Traditional African music has an interlocking structural format with overlapping and dense textures. It influenced many Latin American genres like salsa, samba, and zouk through the slave trade. These genres combine elements of indigenous Latin American music, African rhythms and percussion, and European melodies and instruments. Vocal forms in Africa like blues, soul, and spirituals developed from the interaction of African and American music and religion. Call and response and verse-chorus structures are common features.
Traditional African music has an interlocking structural format with overlapping and dense textures. It influenced many Latin American genres like salsa, samba, and zouk through the slave trade. These genres combine elements of indigenous Latin American music, African rhythms and percussion, and European melodies and instruments. Vocal forms in Africa like blues, soul, and spirituals developed from the interaction of African and American music and religion. Call and response and verse-chorus structures are common features.
Traditional African music has an interlocking structural format with overlapping and dense textures. It influenced many Latin American genres like salsa, samba, and zouk through the slave trade. These genres combine elements of indigenous Latin American music, African rhythms and percussion, and European melodies and instruments. Vocal forms in Africa like blues, soul, and spirituals developed from the interaction of African and American music and religion. Call and response and verse-chorus structures are common features.
Basically, African music has interlocking Music structural format. It is mainly overlapping and ● Reggae has dense texture as well as its rhythmic It is a Jamaican musical style that was complexity. influenced by the island’s traditional mento Styles & Genres: music. ● Afrobeat It is used to describe fusion of Western African with ● Salsa Black American It is dance music from Cuba, Puerto Rico, and music. Colombia. It is composed of various genres ● Apala (Akpala) including the Cuban son montuno, guaracha, It is a musical genre from Nigeria in the Yoruba tribal chachacha, mambo, and bolero. style. It used to wake-up worshippers after fasting during Muslim holy feast of Ramadan. ● Samba ● Axe It is a Brazilian musical genre and style. Its It is a popular genre from Salvador, Bahia, and Brazil. It roots can be traced to Africa via the West fuses the Afro-Caribbean styles of marcha and reggae, African slave trade and African religious and is played by carnival bands. ● Jit tradition particularly in Angola and the Congo. It is a hard and fast percussive Zimbabwean dance music It has a basic underlying rhythm that typifies played on drums with guitar accompaniment, influenced most Brazilian music. by mbira-based guitar styles. ● Soca ● Jive It is also called the “soul of calypso”. It It is a popular form of South African music featuring a lively and originated as fusion of calypo with Indian uninhibited variation of the jitterbug. Jitter is a form of rhythms, thus combining the musical swing dance. traditions of the two major ethnic groups of ● Juju Trinidad and Tobago. It is a musical style from Nigeria that relies on the traditional Yoruba rhythms, where instruments are more ● Were Western in origin. It is a Muslim music often performed as a ● Kwassa kwassa wake-up call for the early It is a dance style that began in Zaire in the late 1980s, breakfast and prayers during Ramadan popularized by Kanda Bongo Man. In this style, the hips celebrations. move back and forth while arms follow the hip movements. ● Zouk ● Marbi It is a carnival-like rhythm, from the creole It is South African three-chord township music of the slang word for “party”. It originated in the 1930s-1960s which evolved into African jazz. It is Caribbean Islands of Guadeloupe and characterized by simple chords in varying vamping patterns with repetitive harmony over an extended Martinique and popularized in the 1980s. It has period of time to give the dancers more time on the pulsing beat supplied by the gwo ka and dance floor. tambour bele drums, a tibwa rhythmic pattern played on the rim of snare drum, a rhythm guitar, a horn section, and keyboard synthesizers.
Vocal Form of African Music Music of Latin America ● Maracatu It first surfaced in the African state of Pernambuco, combining the strong rhythm of African percussion instruments with Portuguese melodies. The maracatu group called nacoes (nations) who parade with a drumming assemble numbering up to 100, are accompanied by singer, a chorus, and coterie of dancers. ● Blues The blues is a musical form of the late 19th century that had deep roots in African-American ● Influences on Latin American Music communities, located in the so called “Deep South” of ● Indigenous Latin American Music the United States, where the slaves and their descendants used to sing as they worked in the cotton It was largely functional in nature, being used for and vegetable fields. The notes of the blues create an religious worship and ceremonies. The use of expressive and soulful sound. The feelings that are instruments, as well as singing and dancing, evoked are normally associated with misfortune, lost served to implore the gods for a good harvest or love, frustration, or loneliness. victory in battle, to guard against sickness and ● Soul natural disasters, and of course to provide It was a popular music genre of the 1950s and 1960s. recreation. It originated in the United States, and combined ● Afro-Latin American Music elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, and often jazz. The catchy rhythm is The rich and varied rhythmic patterns produced by accompanied by drums and various percussion instruments are handclaps and extemporaneous body moves which are noticeable in this music. Complex layering of among its important features. rhythmic pattern was favorite device, where ● Spiritual fast-paced tempo adds to the rhythmic density. It is associated with a deeply religious person. It ● Euro-Latin American Music pertains to a song form, known as the “Negro The different regions of Latin American adopted Spiritual” sang by the African slaves in America who various characteristics from European colonizers. became enslaved by their white communities. This The melodies of renaissance period were used in form of music is used as outlet to express loneliness and anger. It was a result Southern Chile and the Colombian Pacific coasts, of the interaction of while stepwise melodies music and religion from Africa with that of American. were preferred in the heavily Hispanic and ● Call and Response Moorish influenced areas of Venezuela and It is a method of a succession of two distinct musical Colombia. phrases usually rendered by different musicians, ● Mixed American Music where the second phrase acts as a direct commentary The diversity of races and cultures from the native on or response to the first. It is somewhat same with question and answer sequences in human Americans, Afro-Latin Americans and Euro-Latin communication. It also resembles to the verse-chorus Americans account the rich form in many vocal compositions. combination of musical elements. This musical fusion, combining native instruments with European counterparts and musical theories, was further enriched by the instruments brought by the African slaves.
.Vocal and Dance Form of Latin
American Music 1. Cumbia - It consists of varying rhythmic ● Popular Latin American Music meters in different locations, two four time Latin American has produced several musical signatures in Colombia, two four, four four, genres and forms that had been influenced by and six eight time signatures in Panama, and European folk music, African traditional music, two two time signatures in Mexico. and native sources. Much of its popular music 2. Tango - The word “tango” has been of has in turn found its way to America, Europe, Africanorigin, meaning “African dance” or and eventually the rest of the world. Its from the Spanish word taner meaning “to danceable play” an instrument. rhythms, passionate melodies, and exotic 3. Chacha - It is a ballroom dance originated harmonies continue to enthrall music and dance in Cuba. It was derived from the mambo and enthusiasts worldwide. its characteristics rhythm of 2 crochets 3 quavers quaver rest, with a syncopation on the fourth beat. 1. Samba 4. Rumba - It is a popular recreational dance It is a dance form of African origin of Afro-Cuban origin, performed in a complex which evolved into an duple meter pattern and tresillo, which is a African -Brazilian favorite in the dotted quaver dotted quaver dotted working class and slum districts of Rio semiquaver rhythm. de Janeiro. Its lively rhythm consists of 5. Bossa nova - It originated in the late 1950s two four-time signature that are when a slower, gentler version of the classic danced as three steps per measure, thus Cuban samba became popular with the upper- creating a feeling of three and middle-class sectors of Brazilian society. four-time signature. 6. Reggae - It is an urban popular music and dance style that originated in Jamaica in the 2. Son mid-1960s. It contained English texts coupled It is a fusion of the popular music or with Creole expressions that were not so canciones (songs) of Spain, familiar to the non-Jamaican. the African rumba rhythms of Bantu 7. Foxtrot - The foxtrot is a 20th century origin. social dance that originated after 1910 in the 3. Salsa USA. It was executed as one step, two step and syncopated rhythmic pattern. The tempo It is a social dance with marked varied from 30 to 40 bars per minute and had influences from Cuba and Puerto a simple duple meter with regular 4-bar Rico started in New York in the mid phrases. 1970s. The moderate tempo is 8. Paso Doble - It means double step. It is a used throughout. theatrical Spanish dance used by Spaniards in bullfights. The music was played as the matador (a bullfighter whose task is to kill the bull) enters (paseo); and also, during passes just before the kill (faena). The music used is in the duple meter and march-like character. Jazz Music opular Music P The development of the jazz genre was an offshoot ‘Music of the populace”, similar to traditional of the music of African slaves who were brought to music of the past. In the 20th century, pop America. As an outlet for their deepest feelings, the music (as it has come to be called) Africans used music to recall their nostalgic past in their home country as well as to voice out their generally consisted of music for entertainment sentiments on their desperate condition as slaves in of a large number of people, whether on radio America. or in live performances. 1. Ragtime - It is a popular American music style Folk Music Traditionally, folk music pertains to mainly for piano. It originated in the Afro-American melodies and songs of the common people communities of St. Louis and New Orleans. It was handed down one generation to the next. Folk said to be a modification of the “marching mode” music commonly expresses the character of made popular by John Philip Sousa, where the ethnic and social groups, and sometimes of a effect is generated by an internally syncopated nation. melodic line pitted against a rhythmically Country and Western Music It is the straightforward bass line. 2. Big Band - It refers to a large ensemble combination of popular musical originated in the United States in forms originally found in the southern United the mid 1920s closely associated with the Swing Era States. The terminology “country music” began and its jazz to be used in the 1940s when the earlier term “ elements. The style relied heavily on percussion hillbilly music” was felt to be degrading, and (drums), wind, rhythm the term was subsequently embraced in the (guitar, piano, double bass, vibes), and brass 1970s. instruments (specifically Ballads saxophones), with a lyrical string section (violins It is about expressive folk song in narrative and other string instruments) to accompany a lyrical melody. verse with text dealing typically with love. 3. Bebop - Bebop or bop is a musical style of 1. Blues Ballads It often deals with modern jazz that emerged anti-heroes resisting authority and during World War II. It was recognized by its emphasizes the character of the tempo, instrument virtuosity, and improvisation. performance more than narrative The speed of the harmony, melody, and content as accompanied by banjo or rhythm resulted to heavy performance where the guitar. instrument sound more intense and freer. 2. Pop Standard and Jazz Ballads It 4. Jazz Rock - It is the music of 1960s and 1970s is a blues style built from single bands that inserted jazz elements into rock music. A synonym for “Jazz fusion”, jazz rock is a mix of funk verse of 16 bars ending the dominant and R&B (rhythm and blues) where the music used of half-cadence, followed by a amplification and electronic effects, complex time refrain or chorus part of 16 or 32 bars signature, and extended instrumental compositions in AABA form. The B section acts with lengthy improvisations in the jazz style. as the bridge, and the piece usually ends with a brief coda or the tail a few additional lyrics that bring the song to a close 3. Pop and Rock Ballads It is categorized as an emotional love song with suggestions of folk music. Standards It is used to denote the most popular and enduring songs from a particular genre or Classical Musical Made Popular styles. Rock and Roll In the 20th century the composers expanded It was a greatly popular song from the United the genres of classical music with bold or States during the late 1940s to the 1960s. It daring new styles, such as minimalism, chance combined the Afro-American forms such as the music, and avant-garde music. blues, jump blues, jazz, and gospel music with Western swing and country music. Disco Crossover Performance: Classical and Pop Disco music pertained to rock music that was Number of classical musicians have begun to more danceable. The disco style had a soaring render “crossover”performances, in which and reverberating sound rhythmically they combine classical compositions with jazz, controlled by a steady beat for ease of dancing, rock,and folk music in the same concert or and accompanied by stringed, horns, recording. electric guitars, and electric pianos or synthesizers. Philippine Popular Music Pop Music Original Pilipino Music (OPM) Like disco era, other pop music superstars It pertains to the Philippine pop song, continued to emerge particularly ballads, such as including pop superstars like Celine Dion, those popular after the fading of its Madonna, Michael Jackson (The predecessor, the Manila Sound, in the Eyed Peas, K-pop groups, etc. late 1970s. 1980s and 1990s are regarded as the golden Hip Hop and Rap era of Philippine ballads. Among the classics The musical style is a highly rhythmic type of that emerged were those created by Ryan music that usually Cayabyab, George Canseco, Willie Cruz, Jose includes rap (rhythmic chanted words). In Marie Chan, and Gary Valenciano. In the rapping, the artist performs along Philippines there are compositions that made within the instruments or the synthesizer beat. use of Western-type melody and harmony, while expressing uniquely Filipino emotions Alternative Music in moving poetic lyrics. It is an underground and independent form of music that arose in the 1980s. It was recognized as unconventional practices such as distorted guitar sounds, oppressive lyrics, and defiant attitudes.