Advanced Level

PHYSICS Odrd úoHq;h Video Class

Current Electricity Day - 01

ieliqu ( iñ; r;akdhl

.;sl ^.,dhk & wdfrdamK u`.ska we;s lrk úoHq;a m%;sM, ms<sn`oj fuu fldgfia§ wOHhkh flf¾'

úÿ,s Odrdj
[ Electric current ]

wdfrdamK .,d hdula úÿ,s Odrdjla f,i ye¢kafõ' fï i|yd wjYH;d folla ;Dma; úh hq;=h'

 wdfrdamK u; n,hla fh§u

^úNj wka;rhla u.ska fuh isÿflf¾'&
 wdfrdamK ksoyia ^ip,& ;;ajfha mej;Su

fndfyda wjia:dj,§ úÿ,s Odrdjla f,i .,d hkafka hï udOHhl we;s ksoyia e hs'

 hï udOHhla ;=< ksoyia e ìys jkafka whkSlrKh ( ionization ) u`.sks' whkSlrKh hkq kHIaáfha wdl¾IKhg
hg;aj we;s bf,lafg%dak bka uqojd ksoyia ;;ajhg m;a lsÍuhs' fï i`oyd Yla;hs iemhsh hq;= w;r Bg whkSlrK
Yla;h
s hehs lshkq ,efí'

 we;eï øjHhkaf.a m<uq whkSlrK Yla;sh b;d wvq neúka ldur WIaK;ajh hgf;a mßirfha we;s ;dm Yla;sh
u.ska whkSlrKhka isÿfõ' fujeks øjHj, ldur WIaK;ajfha§ úYd, jYfhka ksoyia e mj;sk neúka myiqfjka
úÿ,s Odrdjla we;s l, yelsh' fïjd úoHq;a ikakdhl (electrical conductors) f,i ye|skafõ'

we;eï øjHhkaf.a m<uq whkSlrK Yla;h s b;d úYd, neúka mßirfha we;s ;dm Yla;sh u.ska whkSlrKhka isÿ
fkdfõ' fujeks øjHj, ldur WIaK;ajfha§ ksoyia e fkdue;s neúka $ b;d wvq neúka úÿ,s Odrdjla we;s l,
fkdyelsh' fïjd úoHq;a mßjdrl (electrical insulators) f,i ye|skafõ'

úÿ,sh .e,Su w;ska ikakdhlj,g;a mßjdrlj,g;a w;rueÈ .=K fmkajk øjH ldKavh úoHq;a w¾O ikakdhl
(electrical semiconductors) f,i ye|skafõ'

 ´kEu >k øjHhl mrudKql idkaøKh ^tkï tall mßudjl we;s mrudKq m%udKh& 1023 cm -3 >kfha mj;S'

 ldur WIaK;ajfha § ;U j, ksoyia bf,lafg%dak idkaøKh 8 ×1022 cm-3 muK fõ' - ;U fyd| úoHq;a
ikakdhlhls'
 ldur WIaK;ajfha § is,slka j, ksoyia bf,lafg%dak idkaøKh 2 ×1010 cm -3 muK fõ' - is,slka w¾O
ikakdhlhls'
 ldur WIAK;ajfha § lajdÜia j, ksoyia bf,lafg%dak idkaøKh 1 cm-3 ;a jvd wvqh' - lajdÜia úoHq;a
mßjdrlhls'

Samitha Ratnayake -1- Innovative Physics

 WIaK;ajh iuÕ úÿ,sh .e,Sfï yelshdfõ isÿ jk fjki
[ Variation of conduction with temperature ]

mod¾:hg ;dmh imhk úg ^r;a lrk úg& úÿ,s .ukg n,mEï l, yels l%shdj,s 2 la il%Sh fõ'
i. imhk ;dm Yla;sfhka ;j ;j;a mrudKq whkSlrKh ù ksoyia e idkaøKh jeä ùu ^fuh úÿ,s .ukg
ys;lr ;;ajhls'&
ii. imhk ;dm Yla;sfhka ksoyia e j, pd,l Yla;sh jeä ù tajdfha wyUq p,k ;Sj% ùu ^fuh úÿ,s .ukg
wys;lr ;;ajhls&

mod¾:h r;a lrk úg úÿ,sh .e,Sfï yelshdj jeäfõo$ wvqfõo hkak ;SrKh jkafka by; l%shdj,s foflka
ljrla jvd m%n,j isÿjkafkao hkak u;h'

r;a lsÍfï§ (ii) jk l%h

s dj,sh jvd m%n,j isÿjk neúka WIaK;ajh jeä lsÍfï§ ikakdhlj, úÿ,sh .e,Sfï
yelshdj wvqfõ'

r;a lsÍfï§ (i) jk l%h

s dj,sh jvd m%n,j isÿjk neúka WIaK;ajh jeä lsÍfï§ w¾O ikakdhlj, ^yd mßjdrlj,
b;d iq`M jYfhka& úÿ,sh .e,Sfï yelshdj jeäfõ'

ikakdhlhla yryd úNj wka;rhla fh§u

[ Setting up a potential difference across a conductor ]

ikakdhlhla yryd úNj wka;rhla fhdod th mj;ajd .;a úg úNj wkql%uKhlao

+ E –
tkhska lafIa;% ;Sj%;djlao yg.kS' tu lafIa;%h ksid wdfrdamK u; n,fhfoa' ip,
e , fuu n, hgf;a lafIa;%hg úreoaO ÈYdjg p,kh fõ' fuh lafIa;%fha ÈYdjg F e
I
isÿjk Ok wdfrdamK .e,Su lg iulh' iïu; úÿ,s Odrdfõ ÈYdj f,i l
ie,flkafka fuu Ok wdfrdamK .,d hk ÈYdjhs'

 ikakdhlhla ;=< iïu; Odrdj ( conventional current ) .,kafka iEu úgu úNjh jeä ;ek isg wvq ;ek
olajdh'

úÿ,s Odrdj w¾: ±laùu [ Definition of electric current ]

hï yrialvla yryd wdfrdamK .e,Sfï iS>%;dj" tu yrialv yryd mj;sk úÿ,s Odrdj f,i w¾: ±lafõ'

Q C
t ld,hla ;=< .,d .sh wdfrdamK m%udKh Q kï" I =
t
 úÿ,s Odrdj wÈY rdYshls' Cs–1 (A) s

uOHkH ma,dú; m%fõ.h (Vd)

+ E –
[ Mean drift velocity ]
e e e
e e
e e
ikakdhlhl we;s ip, e wyUq p,s;hl mj;S' úNj wka;rhla fhÿ e e
úg iEu e la u;u iudk n,hla fhÿko tajd .egqï isÿlrñka e
lafIa;%hg úreoaO ÈYdj Tiafia .uka .kafka tlsfklg fjkia úNj wka;rh úNj wka;rh
m%fõ.j,sks' fh§ug fmr fhÿ miq

fuu m%fõ.hkaf.a idudkH w.h uOHkH ma,dú; m%fõ.h f,i ye`oskafõ'

Samitha Ratnayake -2- Innovative Physics

 uOHkH ma,dú; m%fõ.h yd Odrdj w;r iïnkaOh
[ Relationship between mean drift velocity and current ]

fuys§ úÿ,s Odrdjg iyNd.S jk iEu bf,lafg%dakhlau uOHkH ma,dú; m%fõ.fhka (Vd ) .uka .kakd nj i,lkq
,efí' fï wkqj tu ip, bf,lafg%dakhla 1s l§ Vd ÿrla f.jd hhs'
+ E 
e e e
e e e
I e e
e

A
A yrialv yryd 1 s l§ .,dhk e me;sr mj;sk ÿr = Vd
A yrialv yryd 1 s l§ .,d hk e me;sr mj;sk mßudj = A Vd
tall mßudjl we;s ip, e .Kk = N
^ ip, bf,lafg%dak idkaøKh &
 A yrialv yryd 1 s l§ .,d hk e .Kk = A Vd N
tla bf,lafg%dakhl wdfrdamKh = e
A yrialv yryd 1 s l§ .,d hk wdfrdamKh = A Vd Ne

I = A Vd N e

Odrd >k;ajh [ Current density ] - J

Odrdjg ,ïnl tall j¾.M,hla yryd .,d hk Odrdj" Odrd >k;ajhhs'

I AVd Ne
I J= A J=  J = Vd Ne
A

A Am–2
 Odrd >k;ajh ffoYsl rdYshls'

úoHq;a m%;sfrdaOh (R)

[ Electrical resistance ]

Odrdjla f,i .,dhk e " mrudKq iuÕ ksrka;rfhka isÿlrk .egqï ksid tajdfha p,s;hg tfrysj we;s jk ndOdj
úoaHq;a m%;sfrdaOh f,i y`oskf
a õ'
I
R

V  V = I R
R=
I
V A 

 ikakdhlhl fofl<jrg 1 V l úNj wka;rhla fhÿúg th weo .kakd Odrdj 1 A la kï tu fldgfia úoaH;
q a
m%;sfrdaOh 1  f,i —´uh˜ w¾: ±lafõ'

Samitha Ratnayake -3- Innovative Physics

 ksYÑ
a ; m%;f
s rdaOhla mßm:hlg we;=¿ lsÍu i|yd ilid we;s ikakdhl —m%;f
s rdaOl˜ ( resistors ) f,i ye¢kafõ'

wp, m%;sfrdaOl úp,H m%;f

s rdaOl

fyda fyda

ikakhk;dj (G)
[ Conductance ]

m%;sfrdaOfha mriamrh ikakhk;dj f,i w¾: ±lafõ'

1
G =
R /ohm

/ ohm-1/ mho
{

S ^iSukai&a

m%;sfrdaOh r|d mj;sk idOl

[ Factors on which the resistance depends ]

 ikakdhlfha È. ( l )
 ikakdhlfha yrialv j¾.M,h ( A )
 WIaK;ajh
 idod we;s øjH j¾.h

fok ,o WIaK;ajfha§ fok,o øjH j¾.hlska idod we;s ikakdhlhl m%;sfrdaOh"

R  l

R
A
1 }R  l   R =
A
l
A

iudkqmd;sl;ajfha ksh;h jk  fok ,o WIaK;ajfha§ fok ,o øjH j¾.fhys m%;sfrdaOl;dj fyj;a úYsIaG
m%;sfrdaOh f,i ye¢kafõ'

m%;sfrdaOl;dj [ Resistivity ] - 

RA
= tall yrialv j¾.M,hla we;s ikakdhlhl" tall È.l m%;sfrdaOh m%;sfrdaOl;dj f,i w¾:
l
±lafõ'
m

Samitha Ratnayake -4- Innovative Physics

 ikakdhl;dj ()
( Conductivity )

1
 =  m m%;f
s rdaOl;djfha mriamrh ikakdhl;dj f,i w¾: ±lafõ'

–1m–1 Sm–1

 m%;f
s rdaOh hï jia;=jla ;=,ska úÿ,sh .e,Sug we;s ndOdjo ikakhk;dj hï jia;=jla ;=,ska úÿ,sh .e,Sug we;s
yelshdjo ksrEmKh lrhs' m%;sfrdaOl;dj hï øjHhla ;=,ska úÿ,sh .e,Sug we;s ndOdjo ikakdhl;dj hï
øjHhla ;=,ska úÿ,sh .e,Sug we;s yelshdjo ksrEmKh lrhs'

iul m%;sfrdaOh
[ Equivalent (effective ) resistance ]

m%;sfrdaOl moaO;shl fofl<jrg fhÿ úNj wka;rh" t;=<ska .,k Odrdjg ork I m%;sfrdaOl
wkqmd;h tu m%;sfrdaOl moaO;sfha iul m%;sfrdaOh f,i w¾: oelafõ moaO;sh

V
iul m%;sfrdaOh =
I
(R)

fY%aKs.; m%;sfrdaOl moaO;shl iul m%;sfrdaOh

[ Equivalent resitance of resistors in series ]

tll fl<jrg wfkl yd wfkl muKla isák wdldrhg fjda,aàh;d m%Njhl fofl,jrg iïnkaê; m%;sfrdaOl
fY%aKs.; f,i ie,fla
I R1 I R2 I R3
I R

V1 V2 V3

V V

fY%K
a s.; m%;fs rdaO moaO;shl"

i. iEu m%;sfrdaOhla yrydu we;s Odrdj" iul m%;sfrdaOh yryd we;s Odrdju fõ'

ii. tla tla m%;sfrdaOh yryd we;s úNj wka;rj, tl;=j" iul m%;sfrdaOh yryd we;s úNj wka;rhg iudk fõ'
V = V1 + V2 + V3  IR = IR1 + IR2 + IR3

R = R1 + R2 + R3 + ....
 fY%aKs.; m%;sfrdaO moaO;shl iul m%;sfrdaOh" moaO;sfha we;s úYd,u m%;sfrdaOhg;a jvd úYd, fõ'

 V1 : V2 : V3
IR1 : IR2 : IR3
R1 : R2 : R3

Samitha Ratnayake -5- Innovative Physics

 iudka;r.; m%;sfrdaOl moaO;shl iul m%;sfrdaOh
( Equivalent resistance of resistors in parallel )

fmdÿ w.% mj;sk f,i fjda,aàh;d m%Njhl fofl,jrg iïnkaO l< m%;sfrdaOl iudka;r.; f,i ie,fla'
R1
I1

I I2 R2 I R

I3
R3 V

V
iudka;r.; m%;f
s rdaO moaO;shl"

i. iEu m%;f
s rdaOhla yrydu we;s úNj wka;rh" iul m%;sfrdaOh yryd we;s úNj wka;rhu fõ'

ii. tla tla m%;sfrdaOh yryd .,d hk Odrdj, tl;=j" iul m%;sfrdaOh yryd .,d hk Odrdjg iudk fõ'

I = I1 + I2 + I3  V = V + V + V
R R1 R2 R3

1 1 1 1
= + + + ....
R R1 R2 R3

 iudka;r.; m%;sfrdaO moaO;shl iul m%;sfrdaOh" moaO;sfha we;s l=vdu m%;sfrdaOhg;a jvd l=vd fõ'

 I1 : I2 : I3

V V V
R1 : R2 : R3

I I I
: :
R1 R2 R3


R1 1 1
= R + 1
R 1 R2
R1 R2 .=K;
s h
R2 R = R + R = tl;=j
1 2

 iudk iudka;r.; m%;f

s rdaO

R1 1 1 1
R = R 1 + R 1 + ....... n olajd
R1
1 1
= n×
R1 R R1
R1 tla m%;sfrdaOhl w.h
R= n = m%;sfrdaO .Kk
n olaj d

Samitha Ratnayake -6- Innovative Physics

 úNj fnokh [ Potential divider ]

R1 R2

i. V1 V2 V1 : V2 = R1 : R2
V

R1 R2
V1 = V V2 = V
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
R1 R2 R3
ii. V1 V2 V3 V1 : V2 : V3 = R1 : R2 : R3
V

R1 R2
V1 =  V , V2 =  V ,
R1 + R2 + R3 R1 + R2 + R3
R3
V3 = V
R1 + R2 + R3

Odrd fnokh [ Current divider ]

R1
I I
I1 I1 : I2

I2 R2 1 : 1
R1 R2
R2 : R1

R2 R2
I1 = I I2 = I
R1 + R2 R1 + R2

Samitha Ratnayake -7- Innovative Physics

 wNHdi

e = 1.6 × 10–19 C

01. Time target : 2 minutes

tla;rd lef;dav lsrK k,hl loïn Odrdj ( beam current ) 30A fõ' iEu 40s l§u fldmuK bf,lafg%dk
a
.Kkla wefkdavh u; m;s; fõo @

02. Time target : 4 minutes

yrialv j¾.M,h 3.31 × 10-6 m2 jQ ;U lïìhla 10A Odrdjla f.k hk úg bf,lafg%dk
a j, uOHkH ma,dú;
m%fõ.h fidhkak' ;U j, ujq,sl ialkaOh 63.5 g mol-1 jk w;r ;Uj, >k;ajh 8950 kgm-3 fõ' iEu ;U
mrudKqjlau m<uq whkSlrKhg ,la ù we;ehs Wml,amkh lrkak'

03. Time target : 3 minutes

;Uj, ip, bf,lafg%dak >k;ajh 8.5 × 1028 m–3 fõ' 3 A Odrdjla f.k hk 3m È.e;s yrialv j¾.M,h
2 × 10–6 m2 jQ ;U lïìhl tla fl,jrl isg wfkla fl,jrg hdug bf,lafg%dakhla fldmuK ld,hla
.kSo @

04. Time target : 3 minutes

ueka.kSka f,dayfhka ;ekQ taldldr lïìhl È. 69 cm fõ' lïìfha fofl<jrg 4.5 V úNj wka;rhla fhdod
we;akï" lïìh ;=< bf,lafg%dk a .uka .kakd ma,dú; m%fõ.h fldmuKo @ ueka.kSkaj, m%;sfrdaOl;dj
4.3 × 10–7 m o tys ikakdhl bf,lafg%dak >k;ajh 1028 m–3 o fõ'

05. Time target : 3 minutes

m%dfhda.sl wjia:djla ie,lSfï§ iudka;r ;yvq Odß;%lhl ;yvq w;rg fhdok mdrúoHq;a øjHhg Y=kH
fkdjk ikakdhl;djla () mj;S' mdr úoHq;a ksh;h k jk mdrúoHq;a øjHhlska uq¿uksku a mqrjk ,o Odß;dj
C jQ Odß;%lhl m%;sfrdaOh R kï RC = ko / nj fmkajkak' fuys o hkq ksoyia wjldYfha mdrfõoH;djhs'

06. Time target : 4 minutes

;U 1.0g ialkaOhla Ndú; fldg 0.5  m%;sfrdaOhla we;s taldldr jD;a;dldr yrialvlska hq;a lïìhla
iE§ug wjYH hehs is;kak' ;U j, m%;sfrdaOl;dj 1.7 × 10-8 m yd >k;ajh 8.95 gcm-3 kï iEÈh hq;=
lïìfha È. yd yrialv úYalïnh fidhkak'

07. Time target : 2 minutes

wrh 5 mm jk taldldr ikakdhl lïìhlg 200 Vm–1 úoHq;a lafIa;h
% la fh¥ l, t;=,ska 5 A Odrdjla .,hs'
lïìh idod we;s øjHfha úYsIaG m%;sfrdaOh fidhkak'

08. Time target : 4 minutes

yrialv j¾.M,h 3.8 × 10-9 m2 jq 0.67 m È.e;s ;U lïìhl m%;f
s rdaOh fldmuKo @ ;Uj, m%;sfrdaOl;dj
1.7 × 10 m fõ'
-8

±ka fuu lïìhg tla;rd m%;H n,hla fh¥ úg tys yg .kakd úl%shdj 0.012 fõ' lïìfhys kj m%;sfrdaOh
fidhkak'

09. Time target : 2 minutes

iudk È.ska hq;a 4 ×10–8 m yd 3.6 × 10–7 m m%;f
s rdaOl;d we;s fjkia øjH follska iE¥ A yd B lïì folla
tlu úNj wka;rhlg ,la lr we;' lïì fol ;=< Odrd iudk ùug tajdfha wrhhka w;r wkqmd;h l=ula
úh hq;=o @

Samitha Ratnayake -8- Innovative Physics

10. Time target : 3 minutes
taldldr fkdjk jD;a;dldr yrialvla we;s ikakdhlhla rEmfha ±lafõ' ta ;=,
Odrdj 5A ls' A1 ys yrialv wrh 0.4 cm fõ'
i. A1ys Odrd >k;ajh fidhkak'
ii. A2ys Odrd >k;ajh" A1 ys Odrd >k;ajfhka 1/4 la ùu i|yd A2 ys yrialv
wrh fidhkak'

11. Time target : 3 minutes

Odrd >k;ajh jk J , ikakdhl;dj jk  yd lafIa;% ;Sj%;dj jk g J =   wdldrfhka ne¢ we;s
nj fmkajkak'
taldldr fkdjk yrialvla we;s ikakdhlhla yryd wkjr; úÿ,s Odrdjla .,d hhs'
a ) Odrdj b ) Odrd >k;ajh c ) úoHq;a lafIa;% ;sj%;dj d ) uOHkH ma,dú; m%fõ.h
hk rdYsj,ska ljrla ksh;j mj;So @ wfkla rdYSka yrialv j¾.M,hg olajk iïnkaO;dj l=ulao @

12. Time target : 4 minutes

me;a;l È. 6 mm jk iup;=ri%dldr yrialvla we;s 10 m la È. ;U lïìhla ;=< úÿ,s Odrdj 3.6 A ls' ksoyia
bf,lafg%dak idkaøKh 8.5 × 1028 m–3 yd m%;f
s rdaOl;dj 1.72 × 10–8 m kï"
i. Odrd >k;ajh
ii. lïìh ;=< úoHq;a lafIa;% ;Sj%;dj
iii. tla bf,lafg%dakhlg tla fl<jrl isg wfkla fl<jr olajd hdug .;jk ld,h fidhkak'

13. Time target : 5 minutes

E
Odrd >k;ajh ( J ) w¾: olajd we;af;a J = I / A f,ih' J = E / nj
fmkajkak' fuys  hk ikakdhlh idod we;s øjHhfha m%;f
s rdaOl;djhhs' I
A
mfiys we;s úlsrKYS,S uQ, øjHhkaf.ka msgjk úlsrK ksid yd
wNHdjldYfha isg tk fldiañla lsrK ksid ìysjQ Ok yd iDK whk mDÓú jdhq f.da,fha my, ia:rhkays
;sfí' mDÓú mDIaGh wi, isriaj my,g l%shd lrk 120 Vm-1 m%n,;djla we;s taldldr úoHq;a lafIa;%hla
we;ehs i,lkak' fuu úoHq;a lafIa;f
% ha + e f,i wdfrdam;
s Ok whk my,g;a - e f,i wdfrdam;
s iDK whk
by,g;a ma,jkh lrhs' Ok whk j, >k;ajh 620 cm-3 jk w;r iDK whkj, >k;ajh 550 cm -3 fõ'
jd;fha ikakdhl;dj 2.70 × 10-14 ( m )-1 f,i i,lkak' ( e = 1.6 × 10-19 C )
i. Ok yd iDK whk i|yd ma,dú; fõ.h iudk hehs i,ld tys w.h fidhkak'
ii. Odrd >k;ajh fidhkak'

Samitha Ratnayake -9- Innovative Physics

 ms<s;=re - wNHdi
01. 2.56mA, ol=Kg 02. 2.22 ×10–4 ms–1 03. 27200 s
–3 –1
04. 9.48 × 10 ms 06. 1.82 m , 280 m 07. 3.14 × 10–3 m
08. 3 , 3.07 09. 1:3 10. i. 9.94 × 104 Am–2
ii. 0.8 cm
11. Odrdj muKla ksh; fõ' wfkla rdYs ;=ku yrialvg m%;sf,dauj iudkqmd;sl fõ'
12. i 105 Am –2 ii. 1.72 × 10–3 Vm–1 iii. 9.1 × 106 s
13. i 0.017 ms–1

D:\V\S~\2020 -Current Electricity - VIDEO CLASS - Day - 01.pm7_Net 02 2020/05/16

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Samitha Ratnayake - 10 - Innovative Physics