Design and Analysis of IoT based Air Quality Monitoring

System
PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, KAKINADA

In Partial Fulfillment for the Award Degree Of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY

G. Himachandana 17NE1A0445

CH. Akhila 17NE1A0429

G. Anusha 17NE1A0453

G. Gopinadh 17NE1A0448

Under the guidance of

G. Mallikarjuna Rao. M.tech

TIRUMALA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Affiliated to JNTU Kakinada; Approved by AICTE New Delhi) Accredited by

NAAC with A Grade and NBA. NARASARAOPET - 522601, ANDHRA
PRADESH.
2020– 2021
 TIRUMALA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Department of Electronics and communication Engineering

Certificate
This is to certify that this project report entitled of Design and
Analysis of IoT Based Air Quality Monitoring System
is being submitted by

G. Himachandana 17NE1A0445

CH. Akhila 17NE1A0429

G. Anusha 17NE1A0453

G. Gopinadh 17NE1A0448

Of IV B. Tech II semester Electronics and Communication

Engineering department 2020 - 2021 has submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and
Communication Engineering to be awarded by the JAWAHARLAL NEHRU
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, KAKINADA during the academic session
2020 – 2021.

The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any other
university or institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma.
Project Guide External Examiner Head of the Department
DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project report entitled of Design and Analysis Of
IoT Based Air Quality Monitoring System. This submission is our own work and
that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously
published or written by any other person nor material which to a substantial extent
has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or
other institute of higher learning.

NAME ROLL. NO

G. Himachandana 17NE1A0445

CH. Akhila 17NE1A0429

G. Anusha 17NE1A0453

G. Gopinadh 17NE1A0448
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are most thankful to our parents who stood as pillars of motivation and for
the way they influenced and moulded our lives.

We are more thankful to our chairman Sri B. Brahama Naidu who helped us
to have a technical incubation by providing the required infrastructure.

We are very much thankful to our principal Dr. Y.V Narayana ME; Ph.D.
who extended a timely help at each and every step of our academic career.
We would also like to thank the Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, TEC for providing us the opportunity to develop the
Project. We are profoundly thankful to Mr. T Jagadeesh M.Tech, M.S, (Ph.D).
Assoc professor and Head of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Department, for his dynamic assistance in valuable technical guidance and constant
encouragement, without which we couldn’t have completed our project
successfully.
We received immense guidance from Dr.D. Krishna, Project in-charge,
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, who was granted us
the permission to do this project. We would therefore like to convey our sincere
gratitude to him.

We are heartily thankful to our project guide Mr. G. Mallikarjuna Rao

M.Tech; Assistant Professor, the person with vibrant knowledge and amicable by
nature who laid a best guide lines and for the efforts made by her to make the
project a successful one.

Finally, we are thankful to each and every faculty members both

technical and non- technical, friends and all the persons who helped us directly
or indirectly in making our project a successful one.
Design and Analysis of IoT Based Air Quality Monitoring System
Abstract
Recent aggressive scientific and technological developments all these focus on a
global environmental issue considering air quality system, reveals the fact that
India is facing severe health hazards. In recent reports, more than 10 cities in
India are listed on top. The air quality index (AQI) in India launched in 2014
under Swachh Bharat Abhiyan monitors air pollution on 10 scales ranging from
low (green) to moderate (yellow) to serious (red) through data analysis of
various air contaminating matters like O3, NO2, SO2, CO. The present paper
develops an Internet of Things (IoT) that enabled air quality monitoring system
mobile in nature analyzing real-time surrounding data measuring Carbon
Monoxide, Smoke and PPM level. The system can measure local area air
contamination and generate analyzed data based on which it alerts the people
through a buzzer device integrated into the system. The user-friendly and easy
handling of the system technology is such that it can be installed in houses.

Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1 Problem solving…………………………………………………………………………..1
1.2 Objectives…………………………………………………………………………………3
1.3 Importance of research……………………………………………………………………3

2. Literature survey on existing fish feeders

2.1 Literature survey………………………………………………………………………….6
3. Development and working
3.1 Proposed method………………………………………………………………………….9
3.2 Block diagram …………………………………………………10
3.3 Working…………………………………………………………………………………10
3.4 Advantages………………………………………………………………………………11
3.5 Disadvantages…………………………………………………………………………...12
3.6 Applications…………………………………………………………………………...12
4. Hardware Description
4.1 ESP32S…………………………………………………………………………………..24
4.1.1 Features of ESP32S……………………………………………………………...25
4.1.2 Applications……………………………………………………………………..25
4.1.3 ESP32S peripherals…………………………………………………………….. 26
4.2 7805 voltage regulator IC circuit………………………………………………………..27
4.3 Power Supply …………………………………………………………………………
4.4 MQ2…………………………………………………………………………………..
4.5 MQ9…………………………………………………………………………………..
4.6 MQ135……………………………………………………………………………….
 5. Software Description
5.1 Arduino IDE…………………………………………………………………………….34
5.1.1 Connecting the Arduino………………………………………………………........35
5.1.2 Preparing the board………………………………………………………………...36
5.1.3 Loading the code…………………………………………………………………...36
5.2 Blynk app description………………………………………………………………......37
5.2.1 Blynk app output…………………………………………………………………39
6. Results, conclusion and future scope
6.1 Results…………………………………………………………………………………..41
6.2 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………43
6.3 Future scope………………………………………………………………………….....44
6.4 References………………………………………………………………………………45
 List of Figures

Fig No Name Page No

2.2 Existing model of air quality monitoring system 17

3.2 Proposed Block Diagram 19

3.3 IoT Based air quality monitoring system 21

4.1 ESP32S 25

4.1.1 ESP32s Peripheral 27

4.2 7805 Voltage Regulator 28

4.4 MQ2 Sensor 30

4.5 MQ9 Sensor 33

4.6 MQ135 Sensor 35

4.7 DHT11 Sensor 37

4.8 LCD 16x2 38

5.1 Arduino IDE 41

5.2 BLYNK App creation 45

5.3 BLYNK App Sign in 45

5.4 BLYNK App Output 46

6.1 Project Set up 48

INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER - 1
 Introduction
1.1 Problem Analysis
The air quality in an area very influential on the state of the population in an

area because of the quality can affect both the health of humans, animals or

plants. Poor air quality can impact on health is not good for all living organisms.

To prevent something that can worsen health conditions, it is necessary to know

the condition of air quality in an area. Therefore, it is necessary to periodically

monitor air quality conditions in an area. Air quality monitoring can be done by

measuring several parameters including temperature, humidity and air-

contained compounds including O3 (Ozone), SO2 (Sulfur Dioxide), CO

(Carbon Monoxide) and particulates. At this time, advances in sensor

technology can help us to measure the proficiency level parameters to determine

the condition of the air quality. In addition, the development of IoT (Internet of

things) also helps with remote monitoring technology. In this study we design

an IoT based monitoring system to monitor air quality in an area on a regular

basis. Monitoring is done by collecting data from several sensors that can be

accessed remotely. This research was conducted based on several previous

existing studies. Previously there were studies that conducted control and

monitoring of air quality in the room. This research is also based on our

research in designing remote communication for monitoring air quality. In

contrast to previous studies we designed an outdoor air quality monitoring

system. The system will measure several compounds in the air including O3,

SO2, CO and particles. Air quality will be monitored remotely from web pages.

1.2 Objectives

facilitate the background

concentration(s) mea-
surements,
− monitor current levels as a baseline
for asses-
sment,
− check the air quality relative to
standards or
limit values,
− detect the importance of individual
sources,
− enable comparison of the air quality
data from
different areas and countries,
− collect data for the air quality
management,
traffic and land-use planning purposes,
− observe trends (related to emissions),
− develop abatement strategies,
− determine the exposure and assess
the effects
of air pollution on health, vegetation or
building mate-
rials,
− inform the public about the air quality
and raise
the awareness,
facilitate the background
concentration(s) mea-
surements,
− monitor current levels as a baseline
for asses-
sment,
− check the air quality relative to
standards or
limit values,
− detect the importance of individual
sources,
− enable comparison of the air quality
data from
different areas and countries,
− collect data for the air quality
management,
traffic and land-use planning purposes,
− observe trends (related to emissions),
− develop abatement strategies,
− determine the exposure and assess
the effects
of air pollution on health, vegetation or
building mate-
rials,
− inform the public about the air quality
and raise
the awareness,
facilitate the background
concentration(s) mea-
surements,
− monitor current levels as a baseline
for asses-
sment,
− check the air quality relative to
standards or
limit values,
− detect the importance of individual
sources,
− enable comparison of the air quality
data from
different areas and countries,
− collect data for the air quality
management,
traffic and land-use planning purposes,
− observe trends (related to emissions),
− develop abatement strategies,
− determine the exposure and assess
the effects
of air pollution on health, vegetation or
building mate-
rials,
− inform the public about the air quality
and raise
the awareness,
facilitate the background
concentration(s) mea-
surements,
− monitor current levels as a baseline
for asses-
sment,
− check the air quality relative to
standards or
limit values,
− detect the importance of individual
sources,
− enable comparison of the air quality
data from
different areas and countries,
− collect data for the air quality
management,
traffic and land-use planning purposes,
− observe trends (related to emissions),
− develop abatement strategies,
− determine the exposure and assess
the effects
of air pollution on health, vegetation or
building mate-
rials,
− inform the public about the air quality
and raise
the awareness,
facilitate the background
concentration(s) mea-
surements,
1. Checks the air quality relative to standards or limit values.

2. Detect the importance of individual Sources.

3. Inform the public about the air quality and raise the awareness.

4. Develop the warning systems for the prevention of undesired air pollution

episodes.

5. Determine the exposure and assess the effects of air pollution on health,

vegetation and building materials.

1.3 Importance of the research

Monitoring helps in assessing the level of pollution in relation to the

ambient air quality standards. Standards are a regulatory measure to set

the target for pollution reduction and achieve clean air. Robust

monitoring helps to guard against extreme events by alerting people and

initiate action.

Pollution can build up in isolated pockets, and local sources (an industrial

plant or a busy road) can add to the overall poor air quality. A network of

citizen scientists monitoring air quality throughout a region could help

reveal how pollution travels through the region and could help identify

pollution “hot spots.” To know exactly what is in the air you are

breathing, you need to monitor the air where you are. A network of

citizen scientists monitoring air quality will also provide valuable

information to scientists who study air pollution and transport.

LITERATURE SURVEY ON
EXISTING AIR QUALITY
METHODS
CHAPTER - 2
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

The major cause of air pollution in cities is due to vehicles. Vehicular

pollution leads to a vital increase in the emission of loads of myriad toxins into

environment. The commercial systems available in the market are devices that

use the semi-conductor sensors at the smoke emission outlets of vehicles and

this system can detect the pollutant levels and also indicates this level to the

owner of the vehicle with a meter. When the pollution level increases beyond a

particular threshold level, alarm will start ringing in the vehicle to indicate that

the limit has been attained and the vehicle will automatically stop running after

certain time. This type of individual usage system does not help the

public to get into an awareness zone. Bharat stage emission standards are the

emission standards set by the Indian Government to regulate air pollutants from

internal combustion engines in motor vehicles. Also over the years, several

regulations have been made by the Government to regulate and reduce the

emission from vehicles but in vain. Also other cost effective measures were

introduced to control the air pollution by calculating the levels of each and

every pollutant.

Based on the observed values, the air quality index for that region is calculated

and the values are made available through a web page. But the main

disadvantage of this system is that, users are not provided with a portable

application to view pollution levels then and there and also a pictorial format is

missing for easy view.

 The real time air pollution monitoring system was developed

which measures the levels of almost all the pollutants with good accuracy.

Libelium wasp nodes are used for wireless communication and the data is

displayed through a web interface both in chart and numerical format. But the

usage of these Libelium wasp nodes have resulted in the production of

expensive system for the public usage as it consumes more energy from the

batteries. Further a low-cost wireless monitoring system was developed to

measure the levels of harmful gases based on a multilayer distributed model

using Arduino platform and Zigbee.

The drawbacks of the conventional monitoring instruments

are their large size, heavy weight and extraordinary expensiveness. These lead

to sparse deployment of the monitoring stations. In order to be effective, the

locations of the monitoring stations need careful placement because the air

pollution situation in urban areas is highly related to human activities (e.g.

construction activities) and location-dependent (e.g., the traffic choke-points

have much worse air quality than average). IOT Based Air Pollution Monitoring

System monitors the Air Quality over a webserver using internet and will

trigger an alarm when the air quality goes down beyond a certain level, means

when there are amount of harmful gases present in the air like CO2, smoke,

alcohol, benzene, NH3, NOx and LPG. The system will show the air quality in

PPM on the LCD and as well as on webpage so that it can be monitored very

easily. Temperature and Humidity is detected and monitored in the system.

2.2 EXISTING MODEL
The commercial meters available in the market are Fluke CO220

carbon monoxide meter for CO, Amprobe CO2 meter for CO2, Forbix Sem icon

LPG gas leakage sensor alarm for LPG leakage detection. The researchers in

this field have proposed various air quality monitoring systems based on WSN,

GSM and GIS. Now each technology has limited uses according to the intended

function, as Zigbee is meant for users with Zigbee trans-receiver, Bluetooth.

GIS based system is designed, implemented and tested to monitor the pinpoints

of air pollution of any area. It consists of a microcontroller, gas sensors, mobile

unit, a temporary memory buffer and a web server with internet connectivity

which collects data from different locations along with coordinate’s information

at certain time of a day. The readings for particular location are averaged in a

closed time and space.

The Global Positioning System (GPS) module is attached to a

system to provide accurate representation of pollution sources in an area. The

recorded data is periodically transferred to a computer through a General Packet

Radio Service (GPRS) connection and then the data will be displayed on the

dedicated website with user acceptance. As result large number of people can

be benefited.
2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EXISTING MODEL
DEVELOPMENT AND
WORKING OF IOT BASED
AIR QUALITY
MONITORING SYSTEM
CHAPTER -3
3. Development and working of IoT based air quality monitoring

system

3.1 Proposed System

The model is designed using the IoT technology. It is inexpensive, mobile

IoT based Air quality monitoring system which senses the real-time surrounding

data with the help of three sensors these are MQ9 gas sensor which is used for

sensing carbon monoxide, MQ2 sensor which is used for sensing smoke,

MQ135 for Ammonia, Sulphide and Benzene steam and DHT11 sensor for

Digital Relative Humidity and Temperature Sensor giving readings to ESP32S

as a processing unit and sends this detected data to the internet via Blynk Cloud.

3.2 Block Diagram

Fig no 3.2: Proposed block diagram

3.3 Working

To measure the air quality we use different hardware and software

components. The combination of these components provides a kit. Kit

gives the quality of air by giving power supply to it. In this project

we use Esp32 microcontroller and 5 sensors. The power supply is

given to the microcontroller. The sensors MQ2, MQ9, MQ135,

DHT11 are connected to the microcontroller. MQ2 Sensor senses the

gases and gives the information to the microcontroller. MQ9 sensor

gives the information of carbon monoxide and methane gases,

MQ135 gives the information Ammonia, Sulphide, and Benzene

steam, also sensitive to smoke and other harmful gases. MQ2, MQ9,

MQ135 sensors gives the out as the analog. The DHT11 sensor gives

the information about humidity and temperature directly in the form

of digital data. To convert the analog data into digital data the output

pins of the sensors are given to the 32,35,36 pins of the

microcontroller. These pins changes the analog data into digital data.

After getting the information it is send to cloud. The cloud gives to

IoT app i.e.; Blynk app. It shows the measured values.

 Fig 3.3: IoT Based Air Quality Monitoring System

Advantages:
• Low cost.
• Simple, compact and easily handle.
• Low Power Consumption.
• Sensors are easily available.
 • Continuous update of change in percentage of quality.
• Quality of air can be checked indoor as well as outdoor.

Disadvantages:

 Power supply is needed

 Requirement of INTERNET

Applications:
 Roadside pollution monitoring

• Industrial perimeter monitoring

• Indoor air quality monitoring
• Site selection for reference monitoring stations.
• Making data available to users.
 HARDWARE
DESCRIPTION
CHAPTER - 4
4. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

4.1 ESP32S

This is ESP WROOM 32 MCU Module. ESP WROOM 32 is a

powerful, generic WiFi-BT-BLE MCU module that targets a wide variety of
applications, ranging from low-power sensor networks to the most
demanding tasks, such as voice encoding, music streaming, and MP3
decoding.

At the core of this module is the ESP32S chip, which is designed to be

scalable and adaptive. There are 2 CPU cores that can be individually
controlled or powered, and the clock frequency is adjustable from 80 MHz to
240 MHz

The user may also power off the CPU and make
use of the low-power coprocessor to constantly monitor the peripherals for
changes or crossing of thresholds. ESP32S integrates a rich set of
peripherals, ranging from capacitive touch sensors, Hall sensors, low-noise
sense amplifiers, SD card interface, Ethernet, high- speed SDIO/SPI, UART,
and I²C.
 The ESP-32S is the latest version Wifi Bluetooth combo module is
ultra-high performance and ultra-low-power consumption Wi-Fi and
Bluetooth combo wireless platform based on ESPRESSIF ESP32 chipset.
ESP-32S integrates dual-core processor, 448 Kbyte ROM,520 Kbyte
SRAM,16 Kbyte SRAM in RTC, 802.11 b/g/n/e/I Wi-Fi, Bluetooth v4.2
BR/EDR & BLE, clocks & Times, abundant peripheral Interfaces and
security mechanism.
ESP-32S Wifi Bluetooth combo module provides SDK Firmware for
fast on- line programming and opensource toolchains based on GCC for
development support. It is designed for Generic low power IoT sensor hub,
loggers, video streaming for the camera, Wi-Fi & Bluetooth enabled devices,
home automation and mesh network applications, aimed at makers, hardware
engineers, software engineers and solution provides.
NodeMCU was open-source LUA-based firmware for ESP8266 WIFI
which is developed for operation with regard to the NodeMCU development
board. In the NodeMCU is included an ESP8266 chip which can work with
Wi-Fi. NodeMCU which has the characteristic like that of Arduino such as
analog and digital.
 Fig 4.1: ESP32s

4.1.1Features of ESP32S

 Integrated 520 KB SRAM.

 Hybrid Wi-FI & Bluetooth.
 High level of integration.
 Ultra-low-power management.
 4 MB Flash.
 On-board PCB antenna.

4.1.2 Applications

 Universal low power IoT sensor hub.

 Home automation.
 Universal low power IoT recorder.
 Mesh network.
 Video streaming of the camera.
 Industrial wireless control.
 Baby monitor.
 Sensor networks.
 Wi-Fi toys: Counters, toys, Anti-lost device.
 Wearable electronic products.
 Wi-Fi speech recognition device.
 Wi-Fi location-aware devices.
4.1.3 ESP32S Peripherals

Fig 4.1.1: ESP32S Peripheral

4.1.3.1 18 Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) channels

4.1.3.2 3 SPI interfaces
4.1.3.3 3 UART interfaces
4.1.3.4 2 I2C interfaces
4.1.3.5 16 PWM output channels
4.1.3.6 2 Digital-to-Analog Converters (DAC)
4.1.3.7 2 I2S interfaces
4.1.3.8 10 Capacitive sensing GP
 4.2 7805 Voltage Regulator IC Circuit

7805 is a three terminal linear voltage regulator IC with a fixed output

useful in a wide range of applications. Currently, the 7805 Voltage
Regulators are manufactured by Texas Instruments, ON Semiconductor,
STMicroel incorporated, Infineon Technologies, etc.

Fig 4.2: 7805 Voltage Regulator

Some of the important features of the 7805 IC are as follows:

 It can deliver up to 1.5 A of current (with heat sink).

 Has both internal current limiting and thermal shutdown
features.
  Requires very minimum external components to fully function.

4.3 Power Supply:

A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to
an electrical load. The primary function of a power supply is to convert
electric current from a source to the correct voltage, current and frequency
to power the load. As a result, power supplies are sometimes referred to as
electric power converters. Some power supplies are separate standalone
pieces of equipment, while others are built into the load appliances that they
power. Examples of the latter include power supplies found in desktop
computers and consumer electronics devices. Other functions that power
supplies may perform include limiting the current drawn by the load to safe
levels, shutting off the current in the event of an electrical fault power
conditioning to prevent electronic noise or voltage surges on the input from
reaching the load power factor corrector, and storing energy so it can
continue to power the load in the event of a temporary interruption in the
source power .
All power supplies have a power input connection, which receives
energy in the form of electric current from a source, and one or more power
output connections that deliver current to the load. The source power may
come from the electric power grid, such as an electric power, energy storage
devices such as batteries or fuel cells, generators or alternations, solar power
converters, or another power supply. The input and output are usually
hardwired circuit connections, though some power supplies employ wireless
energy transforms to power their loads without wired connections. Some
power supplies have other types of inputs and outputs as well, for functions
such as external monitoring and control.
 4.4 MQ2 Sensor

Fig 4.4: MQ2 Sensor

The MQ-2 Smoke LPG Butane Hydrogen Gas Sensor Detector Module is useful
for gas leakage detection (home and industry). It is suitable for detecting H2,
LPG, CH4, CO, Alcohol, Smoke or Propane. Due to its high sensitivity and fast
response time, measurement can be taken as soon as possible. The sensitivity of
the sensor can be adjusted by the potentiometer.

MQ-2 gas sensor using gas sensitive material is to be clean air in the lower
conductivity of Tin oxide (SnO2). When the sensor when flammable gases are
present in the environment in which the conductivity of the sensor with an
increasing concentration of combustible gas in the air increases.

Use a simple circuit to convert the changes in conductivity and output signal
that corresponds to the concentration of the gas.
MQ-2 gas sensor higher sensitivity to liquefied petroleum gas, propane,
hydrogen, detection of gas and other combustible vapors are ideal. This sensor
can detect a variety of flammable gas, is a low-cost sensor for many
applications.

Following conditions must be avoided

Water condensation
Indoor conditions, slight water condensation will effect sensors performance
lightly. However, if water condensation on sensors surface and keep a certain
period, sensor’ sensitivity will be decreased.
Used in high gas concentration
No matter the sensor is electrified or not if long time placed in high gas
concentration it will affect sensors characteristic.
Longtime storage
The sensor’s resistance produces reversible drift if it’s stored for a long time
without electrify, this drift is related to storage conditions. Sensors should be
stored in airproof without silicon gel bag with clean air. For the sensors with
long time storage but no electrify, they need long aging time for stability before
using.
Longtime exposed to an adverse environment
No matter the sensors electrified or not, if exposed to the adverse environment
for a long time, such as high humidity, high temperature, or high pollution etc,
it will affect the performance of the sensor badly.
Vibration
Continual vibration will result in sensors down-lead response then rapture. In
transportation or assembling line, pneumatic screwdriver/ultrasonic welding
machine can lead to this vibration.
Concussion
If sensors meet strong concussion, it may lead its lead wire disconnected.
Application:

1. The domestic gas leakage detector

2. Industrial Combustible gas detector
3. Portable gas detector

Features :

1. Good sensitivity to Combustible gas in a wide range

2. High sensitivity to LPG, Propane, and Hydrogen
3. Long life and low cost
4. Simple drive circuit
5. Can be used as a Digital or analog sensor
6. The Sensitivity of Digital pin can be varied using the potentiometer
7. Can be used to Measure or detect LPG, Alcohol, Propane, Hydrogen, CO
and even methane.
 4.5 MQ9 Sensor

Fig 4.5: MQ9 Sensor

MQ-9 Carbon Monoxide, Methane and LPG Gas Sensor Module.

This is MQ-9 Carbon Monoxide, Methane, and LPG Gas Sensor Module can be
used to sense Carbon Monoxide and Methane Gas. Sensitive material of the
MQ9 gas sensor is SnO2, which with lower conductivity in clean air.

It makes detection by the method of cycle high and low temperature, and detect
CO when the low temperature (heated by 1.5V). The sensor’s conductivity is
higher along with the gas concentration rising.

When a high temperature (heated by 5.0V), it detects Methane, Propane, etc.

combustible gas and cleans the other gases adsorbed under low temperature.

Wire Connections
VCC – Positive pole (5V)
GND – Negative pole
DO – TTL switch signal output
AO – Analog signal output
Applications

1. The domestic gas leakage detector

2. Industrial gas detector
3. Portable gas detector
 4.6 MQ135 Sensor

Fig 4.6 MQ135 Sensor

The MQ 135 Air Quality Detector Sensor Module For Arduino has lower

conductivity in clean air. When the target combustible gas exists, the
conductivity of the sensor is higher along with the gas concentration rising.
Convert change of conductivity to the corresponding output signal of gas
concentration. The MQ135 gas sensor has a high sensitivity to Ammonia,
Sulphide, and Benzene steam, also sensitive to smoke and other harmful gases.

It is with low cost and suitable for different applications such as harmful
gases/smoke detection.

Features :

1. Sensitivity to Ammonia, Sulphide and Benzene steam

 2. With signal output instructions
3. The TTL output signal is a low level
4. Analog 0 ~ 5 v voltage output, the higher the concentration, the higher
the voltage
5. Color is showing pictures.
6. Sensitive for benzene, alcohol, smoke
7. Fast response and recovery
8. Adjustable sensitivity
9. Signal output indicator
10.Output voltage boosts along with the concentration of the measured gases
increases.

4.7 DHT11 Humidity and temperature Sensor

DHT11 Temperature & Humidity Sensor features a temperature & humidity

sensor complex with a calibrated digital signal output. DHT11 Temperature &
Humidity Sensor features a temperature & humidity sensor complex with a
calibrated digital signal output. By using the exclusive digital-signal-acquisition
technique and temperature & humidity sensing technology, it ensures high
reliability and excellent long-term stability. This sensor includes a resistive-type
humidity measurement component and an NTC temperature measurement
component, and connects to a high performance 8-bit microcontroller, offering
excellent quality, fast response, anti-interference ability and cost-effectiveness.
Each DHT11 element is strictly calibrated in the laboratory that is extremely
accurate on humidity calibration. The calibration coefficients are stored as
programmes in the OTP memory, which are used by the sensor’s internal signal
detecting process. The single-wire serial interface makes system integration
quick and easy. Its small size, low power consumption and up-to-20 meter
signal transmission making it the best choice for various applications, including
those most demanding ones. The component is 4-pin single row pin package. It
is convenient to connect and special packages can be provided according to
users’ request.
Power and Pin
DHT11’s power supply is 3-5.5V DC. When power is supplied to the sensor, do
not send any instruction to the sensor in within one second in order to pass the
unstable status. One capacitor valued 100nF can be added between VDD and
GND for power filtering.

Fig 4.7 DHT11 Sensor

4.8 LCD 16x2

we always use the devices which are made up of LCDs

such as CD players, DVD players, digital watches, computers, etc. These are
commonly used in the screen industries to replace the utilization of
CRTs. Cathode Ray Tubes use huge power when compared with LCDs, and
CRTs heavier as well as bigger. These devices are thinner as well power
consumption is extremely less. The LCD 16×2 working principle is, it blocks
the light rather than dissipate.
 Fig 4.8: LCD 16x2

The term LCD stands for liquid crystal display. It is one kind of electronic
display module used in an extensive range of applications like various circuits
& devices like mobile phones, calculators, computers, TV sets, etc. These
displays are mainly preferred for multi-segment light-emitting diodes and seven
segments. The main benefits of using this module are inexpensive; simply
programmable, animations, and there are no limitations for displaying custom
characters, special and even animations, etc.

Features of LCD16x2
The features of this LCD mainly include the following.

 The operating voltage of this LCD is 4.7V-5.3V.

 It includes two rows where each row can produce 16-characters.
 The utilization of current is 1mA with no backlight.
 Every character can be built with a 5×8 pixel box.
 The alphanumeric LCDs alphabets & numbers.
 Is display can work on two modes like 4-bit & 8-bit.
 These are obtainable in Blue & Green Backlight.
 It displays a few custom generated characters.
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
CHAPTER - 5
5.SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

5.1 Arduino IDE

The Arduino IDE is incredibly minimalistic, yet it provides a near
complete environment for most Arduino-based projects. The top menu
bar has the standard options, including “File” (new, load save, etc.),
“Edit” (font, copy, paste, etc.), “Sketch” (for compiling and
programming), “Tools” (useful options for testing projects), and “Help”.
The middle section of the IDE is a simple text editor that where you can
enter the program code. The bottom section of the IDE is dedicated to an
output window that is used to see the status of the compilation, how
much memory has been used, any errors that were found in the
program, and various other useful message.

Fig:5.1 Arduino IDE

 Projects made using the Arduino are called sketches, and such
sketches are usually written in a cut-down version of C++ (a number of C+
+ features are not included). Because programming a microcontroller is
somewhat different from programming a computer, there are a number of
device-specific libraries (e.g., changing pin modes, output data on pins,
reading analog values, and timers). This sometimes confuses users who
think Arduino is programmed in an “Arduino language.” However, the
Arduino is, in fact, programmed in C++. It just uses unique libraries for
the device.
To begin, download the Arduino IDE from the Arduino website.
Make sure to select the right version for your Operating System (OS). For a
full getting started guide for each OS, please refer to the Arduino guide.
Once the arduino.zip file has been downloaded, extract the file to a folder
somewhere on your computer. There is no install - simply open the folder
and double click the .exe.

5.1.1 Connecting the Arduino

Connecting an Arduino board to your PC is quite simple. On Windows:

1.Plug in the USB cable - one end to the PC, and one end to the Arduino board.

2.When prompted, select "Browse my computer for driver" and then select
the folder to which you extracted your original Arduino IDE download.
3.You may receive an error that the board is not a Microsoft certified
device - select “Install anyway.”
4.Your board should now be ready for programming.

When programming your Arduino board it is important to know what COM

port the Arduino is using on your PC. On Windows, navigate to Start-
>Devices and Printers, and look for the Arduino. The COM port will be
displayed underneath.
 Alternatively, the message telling you that the Arduino has been
connected successfully in the lower-left hand corner of your screen usually
specifies the COM port is it using.
5.1.2 Preparing the Board

Connecting an Arduino board to your PC is quite simple. On Windows:

1.Plug in the USB cable - one end to the PC, and one end to the Arduino
board.

2.When prompted, select "Browse my computer for driver" and then select
the folder to which you extracted your original Arduino IDE download.
3.You may receive an error that the board is not a Microsoft certified
device - select “Install anyway.”
4.Your board should now be ready for programming.

When programming your Arduino board it is important to know what COM

port the Arduino is using on your PC. On Windows, navigate to Start-
>Devices and Printers, and look for the Arduino. The COM port will be
displayed underneath.
Alternatively, the message telling you that the Arduino has been connected
successfully in the lower-left hand corner of your screen usually specifies the
COM port is it using.

5.1.3 Loading the CODE

The upper left of the Arduino window has two buttons: A checkmark
to Verify your code, and a right-facing arrow to upload it. Press the right arrow
button to compile and upload the Blink example to your Arduino board.
The black bar at the bottom of the Arduino window is reserved for messages
indicating the success or failure of code uploading. A "Completed
Successfully" message should appear once the code is done uploading to your
board. If an error message appears instead, check that you selected the correct
board and COM port in the Tools menu, and check your physical connections.

If uploaded successfully, the LED on your board should blink

on/off
once every second.

Most Arduino boards have an LED prewired to pin 13.

It is very important that you do not use pins 0 or 1 while loading

code. It is recommended that you do not use those pins ever.
Arduino code is loaded over a serial port to the controller. Older
models use an FTDI chip which deals with all the USB specifics. Newer
models have either a small AVR that mimics the FTDI chip or a built-in
USB-to-serial port on the AVR micro-controller itself.

5.2 BLYNK App description

Blynk is a Platform with IOS and Android apps to control Arduino,
Raspberry Pi and the likes over the Internet. It’s a digital dashboard
where you can build a graphic interface for your project by simply
dragging and dropping widgets.
BLYNK app
It can be found from following links
1. Android Blynk app
2. IOS Blynk app
After downloading the app, create an account and login
Steps in using BLYNK App
1.CreateaBlynkAccount
2.Create a New Project
3.Choose Your Hardware
 4.Auth Token
5.Add a Widget
6.Run The Project
Blynk was designed for the Internet of Things. It can control
hardware remotely, it can display sensor data, it can store data,
visualize it and do many other cool things.

5.2.1 BLYNK App creation and sign in

Fig: 5.2 Fig: 5.3

5.2.2 BLYNK App output

Fig 5.4
RESULTS
CHAPTER - 6
 6. RESULTS, CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 RESULTS
The arrangement of components was shown in the below figure.

Fig:6.1
6.2 CONCLUSION

 We have proposed a cost-efficient air quality monitoring system that

senses the real-time data of surrounding various parameters like smoke,
carbon monoxide, and PM level and alerts the people when the quantity
of these elements goes beyond a certain limit and shows the data in an
easily understandable format.
 In the future, more sensing nodes can be added to extend the system. The
major advantage of this system is that it is portable, small and cost-
efficient.
 The proposed system uses ‘Thing Speak’, with the help of which data can
be shown in graphical format and it also supports the latest technologies
like Node, Ruby, etc.
 we have presented the implementation of a low-cost IoT based air quality
monitoring system. Apart from its low cost and low power consumption,
it takes less space and can be installed anywhere and provide operational
efficiency and flexibility than traditional wired methods.
6.3 FUTURE SCOPE

 In the future work, we can modify the system to notify a user about the
air quality when it reaches beyond a permissible level through SMS.
 Notification Furthermore, the sensors in the system can be calibrated
more so that we can get more accurate and get data for more harmful
gases such as ammonia, oxides of nitrogen, etc.
 To make out project more user friendly and more usable on other sectors
and smart homes as pollution is increasing day by day.
6.4 REFERENCES

[1] Poonam Pal et al., “IoT Based Air Pollution Monitoring System
Using Arduino”, IRJET Journal, Vol 4 Issue 10, October, 2017.
[2] Saikumar, C. V., Reji, M., & Kishoreraja, P. C. (2017). IOT Based
Air Quality Monitoring System. International Journal of Pure and
Applied Mathematics, 117(9), 53-57.
[3] K.A. Delin, and S.P. Jackson, “The Sensor Web: A New
InstrumentConcept,” SPIE Symposium on Integrated Optics, San
Jose, CA. Jan 2003.
[4] Völgyesi, P., Nádas, A., Koutsoukos, X., and Lédeczi, Á. 2008,
“AirQuality Monitoring with SensorMap”, In Proceedings of the
7thinternational Conference on information Processing in Sensor
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[5] Sonal A. Mishra ,Dhanashree S. Tijare and Dr. G. M. Asutkar,
“Design of Energy Aware Air pollutionMonitoring System using
WSN “, International Journal of Advances in Engineering &
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[6] R.A.Roseline, Dr.M.Devapriya, Dr.P.Sumathi, “Pollution Monitoring
using Sensors and Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey”,
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering &
Management (IJAIEM), vol.2, issue7, July 2013, pp.119-124.
[7] Nikheel A. Chourasia, Surekha P. Washimkar,” ZigBeeBased
Wireless Air Pollution Monitoring” International Conference on
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2012
[8] F. Tsow, E Forzani, A. Rai, R. Wang, R. Tsui, S.Mastroianni, C.
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[9] Y.J. Jung, Y.K.Lee, D.G. Lee, K.H. Ryu, and S. Nittel,“ Air pollution
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Geo science Remote Sensing Symp., 2008, vol. 3, pp. 1370–1373.
[10] W. Chung and C.H. Yang, “Remote monitoring system with wireless
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