7/9/2021 Revised Penal Code - Wikipedia

One distinct aspect of the Revised Penal Code centers on its classification of aggravating, exempting and mitigating circumstances, the appreciation of which
affects the gradation of penalties. Penalties under the Revised Penal Code are generally divided into three periods – the minimum period, the medium
period, and the maximum period. In addition to establishing the elements of the crime, the prosecution may also establish the presence of aggravating
circumstances in order to set the penalty at the maximum period, or mitigating circumstances to reduce the penalty to its minimum period. The presence of
both aggravating and mitigating circumstance, or the absence of such circumstances, may result in the imposition of the penalty in its medium period.[3]

Several provisions of the Revised Penal Code have also been amended through Republic Acts. One of the more consequential amendments came in 1997, with
the passage of Republic Act No. 8353, the Anti-Rape Law of 1997.[4] Prior to the 1997 amendments, rape had been classified as a crime against chastity and
was defined as "having carnal knowledge of a woman" under enumerated circumstances that indicated lack of consent.[3] Under the amendments, rape was
reclassified as a crime against persons. The definition was further expanded from mere "carnal knowledge of a woman" and now included "an act of sexual
assault by inserting his penis into other person's mouth or anal orifice, or any instrument or object, into the genital or anal orifice of another person."
Additional circumstances by which the victim would be deemed incapable of giving valid consent were also integrated into this new definition of rape.[4]

With the abolition of the death penalty in 2006, the highest penalty currently possible under the Revised Penal Code is reclusión perpetua, which ranges
from 20 years and 1 day to 40 years' imprisonment.[3][5][6] The penalty of life imprisonment is not provided for in the Revised Penal Code, although it is
imposed by other penal statutes such as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act.[2]

Preliminary article
It states that the law shall be known as the "Revised Penal Code."

Book One
A preliminary article states when it takes effect (on January 1, 1932), and where the law can be enforced, which includes the Philippine archipelago, and on a
Philippine ship or airship, among others.

Title One: Felonies and criminal liability

Chapter One defines what a felony is, which are acts and omissions punishable by law, either by means of deceit, or by fault. If defines who is criminally
liable, whether a felony is consummated, frustrated or attempted, when conspiracy and proposal to commit felonies are punishable, which felonies are light,
less grave and grave.

The succeeding chapters list which circumstances justify, exempt, mitigate and aggravate criminal liability.

Title Two: Persons criminally liable

This title discusses who are the persons liable. These include the principals, accomplices and the accessories, with the latter classification not used for light
felonies.

Title Three: Penalties

All penalties relating to death are commuted to reclusión perpetua.

Length of incarceration
Up to 6 years
Up to 40 years

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