of DNA strands
(several hundred to a few thousand nucleotides in length). Which two classes of DNA do these different samples and
represent? Okazaki
fragments
A. leading strands and Okazaki fragments
B. lagging strands and Okazaki fragments
C. Okazaki fragments and RNA primers
D. leading strands and RNA primers