TECHNICAL EDUCATION SKILLS AND DEVELOPMENT

AUTHORITY
TESDA PTC-IBA

Name: ELBANCOL,VINCENT GEFORD A.

Qualification: Trainers Methodology 1
Module Title: Provide Team Leadership

(Narrative Report)
RELEVANT POLICIES, LEGAL REQUIREMENTS, CODES OF PRACTICE AND
NATIONAL

Relevant policies, legal requirements, codes of practice and national

Legal Requirement means any federal, state, local, municipal, foreign or other law, statute,
constitution, principle of common law, resolution, ordinance, code, edict, decree, rule,
regulation, ruling or requirement issued, enacted, adopted, promulgated, implemented or
otherwise put into effect by or under the authority of any Governmental Body.

A code of practice can be a document that complements occupational health and safety laws and
regulations to provide detailed practical guidance on how to comply with legal obligations and
should be followed unless another solution with the same or better health and safety standard is
in place or may be a document for the same purpose published by a self-regulating body to be
followed by member organizations.

Codes of practice published by governments do not replace the occupational health and safety
laws and regulations and are generally issued in terms of those laws and regulations. They are
intended help understand how to comply with the requirements of regulations. A workplace
inspector can refer to a code of practice when issuing an improvement or prohibition notice, and
they may be admissible in court proceedings. A court may use a code of practice to establish
what is reasonably practicable action to manage a specific risk. Equivalent or better ways of
achieving the required work health and safety may be possible, so compliance with codes of
practice is not usually mandatory, providing that any alternative systems used provide a standard
of health and safety equal to or better than those recommended by the code of practice.

Legislative requirements for information and consultation relevant to safety

Consultation requirements have been expanded to engage all persons that may have an impact on
the health and safety of persons associated or affected by a business or undertaking.

Consultation is required between:

    Duty holders with shared duties and

    PCBUs and the workers impacted by the work activities or

    undertakings.

Consultation is required to be effective. It is expected that consultation be approached in a

coordinated, co-operative, and timely manner between all relevant duty holders and other parties.

Consultation is essential when gathering information on all potential hazards, the associated
risks, and ways in which to eliminate or minimize those risks.

Effective consultation will engage all persons in the workplace and can be utilized to increase
understanding, awareness and commitment to health and safety in the workplace.

The legislation requires consultation, as far as reasonably practicable, with workers and other
duty holders. A variety of mechanisms are available including HSRs; deputy HSRs; direct
consultation e.g., staff and toolbox meetings, coordinated consultation between duty holders, and

representation and assistance from other parties e.g., WHS entry permit holders (union
representatives).

LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR RECORD KEEPING RELATED TO OHS

Legislative requirements for record keeping related to OHS

Keeping records helps maintain an effective workplace health and safety management
system. Records can help hazards and control risks before there is an incident which could cause
injury or illness.

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All records relating to health and safety in the workplace must be retained by the
organization. Many organizations choose to store these electronically. Health and safety records
can include:

-          Health and safety policies and procedures

-          Standard operating procedures

-          Organizational code of conduct

-          Training and induction records

-          Register of Injuries

-          Workplace health and safety committee meeting minutes

-          Equipment records including inspections, maintenance, and repair

-          Hazard identification and risk assessments

-          Workers’ compensation and rehabilitation

-          Safety inspection and audit reports

-          Hazardous substances material safety data sheets

-          First aid and medical records

-          Register of hazardous substances

-          Safe work method statements

LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR SAFE WORKPLACES

Legislative requirements for safe workplaces

Employees have the right to a safe workplace free of known dangers to themselves and their co-
workers. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is the government agency
in charge of setting standards, providing information and training to employees and employers,
and generally making sure that America's workforce stays healthy and safe.

The primary law covering worker safety is the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act of
1970. The primary goal of this law is to reduce workplace hazards and implement safety and
health programs for both employers and their employees. To this end, the OSH Act and related
regulations from OSHA give employees a number of rights, including the rights to:

o   Get a clear training and information in layman's terms on the hazards of their workplace,
ways to avoid harm, and applicable OSHA standards and laws. 

o   obtain and review documentation on work-related illnesses and injuries at the job site;
o   confidentially makes a complaint with OSHA to have an inspection of the workplace.

o   if desired, accompany and take part in a requested OSHA inspection of the workplace. 

o   get copies of any tests done to measure workplace hazards (e.g., chemical, air, and similar
testing);

o   is not discriminated or retaliated against for making OSHA-related complaints or inquiries.

OHS ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS, THE TRAINING/

TRAINERS/FACILITATORS, LEARNERS AND/OR CANDIDATES, MANAGERS AND
SUPERVISORS

WorkSafeBC is a provincial body set up to maintain a safe, healthful working environment at job
sites throughout the province. In addition to providing employers and workers with guidance and
assistance when they are setting up health and safety programs, WorkSafeBC, has specific
workplace responsibilities.

Under the Workers Compensation Act, WorkSafeBC is responsible for:

o   Inspecting places of employment.

o   Investigating accidents and the causes of industrial diseases.

o   Issuing orders and directions specifying means of preventing injuries and industrial disease.

o   Assisting and advising employers and workers in developing health and safety programs.

o   Educating workers about industrial health and safety.

o   Providing living allowances, rehabilitation, and retraining for workers injured on the job.

o   Collecting contributions to an accident fund from employers and distributing money from the
fund to injured workers.

WorkSafeBC is a regulatory body and can order unsafe job sites closed until they are made safe.
It is also responsible for issuing fines and penalties to employers as a result of workplace
accidents.

The Occupational Health and Safety Regulation (OHS Regulation

WorkSafeBC dictates that every employer must make a copy of the Regulation readily available
at each place of employment so workers can refer to it. This may be done either by including a
hard copy version with other safety information that is provided to employees as a part of their
training, or by providing instructions on how to access the Regulation online. The Regulation
begins with a general explanation of terms, the procedure for notification of injury, and first aid
requirements.

Employer’s Responsibilities

The Act lists many, but not all, of the responsibilities of all employers. A few of these
responsibilities are noted below. Additional conditions are noted in the OHS Regulation.

The employer must ensure that:

o   All work is carried out without undue risk of injury or industrial disease.

o   Machinery and equipment are capable of safely performing the functions for which they are
used.

o   All permanent and temporary buildings and structures are capable of withstanding any
stresses likely to be imposed on them.

o   All buildings, excavation structures, machinery, equipment, tools, and places of employment
are maintained in good condition so workers will not be endangered.

o   Regular inspections are made to prevent structures, grounds, excavations, tools, equipment,
machinery, and work from becoming unsafe.

o   Any unsafe conditions are corrected without delay.

o   Each worker is supplied, at no cost, with all protective safety equipment required by
WorkSafeBC regulations.

o   All workers are instructed in the safe performance of their duties.

o   An accident prevention program is set up.

o   There is a safe means of entry to and exit from the work area.

o   Firefighting equipment is provided and maintained.

o   Workers with physical or mental impairment are not assigned to work where their impairment
endangers themselves or others.

o   No one enters or remains, or is permitted to remain, on the premises of any place of
employment while that person’s ability to work is so affected by alcohol, drugs, or other
substances as to endanger his or her health or safety, or that of any other person.

Employee’s Responsibilities
Workers are responsible for their own safety on the job. This means that you have the right to
refuse to do any act or operate any tool, appliance, or equipment when you have reasonable
cause to believe that to do so would put you in danger.

It is your responsibility to wear proper clothing for the job site and to use the PPE provided by
your employer or required for your job. As a worker, you should keep the following personal
responsibilities in mind:

o   You must not remove any safety equipment from machines or equipment. This includes
shields from grinders, mixers, etc.

o   You must have had adequate instruction about a piece of machinery or equipment before you
use it.

o   You must make sure that no machine, equipment, or tool is used in a way that would cause
injury to someone else.

o   You must make sure that there are safe entrances to and exits from the workplace.

o   You must make sure that the work area is safe for the movement of workers, equipment, and
materials.

o   You must wear protective eyewear when using grinders and other equipment that may be
hazardous to the eyes.

Health and Safety Committees

The employer is responsible for setting up an accident prevention program. As part of the
program, a health and safety committee must be established for any employer with more than 20
full-time employees. Employers with fewer than 20 full-time employees are not required to have
a safety committee, but it is an industry best practice to do so.

This committee is required to have at least four members who are experienced in the workplace.
The membership of the committee must represent both employers and workers, and the number
of employer representatives must never outnumber the number of worker representatives.

It is the committee’s responsibility to help create a safe place to work, recommend actions that
will improve the effectiveness of the health and safety program, and promote enforcement of
WorkSafeBC regulations.

Contravention of Regulations

The OHS Regulation clearly defines contravention as well as the liability of contravening the
Regulation.
o   A contravention of this Regulation will be deemed to be a contravention by the employer and
will make that employer liable for any penalty prescribed by the Workers Compensation Act.

o   A contravention of this Regulation by a supervisor or a worker will be deemed to be a

contravention by the supervisor and will make that supervisor liable for any penalty prescribed
by the Workers Compensation Act

o   A contravention of this Regulation by a worker will make that worker liable for any penalty
prescribed by the Workers Compensation Act.

o   A contravention of this Regulation by a person working in or contributing to the production of

an industry within the scope of the Workers Compensation Act will make that person liable for
any penalty prescribed by the Act.

Reporting Accidents

According to the OHS Regulation, an employer must immediately notify WorkSafeBC whenever
an accident occurs that:

o   Results in serious injury to or the death of a worker

o   Involves a major structural failure or collapse of a building, bridge, tower, crane, hoist,
temporary construction support system, or excavation.

o   Involves the major release of a hazardous substance.

o   Is an incident required by regulation to be reported. 

Note that “near misses” occur more often than accidents. Near misses are incidents in which
there is no visible injury or damage but that could have resulted in serious injury, in death, or
property damage. They are generally more reflective of a business’s operating guideline than are
actual accidents or injuries, and they should also be reported to WorkSafeBC.  near misses is a
good way to prevent their recurrence. They should be seen as a learning opportunity and not as a
reason to question the ability of the people involved.

Investigating incidents

Prompt investigation of incidents should be conducted so that other employees will not get
injured in the same way. Everyone in the business has a role to play, and you must report
accidents and incidents to your supervisor.

According to the Regulation, an employer must immediately undertake an investigation into the
cause of any accident or other incident that:

o   Is required to be reported under the Act.

o   Results in injury to a worker requiring medical treatment.

o   Does not involve injury to a worker, or involves only minor injury not requiring medical
treatment, but has a potential for causing serious injury to a worker.

o   Is an incident required by regulation to be investigated.

This list does not apply in the case of a vehicle accident occurring on a public street or highway. 

Duty of care obligations for training and/or trainers/facilitators

Duty of Care is defined simply as a legal obligation to:

-          always act in the best interest of individuals and others

-           not act or fail to act in a way that results in harm

-          act within your competence and not take on anything you do not believe you can safely
do.

As a care worker you owe a duty of care to the people you support, your colleagues, your
employer, yourself, and the public interest. Everyone has a duty of care – it is not something that
you can opt out of.

When acting in a person’s best interests you must do so with their consent unless you have
evidence that the person lacks capacity to make that decision at the time it needs to be made.

BASICS OF A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO OHS

Basics of a systematic approach to OHS.

Taking a systematic approach to management makes managing your business easier.  It can also
make your management more effective. You work out the best way to handle each key activity
and make sure that everyone uses the same approach every time.

A consistent approach like this reduces the number of mistakes and the cost of correcting
problems. It also reduces the level of risk and ensures that you comply with laws. This can
positively influence your business:

 Improved health and safety performance by your business. This reduces the costs associated
with accidents and incidents.
  Improved awareness of legal requirements reduces the chance that you will commit any
offences. The Health and Safety Executive for Northern Ireland (HSENI) may regulate your
business with a lighter touch if it is well managed.

  If employees see that you are actively looking after their health and safety, relations and morale
will improve.

  The public see that you are taking a responsible attitude towards your employees. This
improves your image and helps generate positive PR for your business.

 Improving the efficiency of your business reduces your costs.

 You can demonstrate to your insurers that you are controlling risk effectively. This may help
lower your insurance premiums.

 Banks and investors will be more willing to finance your business if you can show that it is well
managed.

 Business partners have more confidence in your business. Larger companies and government
agencies may only buy from businesses that can show effective management systems.

 Confidence in your management systems will be highest if you can show that you comply with
recognized management standards, such as health and safety British standards.

SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON OHS REQUIREMENTS RELEVANT TO THE

SPECIFIC INDUSTRY WHERE LEARNING WILL TAKE PLACE

Sources of information on OHS requirements relevant to the specific industry where

learning will take place.

Businesses, employers, and workers need to quickly and easily find work health and safety
information. If information is hard to find, workplace health and safety may be at risk.

To ensure clear and appropriate information is provided when and where it is needed,
governments and regulators need to know where people look for information.

In 1995, 1998, 2001, 2009 and 2012 Safe Work Australia (and its predecessors) included
questions in some of its surveys to collect data on sources of work health and safety (WHS)
information.

The findings are that WHS information sources differ by the size of the business, by the role of
the person in the workplace and are changing over time. For example, employer and industry
associations were the most popular source of WHS information for medium and large size
businesses, second to the media for small businesses. The media has consistently been a popular
source of information for managers/supervisors, employers, and workers and in recent years
training courses have become a more valued source.

Table 1 and Table 2 show the survey results from 1995-2012:

    Chief Executive Officers said they were getting their WHS information mainly from the
regulators and industry associations.

    large businesses gathered their information from employer and industry associations,
government Acts and Regulations, WHS inspectorates and training courses.

    medium size businesses received their information from employer and industry associations,
industry pamphlets and newsletters and experience/ doing the job itself.

    small business was more likely to get their WHS information from the media, industry
pamphlets and newsletters and the internet

    supervisors said they were getting their information from the media, training courses and
meetings at work, and

    workers get their WHS information mostly from their workplace (training courses, meetings at
work and their managers/supervisors) and the media.

ORGANIZATIONAL OHS DOCUMENTATION INCLUDING POLICIES,

PROCEDURES AND RISK CONTROL STRATEGIES

Organizational OHS documentation including policies, procedures and risk control

strategies.

The concepts of risk assessment and risk management are fundamental to prevention and control
of risks to safety and health in the workplace. The key aspects of risk assessment include making
sure all relevant risks are considered, checking the efficiency of the safety measures adopted,
documenting the outcomes of the assessment, and reviewing the assessment regularly to keep it
updated. Workers have a right to reduction in ill health and accidents given that these things can
be prevented or reduced if risk assessment and risk management are done. 

The ILO strategy includes the background for the need for a preventative culture including that
the magnitude of the global impact of occupational accidents and diseases, as well as major
industrial disasters, in terms of human suffering and related economic costs, have been a long-
standing source of concern at workplace, national and international levels. Significant efforts
have been made at all levels to come to terms with this problem, but nevertheless the ILO
estimated in 2003 that over 2 million workers die each year from work related accidents and
diseases and that globally, this figure is on the increase.

It is difficult to get a more current overall statistical picture of ill health, injury and death caused
by work as statistics are collected by individual countries or groups of countries and in different
ways. In 2011, the reported number of fatalities due to workplace accidents in the EU-27 was
about 3,700 and some 2.7 Million workers suffered injuries which caused three or more absence
days.[2]

HAZARDS AND RISKS IN THE SPECIFIC INDUSTRY WHERE LEARNING WILL

TAKE PLACE

Hazards and risks in the specific industry where learning will take place.

The meaning of the word hazard can be confusing. Often dictionaries do not give specific
definitions or combine it with the term "risk". For example, one dictionary defines hazard as "a
danger or risk" which helps explain why many people use the terms interchangeably.

There are many definitions for hazard but the most common definition when talking about
workplace health and safety is

A hazard is any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or
someone.

The CSA Z1002 Standard "Occupational health and safety - Hazard identification and
elimination and risk assessment and control" uses the following terms:

    Harm - physical injury or damage to health.

    Hazard - a potential source of harm to a worker.

Basically, a hazard is the potential for harm or an adverse effect (for example, to people as health
effects, to organizations as property or equipment losses, or to the environment).

COMMON RISK CONTROL STRATEGIES APPLICABLE TO THE INDUSTRY

WHERE LEARNING AND/OR WILL TAKE PLACE

Common risk control strategies applicable to the industry where learning and/or will take
place

Business risk comes in a variety of tangible and intangible forms over the course of the business
life cycle. Some risks occur during the ordinary course of corporate operations, while others are
due to extraordinary circumstances that are not easily identified. Regardless of a company's
business model, industry or level of earnings, business risks must be identified as a strategic
aspect of business planning.

Once risks are identified, companies take the appropriate steps to manage them to protect their
business assets. The most common types of risk management techniques include avoidance,
mitigation, transfer, and acceptance.
Avoidance of Risk

The easiest way for a business to manage its identified risk is to avoid it altogether. In its most
common form, avoidance takes place when a business refuses to engage in activities known or
perceived to carry a risk of any kind. For instance, a business could forgo purchasing a building
for a new retail location, as the risk of the venue not generating enough revenue to cover the cost
of the building is high.

Similarly, a hospital or small medical practice may avoid performing certain procedures known
to carry a high degree of risk to the well-being of patients. Although avoiding risk is a simple
method to manage potential threats to a business, the strategy also often results in lost revenue
potential.

Risk Mitigation

Businesses can also choose to manage risk through mitigation or reduction. Mitigating business
risk is meant to lessen any negative consequence or impact of specific, known risks, and is most
often used when those risks are unavoidable. For example, an automaker mitigates the risk of
recalling a certain model by performing research and a detailed analysis of the potential costs of
such a recall. If the capital required to pay buyers for losses incurred through a faulty vehicle is
less than the total cost of the recall, the automaker may choose to not issue a recall.

Similarly, software companies mitigate the risk of a new program not functioning correctly by
releasing the product in stages. The risk of capital waste can be reduced through this type of
strategy, but a degree of risk remains.

Transfer of Risk

In some instances, businesses choose to transfer risk away from the organization. Risk transfer
typically takes place by paying a premium to an insurance company in exchange for protection
against substantial financial loss. For example, property insurance can be used to protect a
company from the costs incurred when a building or other facility is damaged. Similarly,
professionals in the financial services industry can purchase errors and omissions insurance to
protect them from lawsuits brought by customers or clients claiming they received poor or
erroneous advice.

Risk Acceptance

Risk management can also be implemented through the acceptance of risk. Companies retain a
certain level of risk brought on by specific projects or expansion if the anticipated profit
generated from the activity is far greater than its potential risk. For example, pharmaceutical
companies often utilize risk retention or acceptance when developing a new drug. The cost of
research and development does not outweigh the potential for revenue generated from the sale of
the new drug, so the risk is deemed acceptable. (For related reading, see "5 Basic Methods for
Risk Management")

HIERARCHY OF CONTROL AS IT APPLIES TO RISKS ENCOUNTERED IN THE

LEARNING ENVIRONMENT

Hierarchy of control as it applies to risks encountered in the learning environment.

A hazardous substance splashes onto a chemical plant operator taking a sample. The worker is
not seriously injured, and the ensuing investigation focuses on training, personal protective
equipment, and the particulars of the sampling station. But did anyone ever ask whether the
worker needed to take the sample at all? Identifying and mitigating exposures to occupational
hazards before work begins is the objective of all safety and health professionals. NIOSH offers
a basic outline through its interpretation of the Hierarchy of Controls.

The hierarchy starts with the controls perceived to be most effective and moves down to those
considered least effective. As defined by NIOSH, it flows as follows:

    Elimination – Physically remove the hazard.

    Substitution – Replace the hazard

    Engineering controls – Isolate people from the hazard

    Administrative controls – Change the way people work.

    Personal protective equipment– Protect the worker with PPE.

“You can’t eliminate every hazard, but the closer you can get to the top, the closer you can reach
that ideal and make people healthier and safer,” said Jonathan Bach, director of NIOSH’s
Prevention through Design Initiative.

Collaborate to eliminate. 

KNOWLEDGE OF THE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT SUFFICIENT TO BE ABLE TO

IDENTIFY HAZARDS AND CONDUCT SIMPLE RISK ASSESSMENT

Knowledge of the learning environment sufficient to be able to identify hazards and

conduct simple risk assessment

Hazard means a source or a situation with a potential for harm in terms of human injury or ill
health, damage to property, damage to the environment, or a combination of these.
Hazard identification means the identification of undesired events that lead to the materialization
of the hazard and the mechanism by which those undesired events could occur.

Risk is, at minimum, a two-dimensional concept involving (1) the possibility of an adverse
outcome, and (2) uncertainty over the occurrence, timing, or magnitude of that adverse outcome.
[5] If either attribute is absent, then there is no risk.

Risk assessment is a systematic process for describing and quantifying the risks associated with
hazardous substances, processes, actions, or events.

Risk assessment method can be defined as any self-contained systematic procedure conducted as
part of a risk assessment – that is, any procedure that can be used to help generate a probability
distribution for health or environmental consequences.

Hazard Identification Risk Assessment (HIRA) is a process of defining and describing

hazards by characterizing their probability, frequency, and severity and evaluating adverse
consequences, including potential losses and injuries. A risk assessment that provides the factual
basis for activities proposed in the strategy to reduce losses from identified hazards.[6] The ISO
Risk Management Principles and Guidelines standardize risk assessment in four parts: risk
identification, risk analysis, risk evaluation, and risk treatment. The first step — risk
identification — is achieved by identifying all hazards and their subsequent consequences.
Hazard control means the process of implementing measures to reduce the risk associated with a
hazard.

The occupational health risk assessment shall address the following:

o   the hazards of the process involved in different activities.

o   Semi-quantitative evaluation of the possible health and safety effects of failure of controls

 Engineering and administrative controls applicable to the hazards and their

interrelationships, such as appropriate application of detection methodologies to provide
early warning of release.

TYPES OF POTENTIAL RISK AND HAZARD

Types of potential risk and hazards

The meaning of the word hazard can be confusing. Often dictionaries do not give specific
definitions or combine it with the term "risk". For example, one dictionary defines hazard as "a
danger or risk" which helps explain why many people use the terms interchangeably.

There are many definitions for hazard but the most common definition when talking about
workplace health and safety is
A hazard is any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or
someone.

The CSA Z1002 Standard "Occupational health and safety - Hazard identification and
elimination and risk assessment and control" uses the following terms:

    Harm - physical injury or damage to health

    Hazard - a potential source of harm to a worker

Basically, a hazard is the potential for harm or an adverse effect (for example, to people as health
effects, to organizations as property or equipment losses, or to the environment)

Sometimes the resulting harm is referred to as the hazard instead of the actual source of the
hazard. For example, the disease tuberculosis (TB) might be called a "hazard" by some but, in
general, the TB-causing bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) would be considered the
"hazard" or "hazardous biological agent."

What are examples of a hazard?

Workplace hazards can come from a wide range of sources. General examples include any
substance, material, process, practice, etc. that has the ability to cause harm or adverse health
effect to a person or property.

Workplace hazards also include practices or conditions that release uncontrolled energy like:

o   an object that could fall from a height (potential or gravitational energy),

o   a run-away chemical reaction (chemical energy),

o   the release of compressed gas or steam (pressure; high temperature),

o   entanglement of hair or clothing in rotating equipment (kinetic energy), or

o   contact with electrodes of a battery or capacitor (electrical energy).

What is risk?

Risk is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse health
effect if exposed to a hazard. It may also apply to situations with property or equipment loss, or
harmful effects on the environment.

 
The CSA Z1002 Standard "Occupational health and safety - Hazard identification and
elimination and risk assessment and control" uses the following terms:

    Risk – the combination of the likelihood of the occurrence of a harm and the severity of that
harm.

    Likelihood – the chance of something happening.

    Note: In risk assessment terminology, the word “likelihood” is used to refer to the chance of
something happening, whether defined, measured, or determined objectively or subjectively,
qualitatively, or quantitatively, and described using general terms or mathematically (e.g., a
probability or a frequency over a given time).

For example: the risk of developing cancer from smoking cigarettes could be expressed as:

    "cigarette smokers are 12 times (for example) more likely to die of lung cancer than non-
smokers", or

    "the number per 100,000 smokers who will develop lung cancer" (actual number depends on
factors such as their age and how many years they have been smoking). These risks are
expressed as a probability or likelihood of developing a disease or getting injured, whereas
hazard refers to the agent responsible (i.e., smoking).

Factors that influence the degree or likelihood of risk are:

o   the nature of the exposure: how much a person is exposed to a hazardous thing or condition
(e.g., several times a day or once a year),

o   how the person is exposed (e.g., breathing in a vapor, skin contact), and

o   the severity of the effect. For example, one substance may cause skin cancer, while another
may cause skin irritation. Cancer is a much more serious effect than irritation.

METHODS OF ASSESSING RISK AND HAZARD

Methods of assessing risk and hazard

Use a what-if analysis to identify threats and hazards.

-          What-if questions are asked about what could go wrong

and about what would happen if things do go wrong. This type of analysis is a brainstorming
activity and is carried out by people who have knowledge about the areas, operations, and
processes that may be exposed to hazardous events and conditions.
  Use a checklist of known threats and hazards to identify your threats and hazards. The value of
this type of analysis depends upon the quality of the checklist and the

    experience of the user.

-          Use a combination of checklists and what-if analysis toidentify your threats and
hazards. Checklists are used to ensure that all relevant what-if questions are asked and discussed,
and to encourage a creative approach to risk assessment.

-          Use a hazard and operability study (HAZOP) to identify you threats and hazards. If you
need to do a thorough analysis, this method is for you. However, it requires strong leadership.
and is costly and time consuming. It also assumes that you have a very knowledgeable
interdisciplinary team available t you, one with detailed knowledge about the areas, operations,  
and processes that may be exposed to hazardous events and conditions.

-          Use a failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) to identify potential failures and to figure
out what effect failures would have. This method begins by selecting a system for analysis and
then looks at each element within the system. It then tries to predict what would happen to the
system as a whole when each element fails. This method is often used to predict hardware
failures and is best suited for this purpose.

-          Use a fault tree analysis (FTA) to identify all the things that   could potentially cause a
hazardous event. It starts with a particular type of hazardous event and then tries to identify
every possible cause.

HAZARDS AND RISKS IN THE SPECIFIC INDUSTRY WHERE LEARNING WILL

TAKE  

Hazards and risks in the specific industry where learning will take place.

Hazard is a situation or thing that has the potential to harm a person. Examples given include
such things as working at heights, noise, mobile plan and even workplace bullying.

Risk is the possibility that harm (death, injury, or illness) might occur when exposed to the
hazard. Risk Control means taking action to eliminate health and safety risks so far as is
reasonably practicable, and if that is not possible, minimizing the risks so far as is reasonably
practicable. Eliminating a hazard will also eliminate any risks associated with that hazard.

By identifying the hazards, assessing the risks involved and then controlling or eliminating these
risks, the consequences and/or likelihood of illness, injury and death are reduced. However, risk
management does not stop here.

To truly benefit from this process, we should repeatedly review our data to proactively identify
trends and respond to change, allowing for continual improvements.
This review process can be completed either formally or informally, through consultation with
work colleagues, company management, external organizations, networks and even industry
bodies. Often these forums will prompt us to recognize different or additional hazards associated
with the task or existing proven control methods that can be implemented, again to help reduce
the risk associated with the hazard.

COMMON RISK CONTROL STRATEGIES APPLICABLE TO THE INDUSTRY

WHERE LEARNING AND/OR WILL TAKE PLACE

Common risk control strategies applicable to the industry where learning and/or will take
place.

Business risk comes in a variety of tangible and intangible forms over the course of the business
life cycle. Some risks occur during the ordinary course of corporate operations, while others are
due to extraordinary circumstances that are not easily identified. Regardless of a company's
business model, industry or level of earnings, business risks must be identified as a strategic
aspect of business planning.

Once risks are identified, companies take the appropriate steps to manage them to protect their
business assets. The most common types of risk management techniques include avoidance,
mitigation, transfer, and acceptance.

-          Avoidance of Risk

The easiest way for a business to manage its identified risk is to avoid it altogether. In its most
common form, avoidance takes place when a business refuses to engage in activities known or
perceived to carry a risk of any kind. For instance, a business could forgo purchasing a building
for a new retail location, as the risk of the venue not generating enough revenue to cover the cost
of the building is high.

Similarly, a hospital or small medical practice may avoid performing certain procedures known
to carry a high degree of risk to the well-being of patients. Although avoiding risk is a simple
method to manage potential threats to a business, the strategy also often results in lost revenue
potential.

-          Risk Mitigation

Businesses can also choose to manage risk through mitigation or reduction. Mitigating business
risk is meant to lessen any negative consequence or impact of specific, known risks, and is most
often used when those risks are unavoidable. For example, an automaker mitigates the risk of
recalling a certain model by performing research and a detailed analysis of the potential costs of
such a recall. If the capital required to pay buyers for losses incurred through a faulty vehicle is
less than the total cost of the recall, the automaker may choose to not issue a recall.
Similarly, software companies mitigate the risk of a new program not functioning correctly by
releasing the product in stages. The risk of capital waste can be reduced through this type of
strategy, but a degree of risk remains.

-          Transfer of Risk

In some instances, businesses choose to transfer risk away from the organization. Risk transfer
typically takes place by paying a premium to an insurance company in exchange for protection
against substantial financial loss. For example, property insurance can be used to protect a
company from the costs incurred when a building or other facility is damaged. Similarly,
professionals in the financial services industry can purchase errors and omissions insurance to
protect them from lawsuits brought by customers or clients claiming they received poor or
erroneous advice.

-          Risk Acceptance

Risk management can also be implemented through the acceptance of risk. Companies retain a
certain level of risk brought on by specific projects or expansion if the anticipated profit
generated from the activity is far greater than its potential risk. For example, pharmaceutical
companies often utilize risk retention or acceptance when developing a new drug. The cost of
research and development does not outweigh the potential for revenue generated from the sale of
the new drug, so the risk is deemed acceptable. (For related reading, see "5 Basic Methods for
Risk Management")

INDIVIDUAL/PERSONAL ROLE IN ASSESSING RISK IN LEARNING

ENVIRONMENT

Individual/personal role in assessing risk in learning environment.

Risk assessment is a term used to describe the overall process or method where you:

o   Identify hazards and risk factors that have the potential to cause harm (hazard identification).

o   Analyze and evaluate the risk associated with that hazard (risk analysis, and risk evaluation).

o   Determine appropriate ways to eliminate the hazard or control the risk when the hazard
cannot be eliminated (risk control).

A risk assessment is a thorough look at your workplace to identify those things, situations,
processes, etc. that may cause harm, particularly to people. After identification is made, you
analyze and evaluate how likely and severe the risk is. When this determination is made, you can
next, decide what measures should be in place to effectively eliminate or control the harm from
happening.
The CSA Standard Z1002 "Occupational health and safety - Hazard identification and
elimination and risk assessment and control" uses the following terms:

o   Risk assessment – the overall process of hazard identification, risk analysis, and risk
evaluation.

o   Hazard identification – the process of finding, listing, and characterizing hazards.

o   Risk analysis – a process for comprehending the nature of hazards and determining the level
of risk.

Notes:

(1) Risk analysis provides a basis for risk evaluation and decisions about risk control.

(2) Information can include current and historical data, theoretical analysis, informed opinions,
and the concerns of stakeholders.

(3) Risk analysis includes risk estimation.

Risk evaluation – the process of comparing an estimated risk against given risk criteria to
determine the significance of the risk.

Risk control – actions implementing risk evaluation decisions.

RISK AND HAZARDS HIERARCHAL ORDER

Risk and hazards hierarchal order

When controlling risks, there is a hierarchy of risk control which should be followed:

o   Elimination

o   Substitution

o   Engineering controls

o   Reduced or limited exposure.

o   Good housekeeping

o   Safe systems of work

o   Training and information

o   Personal protective equipment (PPE)

o   Welfare

o   Monitoring and supervision

o   Reviews

This is often simplified into a 5-tier system:

o   Elimination

o   Substitution

o   Engineering Controls

o   Administrative Controls

o   PPE

POTENTIAL INJURY, AILMENT AND SEVERITY AS A RESULTS OF IDENTIFIED

RISK/HAZARDS

Potential injury, ailment, and severity as a result of identified risk/hazards

Every workplace has hazards. As an employer, you have a legal responsibility to look after your
employees’ safety and protect them against health and safety hazards at work.

In order to manage workplace health and safety and help prevent accidents and sickness absence,
it’s important to identify, monitor and reduce the risk associated with workplace hazards.

o   What are workplace hazards?

workplace hazards are any aspect of work that cause health and safety risks and have the
potential to harm.

Some hazards are more likely to be present in some workplaces than others, and depending on
the work that you do, there will be hazards that are relevant to your business.

o   What are the most common workplace hazards?

There are many types of workplace hazards, which tend to come under four main categories:
·         physical hazards – the most common workplace hazards, including vibration, noise and
slips, trips and falls.

·         ergonomic hazards – physical factors that harm the musculoskeletal system, such as
repetitive movement, manual handling and poor body positioning.

·         chemical hazards – any hazardous substance that can cause harm to your employees;

·         biological hazards – bacteria and viruses that can cause health effects, such as hepatitis,
HIV/AIDS and Legionnaire’s disease.

o   Common health risks

Some of the most common health risks associated with workplace hazards include:

    - breathing problems.

    - skin irritation.

    - damage to muscles, bones and joints.

    - hearing damage.

    - reduced wellbeing. 

Risk control and hierarchy

When controlling risks, there is a hierarchy of risk control which should be followed:

o   Elimination

o   Substitution

o   Engineering controls

o   Reduced or limited exposure.

o   Good housekeeping

o   Safe systems of work

o   Training and information

o   Personal protective equipment (PPE)

o   Welfare
o   Monitoring and supervision

o   Reviews

This is often simplified into a 5-tier system:

o   Elimination

o   Substitution

o   Engineering Controls

o   Administrative Controls

o   PPE

RISK CONTROL ACTION PLAN

Risk control action plan

A risk action plan is the course of action which an organization agrees upon to help them to
address potential risks, reduce the likelihood of these risks occurring and to lessen the impact of
these risks if they do occur. A plan is created to ensure that the right actions are carried out in a
timely manner. A plan also provides a go-to guide, in case the “unexpected” happens.

Risk action plan – word cloud

What is a Risk action plan like?

A risk action plan is like a plan for a camping trip. If you are going to go out into the wild, you
need to make sure that you take a sturdy tent to protect you from the weather, extra food in case
you are out for longer than you expect, a spare set of clothes, in case it rains and a penknife in
case you need some tools. You should also always take a map and a compass, amongst other
things. It would be silly to set off on an adventure without making a proper plan and collecting
all of these things to help you to prepare for what is ahead. A risk action plan prepares you to set
off on a business adventure by helping you to put some contingency strategies in to place.

What is the purpose of a Risk action plan?

A risk action plan helps to prepare you to face potential risks which may occur as part of a
business scenario and helps you to tackle any problems with may occur. A risk action plan will
provide you with strategies which are appropriate dependent on the levels of risk which your
organization faces.
What are the different types of Risk action plans?

Risk Avoidance Plans – These plans include measures which aim to completely avoid the risks
in question by preventing them from happening.

Risk Reduction Plans – These plans include measures which reduce the likelihood of a risk
occurring or reduce the effects of a risk if it does occur.

PROCEDURES IN FORMULATING RISK ACTION PLAN

Procedures in formulating risk action plan

For a risk management action plan to be effective, it should contain specifics. These specifics
include identifying risks upfront, analyzing how risks will affect a project, potential risk
planning, and monitoring risk. Monitoring risk is performed by controls set within the risk
management plan that deal with potential risk.

A risk management plan should also include specific roles and responsibilities of the project
manager, team members, and stakeholders. If projects include the need for IT personnel, IT
members should be identified as well.

Risk management plans should be reviewed from time to time to ensure the controls you set are
working. When updating any risk management plan, use prior project life cycles for examples.
What worked on the project and what failed? Identify true risks that had an impact on prior
projects. Set levels for each risk from low to high to acceptable risks. An example of a high risk
might be the quality of your IT department. If it fails to perform consistently, this can be a
devastating risk. An example of a low risk does not mean it will affect the outcome of a project.
Remember that once a risk is triggered, whether it is low or high or acceptable, it becomes a risk
issue. Acceptable risks should not be ignored but instead, analyzed for future projects by
identifying how the risk was triggered and how it was resolved.

Good risk management plans go hand in hand with project planning and should be systematic in
nature. Risk will only be improved by discovering it and dealing with it. Once you discover and
assess risk, how you control potential risks is key in your overall plan.

All risk management processes follow the same basic steps, although sometimes different jargon
is used to describe these steps. Together these 5 risk management process steps combine to
deliver a simple and effective risk management process.

Step 1: Identify the Risk. You and your team uncover, recognize, and describe risks that might
affect your project or its outcomes. There are a number of techniques you can use to find project
risks. During this step you start to prepare your Project Risk Register.
Step 2: Analyze the risk. Once risks are identified you determine the likelihood and consequence
of each risk. You develop an understanding of the nature of the risk and its potential to affect
project goals and objectives. This information is also input to your Project Risk Register.

Step 3: Evaluate or Rank the Risk. You evaluate or rank the risk by determining the risk
magnitude, which is the combination of likelihood and consequence. You make decisions about
whether the risk is acceptable or whether it is serious enough to warrant treatment. These risk
rankings are also added to your Project Risk Register.

Step 4: Treat the Risk. This is also referred to as Risk Response Planning. During this step you
assess your highest ranked risks and set out a plan to treat or modify these risks to achieve
acceptable risk levels. How can you minimize the probability of the negative risks as well as
enhancing the opportunities? You create risk mitigation strategies, preventive plans and
contingency plans in this step. And you add the risk treatment measures for the highest ranking
or most serious risks to your Project Risk Register.

Step 5: Monitor and Review the risk. This is the step where you take your Project Risk Register
and use it to monitor, track and review risks.

Risk is about uncertainty. If you put a framework around that uncertainty, then you effectively
de-risk your project. And that means you can move much more confidently to achieve your
project goals. By identifying and managing a comprehensive list of project risks, unpleasant
surprises and barriers can be reduced and golden opportunities discovered. The risk management
process also helps to resolve problems when they occur, because those problems have been
envisaged, and plans to treat them have already been developed and agreed. You avoid impulsive
reactions and going into “fire-fighting” mode to rectify problems that could have been
anticipated. This makes for happier, less stressed project teams and stakeholders. The end result
is that you minimize the impacts of project threats and capture the opportunities that occur.

RISK CONTROL RESPONSIBILITIES OF TRAINER/FACILITATORS

Risk control responsibilities of trainer/facilitators

Unless training or assessment is one on one, it can be difficult or impossible to supervise all
learners all the time. But where direct supervision is appropriate and can be carried out, it can
help to:

-          monitor learner behavior and activity

-          note behavior that has the potential to threaten the health and safety of learners or others

-          allow precautions to be taken against threatening or hazardous behavior or activities

-          guide learners in non-hazardous behavior or activities

-          make sure work practices are being carried out safely

-          make sure the required PPE is worn

-          allow fast and appropriate action to prevent or control any damage, accidents or incidents
that do occur

-          allow assistance to be provided in the event of an emergency.

The supervision provided should be tailored to the training or assessment activity and the
learners involved.

For example, if a training or assessment activity involved:

o   written work in a training room, the risk of damage, accidents or incidents is generally low, so
little supervision would usually be necessary.

o   use of a band saw by inexperienced learners, the potential for major injury could be very high,
so close and constant supervision would be necessary.

o   a group of learners with intellectual disabilities who have a history of erratic and
unpredictable behavior, constant supervision may be necessary to protect other learners or
safeguard equipment.

STANDARDS FOR DETERMINING RISK CONTROL BEST PRACTICES

Standards for determining risk control best practices.

1. Involve Stakeholders

In order to effectively manage risk, you should involve the stakeholders every step of the way,
beginning with the initial Risk Assessment. Stakeholders can include people such as managers,
clients, employees, shareholders, unions, etc. Many of these individuals may be key personnel
and are key to your Risk Management processes. Each of these individuals represent different
roles and responsibilities within your organization, thus giving you a holistic representation of all
of the aspects of your business and each risk that comes along with it. Encourage stakeholders to
help improve the continuous risk process by getting them involved in answering the question,
“What keeps you up at night?”

2. Tone from the Top

An important step in any successful Risk Management program is creating a strong risk culture.
Risk culture is defined as the values, beliefs, and attitudes about risks by a common group of
people. It is the responsibility of management and the board of directors to clearly communicate
the company’s culture and set the tone for compliance from the top. Management buy-in is
critical to ensure that the importance of risk awareness is emanated throughout the entire
organization. What is your company’s risk culture?

3. Communication

Communicating risks throughout your organization is another important aspect of Risk

Management. Key risks, or risks that would have a high organizational impact, are identified,
and monitored by all departments. Any new risks are identified, assessed, and mitigated
properly. You must create awareness of risks through communication to your entire organization.

4. Clear Risk Management Policies

Is your Risk Assessment policy clearly documented? Are the roles and responsibilities clearly
defined? Are there clear policies and procedures defining mitigation of all identified risks? Do
you have a Business Continuity Plan and an Incident Response Plan in place that map out how
your organization will handle and overcome any unforeseen risks? Are these policies
communicated effectively to all employees? Having these clear policies developed will help you
identify all potential risks that could affect your business, the likelihood and impact of those
risks, how you plan to mitigate and prevent those risks, and how you will monitor for and
manage and new risks.

5. Continuous Monitoring

In order to manage your risks, you must first know what your risks are. Assuming you have
already performed your initial risk assessment and have put the proper controls in place to
mitigate and address these risks, the next crucial step is monitoring. Clear monitoring processes
must be established to ensure that any and all risk mitigation efforts are working and effective.
This is a crucial aspect of any Risk Management process

MONITORING LEARNERS/CANDIDATES KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS LEVEL OR

EXPERIENCE

Monitoring learners/candidate’s knowledge and skills level or experience

Monitoring enables:

o   the teacher to understand what it is that a student is actually learning.

o   the student to receive feedback that can enhance their learning.

o   the teacher to address gaps in understanding and plan further learning.

To be able to monitor progress, teachers and students should be able to answer these questions.
o   What is the important learning?

o   Why is the learning relevant or meaningful?

o   What performance and understanding is required?

o   What do effective learning strategies look like?

What is the important learning?

-          Home economics:

-          Physical education:

    Through adventure-based learning (ABL) activities we are developing the interpersonal skills
that our group will need to achieve its goals. The knowledge we are developing about teamwork
and leadership builds on our earlier learning about interpersonal skills and will help us as we
work towards taking action. By learning about leadership in physical education, we will better
understand the concept in subjects like history or English. Also, we can transfer our knowledge
and understanding across to our participation in sport teams, social activities, the workplace – in
fact, to all areas of life.

-          Health education:

    We are analyzing a music video. We are learning how to use a critical thinking process to
recognize messages about gender roles and sexuality. Learning about critical thinking will help
us understand situations from different perspectives, enabling us to make informed decisions.

Learning can be relevant because of how it links to previous and future learning.

Examples

-          Beyond-subject relevance

Learning can be relevant because it is useful in other subjects or life outside school.

Consider indicators such as these:

o   The student is able to respond to teacher or peer questioning and challenge.

o   The student seeks peer feedback and submits draft work for interim assessment and feedback.

o   The student successfully applies the skills and knowledge they are learning in different
situations (for example, in assignments, test situations, real life).
o   The student recognizes quality understanding and performance, and self-corrects errors.

o   The student can explain or teach what they have learned to another person.

What do effective learning strategies look like?

These are the strategies that effective learners use when they don’t know what to do.

Effective learners:

o   identify what is working and what is not, describe what they know and where they are stuck
(for example, by using success criteria)

o   refer to models, success criteria, and/or notes to try and solve issues independently

o   read journal articles, reliable internet sources, media reports, research, and text books; talk to
experts, canvas different people for their perspectives

o   seek and use feedback from teacher or peers.

PURPOSE OF OHS

Purpose of OHS

The Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Act 2004 includes a series of regulations for helping
to identify hazards, perform risk assessments, and minimize the potential injury on worksites.
Besides protecting workers, the laws also protect all other people who may be affected by the
work, including:

o   Students

o   Trainees

o   Contractors

o   Subcontractors

o   Volunteers

o   Bystanders

o   Customers

 
The act includes responsibilities handled by employers and designated employees. In some cases,
OHS and WHS training courses are required before employees can work in certain settings, such
as working from heights or in enclosed spaces.

OHS APPROACHES

    Occupational health and safety

The approaches in the strategy framework are the tools available to help the system achieve our
vision, goals,and priorities. These approaches are not new. However, the strategy envisions a
different and more effective way of using these tools. This involves two key changes.

    All system partners must align their work to help achieve common goals. Organizations that
have unique expertise will be able to capitalize on each other’s strengths, learn from one another
and have greater impact.

    The system partners will need to be more thoughtful about how they use available tools.
Different tools are appropriate in different settings and for different goals. For example, training
may be the best way to ensure compliance in some workplaces, while enforcement may be the
best approach in others.

Some approaches and tools include:

    Legislation and regulations: The Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA) and its
regulations establish the legal requirements for occupational health and safety in workplaces
under provincial jurisdiction. These requirements provide the clearest and strongest direction to
workplace parties on occupational health and safety practices and procedures. However,
stakeholders say the regulations need to be clearer, more consistent, workplace relevant and
easier for all to understand. 

    Education and training: These are essential to preparing workplace parties to adopt
occupational health and safety practices and to respond to many occupational health and safety
issues and hazards. Many different organizations provide education and training, including the
six provincially designated Health and Safety Associations. The province is actively
implementing the recommendations of the Expert Advisory Panel on Occupational Health and
Safety (2010) to clarify and standardize training requirements. We need rigorous standards to
ensure training programs effectively prepare workers to be healthy and safe on the job.

    Advisory services: These are available to help workplace parties comply with legal
requirements and go beyond compliance to achieve occupational health and safety excellence.
The same organizations that deliver education and training services often provide advisory
services.
    Programs and motivators: These can be used to move workplaces beyond compliance by
encouraging excellence in occupational health and safety. The motivators can be financial or
non-financial. They can be rewards or penalties. Ontario and other jurisdictions currently use a
wide variety of programs to motivate better occupational health and safety performance.

    Awareness: This is the first step in building positive occupational health and safety practices.
Without awareness, workers, supervisors, and employers are not able to act effectively to ensure
workers are healthy and safe.

Research and data management: These allow exploration of new, innovative, and practical ways
to improve occupational health and safety practices and outcomes. Ontario’s strong occupational
health and safety research community has helped the system partners understand both the causes
of workplace injuries and illnesses and the ways to improve health and safety in the workplace.

To improve the system, discussions will focus on how to resource each of the tools in the
occupational health and safety toolbox and how to use them more effectively as part of
integrated, collaborative service delivery.

OHS REQUIREMENTS

OHS requirement.

These OHS requirements are applicable for all suppliers.

General Supplier OHS requirement

Specific OHS Requirements

In addition to the OHS Standards, these Specific OHS Standards are mandatory for Suppliers of
Construction, Field Maintenance and Network Roll-Out Services, and for all other Suppliers for
which this document is contractually binding. The Standards are recommended for all other
suppliers.

Specific Supplier OHS requirements

OHS Operational Standards

Where applicable, the Suppliers OHS Management System shall as a minimum requirement
meet or exceed the standards of OHS Operational standards listed below.

o   Chemical handling

o   Climbing and working at heights.

o   Construction and civil work management

o   Driver and vehicle safety

o   Environmental and Occupational Noise

o   Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields

o   Fire prevention

o   Lone working

o   Manual Handling

o   Personal Protective Equipment

o   Working with electricity.

TYPE OF PPE AND APPLICATIONS

Type of PPE and applications

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is clothing and equipment worn by employees, students,
contractors, or visitors to protect or shield their bodies from workplace hazards.

Section 19 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984 sets out the obligation of an
employer 'where it is not practicable to avoid the presence of hazards at the workplace, [to]
provide the employees with, or otherwise provide for the employees to have, such adequate
personal protective clothing and equipment as is practicable to protect them against those
hazards, without any cost to the employees'.

Ø Types of personal protective equipment

PPE can be considered in the following categories, based on the type of protection afforded by
the equipment:

-          Respiratory protection - for example, disposable, cartridge, airline, half or full face

-          Eye protection – for example, spectacles/goggles, shields, visors

-          Hearing protection – for example, ear muffs and plugs

-          Hand protection – for example, gloves and barrier creams

-          Foot protection – for example, shoes/boots

-          Head protection – for example, helmets, caps, hoods, hats

-          Working from heights - for example, harness and fall arrest devices

-          Skin protection – for example, hats, sunburn cream, long sleeved clothes

    Other personal protective equipment: This may include PPE for specific tasks such disposable
clothing for working with chemicals, radiation hazards, welding, painting. Examples include lead
aprons for x-ray protection; sleeve protectors, aprons, coveralls when using chemicals; leather
jackets, trousers and spats for welding; thermal and cold protective clothing for work near
furnaces and cool rooms.

Management must ensure that:

o   the needs for PPE are assessed by a person who is competent to judge whether other methods
of risk control can offer better protection of safety and health than the provision of PPE.

o   professional advice is obtained, where necessary, to identify the most suitable types of PPE
for the tasks to be carried out.

o   training is provided to supervisors and employees to enable them to ensure the proper
selection, fit, use, cleaning and maintenance of PPE

o   supervision and enforcement of the PPE policy is undertaken.

o   evaluation of the effectiveness of the PPE program is carried out on a regular basis.

o   suitable PPE is provided for visitors who may be exposed to hazards in the workplace. At
UWA this includes students where appropriate. Equipment shall be properly cleaned before re-
issue.

o   all equipment complies with current relevant Australian Standards and should be stamped or
labelled with an AS compliance marking. Existing PPE shall be re-assessed regularly to ensure
compliance.

 HAZARDS AND ACCIDENT REPORTING PROCEDURES

 

Hazards and accident reporting procedures

Hazard and Incident Reporting Procedure is designed to:

·         Identify potential hazards to the health and safety of staff, students and visitors UNSW
campuses
·         Encourage early reporting and corrective actions.

·         Reduce the number of incidents arising from UNSW activities.        

Hazard is a situation or thing that has the potential to cause harm to people, property or the
environment.

ORGANIZATIONAL OHS DOCUMENTATIONS

Organizational OHS documentation

An occupational health and safety (OHS) management system encompasses more than just your
health and safety program. It includes health and safety policies, systems, standards, and records,
and involves incorporating your health and safety activities and program into your other business
processes. Having an effective management system improves your ability to continuously
identify hazards and control risks in your workplace.

Consult with your certifying partner on how your health and safety program can be a part of your
health and safety management system.

Components of an effective OHS management system.

These following elements are components of an effective OHS management system. The scope
and complexity of the system may vary, depending on the size and hazards of your workplace
and the nature of the work performed.

Management leadership and commitment

Leadership and commitment by senior management (the CEO or most senior management)
provides the vision, establishes policy, sets goals, and provides resources to lead and support the
implementation of your OHS management programs and system.

Safe work procedures and written instructions

Safe work procedures and practices ensure that everyone in the organization knows their
responsibilities and can perform their duties effectively. There should be safe work procedures
on an organizational level, such as how to conduct a risk assessment, as well as on a worker
level, such as how to lock out properly.

Health and safety training and instruction

Everyone in the workplace ─ from senior management to frontline workers ─ needs to

understand their responsibilities when it comes to implementing and maintaining a healthy and
safe workplace. Senior management should understand their role in establishing policies and
continually driving the OHS management system and programs. Employers must ensure that
workers are trained, qualified, and competent to perform their tasks. Supervisors must provide
adequate instruction and oversight to workers so they can safely perform their work. And
workers need to work safely, according to how they were trained.

Identifying hazards and managing risk

Managing the risk in your workplace includes identifying hazards, assessing the risks those
hazards present, and controlling the risks to prevent your workers from getting injured.

Inspection of premises, equipment, workplaces & work practices

Workplace inspections can help you to continually identify hazards and prevent unsafe working
conditions from developing.

Investigation of incidents

Conducting incident investigations helps identify immediate, and root causes of unsafe
conditions. It also identifies ways to prevent similar incidents from happening in the future. The
Occupational Health and Safety Regulation has specific requirements for incident investigation
documentation and reporting that employers are required to meet.

Program administration

Regularly assessing how well your organization is doing when it comes to meeting its health and
safety goals is essential to improving your OHS management system. Maintaining accurate
records of your OHS management system activities will provide useful information to help you
continually improve.

Joint health and safety committee & representatives

Joint health and safety committees and health and safety representatives assist the organization
by bringing together employers and workers to jointly identify and resolve health and safety
issues in your workplace. They also participate in developing and implementing your OHS
management system.

Occupational health and safety programs

Occupational health and safety programs are an essential part of your OHS management system.

System audit

The COR auditor reviews key aspects of your OHS management system to ensure that its quality
and effectiveness meet the expectations of the COR program standards and guidelines. This
helps maintain the credibility and value of COR certifications.
Risk control monitoring

Project risk control and risk monitoring is where you keep track of about how your risk
responses are performing against the plan as well as the place where new risks to the project are
managed.

You must remember that risks can have negative and positive impacts. Positive risk is a risk
taken by the project because its potential benefits outweigh the traditional approach, and
a negative risk is one that could negatively influence the cost of the project or its schedule.

The purpose of project risk control is to:

– Identify the events that can have a direct effect in the project deliverables

– Assign qualitative and quantitative weight—the probability and consequences  

   of those events that might affect the project deliverables

– Produce alternate paths of execution for events that are out of your control or

  cannot be mitigated.

– Implement a continuous process for identifying, qualifying, quantifying, and

  responding to new risks

The main goals to risk monitoring and control

– To confirm risk responses are implemented as planned

– To determine if risk responses are effective or if new responses are needed

– To determine the validity of the project assumptions

– To determine if risk exposure has changed, evolved, or declined due to trends in the project
progression

– To confirm policies and procedures happen as planned

– To monitor the project for new risks

– To monitor risk triggers

Risk triggers are those events that will cause the threat of a risk to become a reality. For example,
you have identified the fact that you only have one pump set available and the replacement takes
six weeks to arrive. In the middle of your irrigation and recycling process tests, you discover that
water pressure tends to fluctuate beyond pump tolerance levels. If you do not find a way to solve
this problem, your risk will become a reality.

Make sure that for each identified risk, you must provide a response plan. It is not much help to
you if the risk becomes a reality or issue and you do not have an alternate execution path or some
other emergency procurement plan.

Main inputs to effectively monitor and control risks:

– Risk management plan

– Risk Register / Risk Tracker

– Risk response plan

– Project communications

– New risk identification

– Scope changes

Outputs of Risk Monitoring and Risk Control:

– Workaround plans

– Corrective / Preventive actions

– Change requests

– Risk response plan updates

– Risk database

– Checklist updates

Prepared by:

VINCENT GEFORD A. ELBANCOL

May 30,2021