Machinetools Gist

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTU, Anantapur)(Recognised Under section 2(f) of UGC Act 1956)
An ISO 9001: 2015 certified Institution – Unit of USHODAYA EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY
3rd Mile, Bombay Highway, Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), Andhra Pradesh, India- 524137
Ph. No. 08622-212779, 212781, Fax: 08622-212778, E-Mail: principal@gist.edu.in / geethanjali@gist.edu.in, Website: gist.edu.in
MACHINE TOOLS
L A B O R A T O R Y O B S E R A T I O N
Department of
Mechanical Engineering
Name
Roll No.
Class III B.TECH. I SEM
Branch MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Regulation R15
Name of the Lab MT LAB
Academic year 2018-19

ME, III B.TECH-I SEM (R15) Machine Tools Laboratory Observation

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTU, Anantapur)(Recognised Under section 2(f) of UGC Act 1956)
Ph. No. 08622-212779, 212781, Fax: 08622-212778, E-Mail: principal@gist.edu.in / geethanjali@gist.edu.in, Website:
gist.edu.in
VISION
To sustain as a premier technical Institution with impeccable credentials in
imparting quality engineering education, research and consultancy services with a
futuristic perspective, blending ethical values and technological advancements in
tune with emerging trends.
MISSION
 Providing quality instruction in technical education through activity based
innovative interactive teaching-learning strategies.
 Empowering the students through demanding and stimulated training in advanced
technologies and real-time applications by interaction and interface with leading
Industry, Academic and Research institutions.
 Adopting holistic approaches to develop sensitive, socially responsible,
professionally competent and motivated technocrats.
 Equipping the students with required skill sets to face the challenges in research,
academics, administration, industry and enterprise.
QUALITY POLICY
To self-prescribe exacting standards of Academic excellence, continuously strive

towards accomplishing quality teaching learning opportunities and providing
student associated services.
Department Of Mechanical Engineering
VISION
To nurture and groom the students into competent Mechanical Engineers by
inculcating conceptual learning in design and development, visualization and
innovation through value-based and interactive teaching-learning process,
projects and research to address industrial and societal needs.
MISSION
The vision of the department is achieved by
 Creating a congenial learning environment for students to upgrade their skills

in mechanical engineering through interactive teaching-learning process.
 Developing conceptual learning in design and development, creative learning
in visualization and innovation and strengthening the technical base for
qualitative research to address societal needs.
 Imparting advanced knowledge through workshops, seminars, conferences,
guest-lectures, industrial visits, in-plant training, internships and projects.
 Facilitating collaboration among students, faculty, academia and industry to
inculcate team work, leadership and professional ethics.
Geethanjali Institute Of Science And Technology, Nellore 2


(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTU, Anantapur)(Recognised Under section 2(f) of UGC Act 1956)
Ph. No. 08622-212779, 212781, Fax: 08622-212778, E-Mail: principal@gist.edu.in / geethanjali@gist.edu.in, Website:
gist.edu.in
MACHINE TOOLS
L A B O R A T O R Y O B S E R A T I O N
Department of
Mechanical Engineering
Name
Roll No.
Class III B.TECH. I SEM
Branch MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Regulation R15
Name of the Lab MT LAB
Academic year 2018-19

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

B. Tech III-I Sem. (ME) LTPC

0042
MACHINE TOOLS LABORATORY (15A03508)
OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this course are to introduce to

demonstrate the fundamentals of machining processes and machine tools.
SYLLABUS:
1. Demonstration Of Construction & Operations Of General Purpose Machines:
Lathe, Drilling Machine, Milling Machine, Shaper, Planning Machine, Slotting
Machine, Cylindrical Grinder, Surface Grinder and Tool & Cutter Grinder.
2. Job on Step Turning and Taper Turning On Lathe Machine
3. Job on Thread Cutting and Knurling On -Lathe Machine.
4. Job on Drilling and Tapping
5. Job on Shaping and Planning
6. Job on Slotting
7. Job on Milling (Groove Cutting/ Gear Cutting)
8. Job on Cylindrical and Surface Grinding
9. Job on Grinding Of Tool Angles.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
1. Step Turning operation on lathe machine

2. Taper Turning operation on lathe machine
3. Thread & Knurling operation on lathe machine
4. Drilling & Step Boring operation on lathe machine
5. Eccentric Turning operation on Lathe machine.
6. Shaping operation on shaper
7. Spur gear cutting on Milling Machine
8. Drilling & Tapping operation on Radial Drilling machine.
9. Cylindrical Grinding operation.
10. Grinding of tool angles of Single Point Cutting Tool
11. Demonstration of all general purpose machines.
12. Step turning, taper turning, thread cutting, knurling and chamfering using
Capstan Lathe Machine.
INDEX

Name of the Student : Roll No:
Class & Branch: III B.Tech. I - sem Lab : MT LAB
S.No. Name of the experiment Page No. Date Signature
10
11
12
Signature of the Staff member
EXP NO:1 DATE:
STEP TURNING ON LATHE MACHINE

AIM:
To perform Step turning operation on the given work piece using
Lathe machine.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Mild steel rod of 25.4 mm diameter and 150 mm long.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Vernier calipers, steel rule, spanner, chuck spanner, and H.S.S.
single point cutting tool.
SPECIFICATION OF LATHE:
Length of bed : 1390 mm
Width of bed : 200 mm
Height of centers : 165 mm
Admit between centers : 700 mm
Lead screw pitch : 4TPI
Power of the motor : 1 hp.
THEORY:
L
athe removes undesired material from a rotating work piece in the form of chips
with the help of a tool which is traversed across the work and can be fed deep in
work. The tool material should be harder than the work piece and the later help
securely and rigidly on the machine. The tool may be given linear motion in any
direction. A lathe is used principally to produce cylindrical surfaces and plane

surfaces, at right angles to the axis of rotation. It can also produce tapers and
bellows etc.
A lathe (shown in fig.) basically consists of a bed to provide support, a

head stock, a cross side to traverse the tool, a tool post mounted on the cross
slide. The spindle is driven by a motor through a gear box to obtain a range of
speeds. The carriage moves over the bed guide ways parallel to the work piece
and the cross slide provides the transverse motion. A feed shaft and lead screw
are also provided to power the carriage and for cutting the threads respectively.
SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS:
1.Centering 2.Facing 3.Plain turning 4. Chamfering 5.Step turning
DIAGRAM:
Φ 20 Φ 22 Φ 25 Φ 22 Φ 15
26 14 50 45 15
ALL THE DIMENSIONS ARE IN “mm”
PROCEDURE:
1. The work piece is fixed in a 3-jaw chuck with sufficient overhang.

2. Adjust the machine to run the job to a required cutting speed.

3. Fix the cutting tool in the tool post and centering operation is performed
so that the axis of the job coincides with the lathe axis.
4. Give the feed and depth of cut to the cutting tool
5. The tool is fixed in the tool post and centering is done. Facing is done on
both sides afterwards.
6. Facing operation is performed from the center of the job towards
outwards or from the circumference towards the center
7. Rough turning is carried on the work piece to a diameter 25.5 mm over a
length of 150 mm, until the diameter of the work piece reduces to 25 mm.
8. Finish turning is carried up to a diameter of 25mm over a length of 50mm,
to a diameter of 22mm over a length of 45 and 14 mm, to a diameter of
20mm over a length of 26 and to a diameter of 15mm over a length of
15mm.
9. Check the dimensions by using vernier calipers.
10. Reverse the work piece in the chuck and facing operation is
performed .
11. Finally check the dimensions by using vernier calipers.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The work piece should be held rigidly in the chuck before operating the
machine.
2. Tool should be properly ground, fixed at correct height and properly
secured, and work also be firmly secured.
3. Before operating the machine see whether the job and tool is firmly
secured in devices or not.
4. Optimum machining conditions should be maintained.
5. Chips should not be allowed to wound around a revolving job and cleared
as often as possible
6. Apply cutting fluids to the tool and work piece properly.
RESULT:
The required job has been completed successfully as per the given
dimensions.

EXP. NO: 2 DATE:
TAPER TURNING ON LATHE MACHINE

AIM:
To perform Taper turning operation on the given work piece using
Lathe machine.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
TOOLS REQUIRED:
single point cutting tool.
THEORY:
Lathe removes undesired material from a rotating work piece in the form
of chips with the help of a tool which is traversed across the work and can be fed
deep in work. The tool material should be harder than the work piece and the
later help securely and rigidly on the machine. The tool may be given linear
motion in any direction. A lathe is used principally to produce cylindrical
surfaces and plane surfaces, at right angles to the axis of rotation. It can also
produce tapers and bellows etc.


A taper may be defined as a uniform increase or decrease in diameter of work
piece measured along its length. In a lathe, taper turning means to produce a
conical surface by gradual reduction in diameter. From a cylindrical work piece.
The amount of taper in a work piece is usually specified by the ratio of

the difference in diameters of the taper to its length. This is termed as the
concavity and is designated by Tana.
D−d
Tan a= 2l
Where
D = diameter of large side (in mm)
d = diameter of smaller side (in mm)
l = length of tapered part (in mm)
a = full taper angle.
Taper turning methods: A taper may be turned in a lathe by feeding
the tool at an angle to the axis of rotation of the work piece.
A taper may be turned by any one of the following methods.
1. By a broad nose form tool.
2. By setting over the tail stock center.
3. By a taper turning attachment
4. By combining longitudinal and cross feed in a special lathe.
5. Swiveling the compound rest. (We use this method in this job).
DIAGRAM :

PROCEDURE:
1. The tool is fixed in the tool post and centering is done. Facing is done on
both sides after centering.
2. Turning is carried on the work piece to a diameter of 22 mm over the length
of 45mm.
3. Swivel the compound rest to an angle of 9.910 = 100.
4. Taper turning on the work piece is carried by moving the tool post.
5. Give the depth of cut and repeat the turning operations until the taper
diameter 15 mm is achieved.
PRECAUTIONS:
machine.
4. The angle of taper is calculated properly and the tool post is swiveled to
that angle exactly.
RESULT:
The required job has been completed successfully as per the given
dimensions.

EXP. NO: 3 DATE:

THREAD CUTTING AND KNURLING ON LATHE MACHINE
AIM:
To perform Thread Cutting and Knurling operation on the given
work piece using Lathe machine.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
TOOLS REQUIRED:
single point cutting tool, knurling tool.
THEORY:


Thread cutting: The principle of thread cutting is to produce a helical groove on
a cylindrical or conical surface by feeding the tool longitudinally when the job is
revolved between centers by a chuck.
The longitudinal feed should be equal to the pitch of the thread to be cut per
revolution of the work piece.
The lead screw of the lathe, through which the saddle receives its
traversing by a definite pitch. A definite ratio between the longitudinal feed
and rotation of the head stock spindle should therefore be found out so that the
relative speeds of rotation of the work and the lead screw will result in the
cutting of screw of the desired pitch. This is affected by change gears arranged
between the spindle and the lead screw or by the change gear mechanism or
feed box.
Knurling is the process of embossing diamond shaped pattern on the surface of a
work piece. The purpose of knurling is to provide an effective gripping surface on
a work piece to prevent it from slipping when operated by hand.
This operation is performed by a special knurling tool which consists of a
set of hardened steel rollers in a holder with the teeth cut on their surface in
definite patterns. The tool is held rigidly on the tool post and the rollers are
pressed against the revolving work piece to squeeze the metal against the
multiple cutting edges, producing depression in a regular pattern on the surface
of the work piece. The tool should be set of the center height and perpendicular
to the lathe axis.
DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE:
1. The tool is fixed in the tool post and centering is done. Facing is done on both
sides.
2. Rough turning is carried on the work piece to a diameter 25mm over a length
of 150 mm.
3. Finish turning is carried up to a diameter of 25mm over a length of 50mm, to
a diameter of 22mm over a length of 45 and 14 mm, to a diameter of 20mm
over a length of 26 and to a diameter of 15mm over a length of 15mm.
4. Left hand / right hand thread cutting with a pitch of 2mm is done over a
diameter of 20mm and length of 20mm by using single point cutting tool.
5. Knurling is done over a diameter of 25mm and length of 10mm by using
knurling tool.
PRECAUTIONS:
machine.
RESULT:
The required job has been completed as per the given dimensions.

EXP. NO: 4 DATE:

DRILLING AND BORING OPERATIONS IN LATHE MACHINE
AIM: To Perform drilling and boring operation on the given work piece as
per the given dimensions using Lathe machine.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Mild steel rod of 38 mm diameter and 55 mm long.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Boring tool, Drill bit of 8mm diameter, Drill bit of 24mm diameter
single point cutting tool, knurling tool.
THEORY:


DRILLING:
It is an operation of producing cylindrical holes in a work piece by rotating
cutting edge of a cutter known as the drill.
Drilling on a lathe machine is preformed while the work piece is revolving
in a chuck. Drill is held in the tail stockholder or in a drill chuck. The movement
of the tail stock spindle provides feed.
Boring:
Boring is an operation of enlarging the existing holes by means of adjustable
cutting tool with one cutting edge.
Boring can also be done for correcting the roundness of the hole obtained by
drilling process.
DIAGRAM:
 38  30 25
25 30
PROCEDURE:
1. Fix the Work piece in the head stock chuck firmly..

2. Turning tool is fixed in the tool post and centering is to be done.
3. Turn the job to get a diameter of 38 mm.
4. Facing is to be done on one side of the job

5. Drill bit of 8 mm diameter is fixed on tailstock & centering of work piece is to

be done by feeding through tailstock.
6. Drill bit of 25 mm diameter is fixed in tail stock.
7. Drill through a hole of 25 mm diameter in the work piece by feeding the
tailstock.
8. Boring tool is fixed in the tool post to perform boring operation to get a hole
of 30 mm diameter.
9. Bore the first 25 mm length of hole to get an inside diameter of 30 mm.
10. Fit the job in reverse position in the chuck.
11. Facing of other side of the work piece is to be done to get the required
length of the job.
PRECAUTIONS:
machine.
7. The height of the tool point must coincide with the material center.
8. The depth of cut should be low.
9. The speed & feed should be given low during drilling operation.
RESULT:

EXP.NO: 5 DATE:
ECCENTRIC STEP TURNING USING LATHE MACHINE
AIM: To Perform eccentric step turning operation on the given job by

using Lathe machine.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Mild steel rod of 34 mm diameter and 50 mm long.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
four-jaw chuck,Vernier calipers, steel rule, spanner, chuck spanner,
and H.S.S. single point cutting tool, knurling tool.
THEORY:


DIAGRAM:
7
25
7
 34
30 20
PROCUDURE:
1. Tool is fixed on tool post & centering is done.
2. Mount the work piece in the 4-jaw check centrally.
3. Facing is done on both sides of the job to remove the extra material.
4. Turn the given job to a get a diameter of 34 mm for the length 50 mm.
5. Remove the job from the four-jaw check.
6. Mount the job in such a way that center is at a distance of 9 mm from the
centered job piece and 3 mm from the lateral surface by adjusting the chuck.
7. Turn the job to a diameter of 10 mm over a length of 20 mm.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Centering is done perfectly.
machine.

8. The height of the tool point must coincide with the material center.
9. The depth of cut should be low.
10. The speed & feed should be given low during drilling operation.
RESULT:

EXP. NO: 6 DATE:

SHAPING OPERATION
AIM: To machine the given work piece of a MS steel as per given

dimensions on shaping machine.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
M.S. FLAT 75 mm x 75 mm, 12 mm thick.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Tool holder, Single point cutting tool, Marking Gauge.
SPECIFICATION OF THE MACHINE:
Length of ram stroke : 410 mm
Length of ram : 635 mm
Max/min. distance from table to ram: 406 x 89
Max. Vertical travel of tool slide : 152 mm
Max. Swivel of tool head : 60 degrees L & R
Motor capacity : 1 H.P.
THEORY:
Shaper is a reciprocating type of a machine tool used to produce flat &
contour surfaces. These surfaces may be horizontal, vertical or inclined. The
shaper can produce any surface composed of straight-line elements.
Working Principle
The working principle of a shaper is illustrated in fig1.
In case of shaper; the job is rigidly held in a suitable device like a vice or
clamped directly on the machine table. The tool is held in the tool post mounted
on the ram of the machine. This ram reciprocates to and fro and in doing so
makes the tool to cut the material in the forward stroke. No cutting of material

takes place during the return stroke of the ram. Hence it is termed as idle
stroke. However in case of a draw cut shaper the cutting takes place in the
return stroke and the forward stroke is an idle stroke. The job is given an index
feed in a direction normal to the line of action of the cutting tool.
Principal Parts of a Shaper
Principal parts of a shaper as illustrated in fig are the following.
1. Base: It is a heavy and robust cast iron body which as a support for all the
other parts of the machine which are mounted over it.
2. Column: It is a box type cast-iron body mounted on the base acts as housing
for the operating mechanism of the machine and the electricals. It also acts
as a support for other parts of the machine such as cross rail and ram etc.
3. Cross rail: It is a heavy cast iron construction attached to the column at its
front on the vertical guide ways. It carries two mechanisms: one for elevating
the table and the other for cross traversing of the table.
4. Table: It is made of cast iron and has a box type construction. It holds and
supports the work during the operation and slides along the cross rail to
provide feed to the work.
5. Ram: It is also an iron casting, semi circular in shape and provides with a
ribbed construction inside for rigidity and strength. It carries the tool head
and travels in dovetail guide ways to provide a straight line motion to the
tool.
6. Tool head: It is a device in which is held the tool. It can slide up and down
can be swung to a desired angle to set the tool at a desired position for the
operation.

7. Vice: It is job holding device and is mounted on the table. It holds and
supports the work during the operation.
Mechanism : The rotary movement of the drive is converted into reciprocating
movement by the whit worth quick return motion mechanism contain with in the
column of the machine.
Cutting speed: In a shaper the cutting speed is the rate at which the metal is
removed by the cutting tool. This is expressed is m per minute. The cutting
speed is considered only in the forward cutting stroke. Cutting speed is
calculated by the formula.
Cutting speed = Length of the cutting stroke / Time required by the
cutting stroke
Feed: Feed is the relative movement of tool on work in a direction perpendicular
to the axis of reciprocation of the ram for double stroke and is expressed in mm.
The feed is always given at the end of return stroke when the tool is not cutting
the metal. The selection of feed is dependent upon the kind of metal, type of job
etc.,
Depth of cut: It is the thickness of metal that is removed in one cut. It is the
perpendicular distance measured between machined surface and non-machined
surface of the work piece.
DIAGRAM:
75 12
All the dimensions are in “mm”

PROCEDURE:
1. Hold the work piece with given dimensions is fitted between jaws of vice,
crushing that its base is resting over the supporting plates.

2. The table is at rest position so that is below the cutting tool to adjust the
stroke length.
3. The work piece is kept at inclined position by raising the table.
4. The feed and depth of cut is given to the cutting tool before starting to the
machine.
5. The horizontal shaping is done on the work piece till raising dimensions
are obtained.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Marking should be done accurately.
2. The work piece should be set securely and rigidly in the vice.
3. Before starting a shaper make sure that the work vise, tool, and ram are
securely fastened.
4. Check that the tool and tool holder will clear the work and also the column
on the return stroke.
5. Always stand parallel to the cutting stroke and not in front of it.
6. Never attempt to remove chips or reach across the table while the ram is
in motion.
7. Never attempt to adjust a machine while it is in rotation.
8. Suitable feeds and depth of cut should be maintained uniformly.
10. Always feed will be given to the tool in the backward stroke only.
RESULT:

EXP. NO: 7 DATE:
SPUR GEAR CUTTING ON MILLING MACHINE

AIM: To cut an involute spur gear of 2.5 mm module and 18 numbers of
teeth on a milling machine.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
A cast iron round bar of 50 mm diameter x 20mm bore x 15mm
thickness.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Involute gear cutter having 2.5 mm module.
Universal dividing head.
Index plates
Steel rule
MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS:
Arbour dia : 40mm
Table longitudinal travel : 810mm
Table Transverse travel : 310mm
Table Vertical travel : 330mm
Indexing : Simple indexing
Drive/motor : 1hp
THEORY:
Working principle in Milling:
The working principle, employed in the metal removing operation on a Milling

machine, is that the work is rigidly clamped on the table of the machine or
held between centers, and revolving multi teeth cutter mounted either on a
spindle or an arbor. The cutter revolves at a fairly high speed and the work

fed slowly past the cutter, as shown in fig. The work can be fed in a vertical,
longitudinal or cross direction. As the work advances, the cutter-teeth
remove the metal from the work surface to produce the desired shape.With
cylindrical cutters, the following two methods are used for performing milling
operation.
(1) Up or Conventional Milling: In this method of milling the cutter
rotates in a direction opposite to that in which the work is fed.
(2) Down or Climb Milling: In this method the direction of rotation of the
cutter coincides with the direction of work fed as shown in fig.
The selection of a particular method depends upon the nature of work.

Conventional milling is commonly used for machining castings and forgings since
this method enables the cutter to dig-in and start the cut below the hard upper
surface. Climb milling is particularly useful for finishing operations and small
work such as slot cutting, milling grooves, slitting etc.
PLAIN OR HORIZONTAL MILLING MACHINE:

Its principal parts are shown by means of a block diagram in fig. the vertical
column serves as a housing for electricals, the main drive, spindle bearings, etc.
the knee acts as a support for the saddle, work table and other accessories like
indexing head, etc. over arm provides support for the yoke which in turn
supports the free end of the arbor. The arbor carrying the cutter rotates about a
horizontal axis. The table can be given straight motions in three directions;
longitudinal, cross and vertical but cannot swiveled. For giving vertical
movement to the table the knee itself, together with the whole unit above it
slides up and down along the ways provided in front of the column. For giving
cross movement to the table the saddle is moved towards or away from the
column along with the whole unit above it. A brace is employed to provide
additional support and rigidity to the arbor when a long arbor is used. Both hand
and power feeds can be employed for the work.
CALCULATION FOR INDEXING:

Simple Indexing:
To find the Index Crank Movement, divide 40 by the number of divisions
required on the work. The formula for index crank movement is given by
40
Index crank movement = N
Where N = Number of divisions required
Example:
Number of teeth required on the given work piece = 16
40 4
=2
Index crank movement = 18 18
Thus for indexing, two complete turn and 4 holes in 18 th hole circle of the
index plate will have to be moved by the index crank.
1. Determination of gear blank dimensions and other particulars :
(a) Addendum a = 1 m = 1 x 2.5 mm.
(b) Dedendum d = 1.25 m = 1.25 x 2.5 = 3.125 mm

(c) Gear tooth depth = a + d = 2.5 + 3.125 = 5.625 mm
(d) Outer diameter of gear D = m x (no. of teeth + 2)
= 2.5 x (18 + 2)
= 50 mm
DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. The dividing head and the tailstock are bolted on the table after setting
their axis perpendicular to the machine spindle.
2. The cutter is mounted on the arbor and it is then centered accurately
with the dividing head spindle axis by adjusting the position of the table.
The alignment of the cutter with the work axis is checked by raising the
table. In that position, the centerline of the cutter must touch the
center point of the tailstock. This assures the axial setting of the cutter
relative to the gear blank.
3. The gear blank is mounted in the self-centering chuck of dividing head
and its other end is supported by tailstock dead center.
4. The index plate with suitable number of holes is selected and is bolted
on the dividing head and the positions of the crank pin and the sector
arms are adjusted.

5. For setting the depth of cut. First the table is raised till the cutter just
touches the periphery of the gear block. The micrometer dial of the
vertical feed screw is set to zero in this position. Then the table is
raised to a height equal to the tooth depth. Suitable cutter speed and
feed are selected.
6. The machine is started and the required longitudinal feed is given to cut
the first tooth space of the gear.
7. At the end of the cut, the table is brought back to the starting position.
8. The machine is stopped and the blank is indexed for machining the next
tooth space.
9. Steps 6 to 8 are repeated till all the gear teeth are obtained.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Job must be secured tightly in the dividing head and tailstock.
2. Select and maintain proper machining conditions.
3. Index crank must be rotated to the exact number of rotations.
4. Job must be properly held in the dividing head i.e., job axis must be
parallel to table axis and should not have any run out.
5. Cutter centerline should coincide with the job axis.
RESULT:
The required involute spur gear of 2.5 mm module is cut on milling
machine.

EXP. NO: 8 DATE:
DRILLING OPERATION ON RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE

&
INTERNAL THREAD CUTTING USING TAPPING SET
AIM: To perform drilling and tapping operations on the given workpiece

as per the dimensions.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
A M.S Square block of 75x75x12 mm size.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Drill chuck
Drill bits of sizes 10.25 mm
Tap of size M12x1.75 pitch
Tap wrench
Center punch
Tool radial Travel : 300mm
Tool vertical Travel : 510mm
Spindle diameter : 40mm
Drive/ Motor : 1HP
THEORY:
Drilling machine is one of the simplest, moderate and accurate machine

tool used in production shop and tool room. It consist of a spindle which imparts
rotary motion to the drilling tool, a mechanism for feeding the tool into the work,
a table on which the work rests. It is considered as a single purpose machine
tool since its chief function is to make holes.
RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE:
Radial drilling machine is intended for drilling medium to large and heavy
work pieces. The machine consists of a heavy, round vertical column mounted
on a large base. The column supports a radial arm which can be raised and
lowered to accommodate work pieces of different heights. The arm may be
swung around to any position over the work bed. The drill head containing the
mechanism for rotating and feeding the drill is mounted on a radial arm and

moved horizontally on the guide ways and clamped at any desired position.
These three movements in a radial drilling machine when combined together
permit the drill to be located at any desired point on a large work piece for
drilling the hole. When several holes are drilled on a large work piece the
position of the arm and the drill head is altered so that the drill spindle may be
moved from one position to the other after drilling the hole with out altering the
setting of the work. This versatility of the machine allows it to work on large
work pieces.
Based on the type and number of movements possible the radial drills can be
broadly grouped as:
 Plain Radial Drills

 Semi – Universal Radial Drills * Universal Radial Drills

DIAGRAM:
12.5 25 25 12.5 Internal thread : M12 x Pitch1.75
All the dimensions are in “mm”
PROCEDURE:
SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS:
 Checking the raw material

 Marking and sawing
 Marking on the flat
 Drilling
 Tapping
1. Apply the chalk on one face of the work piece. Locate the center of the
work piece.
2. With the help 10.25 mm drill bit, drilling operation is performed by using
drilling machine.
3. Remove the work piece from the machine vice and fix it in the bench vice.
4. Fix pitch tap in tap wrench and locate the tap in 10.25 mm. hole and
rotate to perform the tapping operation.
5. Tapping should be done with all the three taps.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Alignment of the drill with centers located on work piece must be
accurate.
2. Fixing the tap in tap wrench should be accurate.
3. Tap should be held vertically while tapping.
RESULT:
The required job has been completed as per the given
dimensions.

EXP.NO: 9 DATE:
CYLINDRICAL GRINDING
AIM: To perform cylindrical grinding operation on the given work piece to

obtain cylindrical grinded surface as per the required dimension
using cylindrical grinding machine.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
M.S.Cylindrical bar OF 25.4mm diameter.
APPARATUS/TOOLS REQUIRED:
Cylindrical grinding machine, Vernier calipers, Grinding wheel.
Distance between the centres : 160mm
Maximum transverse travel : 100
Maximum Longitudinal travel : 160mm
Table swivel : 25o
Drive/Motor : 0.5 hp for spindle
: 1.5 hp for grinding wheel
THEORY:
Cylindrical grinding machine This machine is used to produce external cylindrical
surface. The surfaces may be straight, tapered, steps or profiled. Broadly there
are three different types of cylindrical grinding machine as follows: 1. Plain
centre type cylindrical grinder 2. Universal cylindrical surface grinder 3.
Centreless cylindrical surface grinder figure is a Plain centre type cylindrical
grinder Figure 29.8 illustrates schematically this machine and various motions
required for grinding action. The machine is similar to a centre lathe in many
respects. The workpiece is held between head stock and tailstock centres. A disc
type grinding wheel performs the grinding action with its peripheral surface.
Both traverse and plunge grinding can be carried out in this machine as shown in
Fig.
Feed: The feed is the longitudinal movement of the work piece per revolution. It
is expressed in mm/rev of the work piece.
Depth of cut: The depth of cut is the thickness of the layer of metal removed in
single pass. The depth of cut is taken in a range from 0.005 to 0.04 mm.

DIAGRAM:
Procedure:
1. The work piece is mounted on magnetic chuck so that the line along face of
grinding wheel coincides with edge of work piece.
2. The depth of cut is given to the work piece by the hand wheel.

3. The work piece reciprocates under the grinding wheel, and the table feeds
axially between passes to produce cylindrical surface and to get required size
of work piece.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Coolant to be allowed on work piece continuously.
2. The work piece is to be fixed on magnetic chuck firmly.
3. Depth of cut & feeds given are to be slow.
RESULT:

EXP.NO: 10 DATE:
GRINDING OF TOOL ANGLES IN SINGLE POINT CUTTING TOOL
ELEMENTS OF A SINGLE POINT TOOL:

Shank: It forms the main body of a solid tool and it is this part of the tool
which is gripped in the tool holder.
Face: It is the top surface of the tool between the shank and the point of the
tool. In the cutting action the chip flows along this surface only.
Corner or point: It is the wedge shaped portion where the face and flank of the
tool meet. It is the cutting part of the tool. It is also called nose
Flank: Portion of the tool which faces the work is termed as flank. It is the
surface adjacent to and below the cutting edge when the tool lies in horizontal
position.
Base: It is actually the bearing surface of the tool on which it is held in a tool
holder or clamped directly in a tool post.
Cutting edge: It is the edge on the face of the tool which removes material
from the work piece. The total cutting edge consists of side cutting edge and
end cutting edge.
PRINCIPAL ANGLES OF A SINGLE POINT TOOL

Rake Angle: It is the angle formed between the face of the tool and a plane
parallel to its base. The top face of the tool over which chip flows is known as
the rake face. The angle which this face makes with the normal to the machined
surface at the cutting edge is known as back rake angle and the angle between
the face and a plane parallel to the tool base and measured in a plane
perpendicular to both the tool holder and the side cutting edge is known as side
rake angle. These rake angles guide the chips away from the cutting edge,
thereby reducing the chip pressure on the face and increasing the keenness of

the tool so that less power is required for cutting. When the face of the tool is so
ground that it slopes upwards from the point it is said to contain a negative
rake. Using negative angles, directs the force back into the body of the tool
away from the CE, which gives protection in the CE. The use of negative rake
angle increases the cutting force and increases strength of the CE.
Side cutting angle: Angle between the side cutting edge and the side of the
tool shank. Complimentary angle of SCEA is also called the approach angle. It
is the angle which prevents interference as the tool enters the work material.
End cutting Edge angle:
The ECEA provides a clearance or relief to the trailing end of the cutting edge to
prevent rubbing or drag between the machined surface and the trailing part of
the CE. Only small angle is sufficient for this purpose. An angle of 8 O to 15O has
been found satisfactory in most cases.
Clearance angle: It is the angle formed by the front or side surfaces of the tool
which are adjacent and below the cutting edge when the tool is held in a
horizontal position. It is the angle between one of these surfaces and a plane
normal to the base of the tool. When the surface considered for this purpose is
in front of the tool i.e. just below the point, the angle formed is called front

clearance and when the surface below the side cutting edge is considered the
angle formed is known as side clearance angle. The purpose of providing front
clearance is to allow the tool to cut freely without rubbing against the surface of
the job and that of the side clearance to direct the acting thrust to the metal
area adjacent to the cutting edge.
Relief angle: It is the angle formed between the flank of the tool and a
perpendicular line drawn from the cutting point to the base of the tool.
Nose Radius: If the cutting tip of a single point tool carries a sharp cutting
point the cutting tip is weak. It is therefore highly stressed during the operation,
may fail or lose its cutting ability soon and produces marks on the machined
surface. In order to prevent these harmful effects the nose is [provided with a
radius called nose radius. It enables greater strength of the cutting, tip, a
prolonged tool life and a superior Surface finish on the work piece. Also as the
value of this radius increases, a higher cutting speed can be used. But if it is too
large it may lead to chaffer. So a balance has to be maintained.
TOOL AND CUTTER GRINDER:
Tool and Cutter grinders are used mainly to sharpen and recondition multiple
tooth cutters like reamers, milling cutters, drills, taps, hobs and other types of
tools used in the shop.
With various attachments they can also do light surface, cylindrical, and
internal grinding to finish such items as jig, fixture, die and gauge details and
sharpen single point tools. They are classified, according to the purpose of
grinding into two groups:
 Universal – tool and cutter grinders
 Single – purpose tool and cutter grinders

Universal tool and cutter grinders are particularly intended for sharpening of
miscellaneous cutters. Single purpose grinders are used for grinding tools such
as drills, tool-bits, etc in large production plants where large amount of grinding
work is necessary to keep production tools in proper cutting condition. In
addition tools can be ground uniformly and with accurate cutting angles.
SET UP OF FIXTURE FOR GRINDING TOOL:
SWIVEL OF SWIVLE OF
SHANK ANGLE TO
POSITION HORIZONTAL VERTICAL
POSITION BE GROUND
BASE BASE
End cutting 100 anti
1 Horizontal -----
edge angle -clockwise
End clearance 120 anti -
Horizontal -----
angle clockwise
100 anti
clockwise
Back Rake
Vertical ------ from the
angle
right side of
2
the operator
100 clockwise
Side rake
Vertical from the ----
angle
operators view

120 clockwise
Side cutting from the
Vertical -----
edge angle right side of
3 the operator
Side
60 anti
Vertical clearance
-clockwise
angle

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Program Educational Objectives (PEO’s)

At the end of the programme, the student shall
1. Acquire strong foundations in mathematics, basic sciences and engineering

fundamentals, necessary to formulate, analyze and solve Mechanical
Engineering problems.
2. Become a successful professional to handle complex technological issues in

industry, academia, research, consultancy and enterprise.
3. Contribute to the society as broadly educated, expressive, ethical and

responsible citizen with proven expertise through translating the acquired
skills to emerging real-time technologies.
PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSO’s)

The graduates of the program shall attain
PSO1: Proficiency in core streams of Mechanical Engineering such as

Mechanics of Materials, Design of Mechanical systems, Thermal & Fluid
Engineering, Industrial Management, Production Engineering and other
allied subjects.
PSO2: Adequate skills in advanced Mechanical Engineering technologies

like CAD/CAM/CAE, Robotics, Renewable Energy, Unconventional
Machining, FEA and inter-disciplinary concepts such as Mechatronics
and MEMS.
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO’s)
Engineering graduates will have:

PO1. Engineering Knowledge:
1. Ability to apply the knowledge of basic concepts in Mathematics,
Science, Engineering and Technology for the solution of intricate
Mechanical Engineering problems.
PO2. Problem Analysis:
2. Cognizance to identify, formulate and analyze complex Mechanical
Engineering problems and arrive at valid conclusions using first
principles of mathematics and engineering sciences.
PO3. Design/ Development of Solutions:
3. Capability to design mechanical systems, components or processes
to meet the desired needs of safety and economic, societal,
environmental and ethical considerations.
PO4. Investigations:
4. Critical and analytical skills for conducting experimental
investigations and interpretations towards obtaining relevant
solutions to complex mechanical engineering problems.
PO5. Modern Tool Usage:

5. Ability to select and adopt available resources, appropriate

techniques and modern Mechanical Engineering tools necessary for
distinct engineering processes and practices.
PO6. The Engineer and Society:
6. Awareness to assess the implications of Mechanical Engineering
solutions on legal, cultural, social, public health and safety
concerns.
PO7. Environment and Sustainability:
7. Knowledge to evolve pragmatic and sustainable solutions and to
assess their impact on society and environment.
PO8. Ethics:
8. Ability to harmoniously integrate the principles of professional
ethics with engineering practices and solutions to fulfil social
responsibilities.
PO9. Individual and Team Work:
9. Ability to function as an individual and a member of a team in
planning and integrating diverse engineering disciplines in
multidisciplinary settings.
PO10. Communication:
10. Communicate effectively through design documentation and
presentations on complex Engineering activities with the
engineering community and society at large.
PO11. Project Management and Finance:
11. Competence in understanding principles of Project
Management and Finance to manage projects in multidisciplinary
environments.
PO12. Life-long learning:
12. Ability to assimilate advanced technologies and engage in
life-long learning.

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GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Class III B.TECH. I SEM

Branch MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Academic year 2018-19

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

To self-prescribe exacting standards of Academic excellence, continuously strive

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

The vision of the department is achieved by

 Creating a congenial learning environment for students to upgrade their skills

Geethanjali Institute Of Science And Technology, Nellore 2

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Geethanjali Institute Of Science And Technology, Nellore 3

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

Geethanjali Institute Of Science And Technology, Nellore 4

B. Tech III-I Sem. (ME) LTPC

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this course are to introduce to

1. Step Turning operation on lathe machine

Geethanjali Institute Of Science And Technology, Nellore 5

Name of the Student : Roll No:

Class & Branch: III B.Tech. I - sem Lab : MT LAB

S.No. Name of the experiment Page No. Date Signature

Signature of the Staff member

EXP NO:1 DATE:

STEP TURNING ON LATHE MACHINE

Geethanjali Institute Of Science And Technology, Nellore 6

Geethanjali Institute Of Science And Technology, Nellore 7

A lathe (shown in fig.) basically consists of a bed to provide support, a

ALL THE DIMENSIONS ARE IN “mm”

Geethanjali Institute Of Science And Technology, Nellore 8

2. Adjust the machine to run the job to a required cutting speed.

Geethanjali Institute Of Science And Technology, Nellore 9

EXP. NO: 2 DATE:

TAPER TURNING ON LATHE MACHINE

Geethanjali Institute Of Science And Technology, Nellore 10

A lathe (shown in fig.) basically consists of a bed to provide support, a

The amount of taper in a work piece is usually specified by the ratio of

Geethanjali Institute Of Science And Technology, Nellore 11

Geethanjali Institute Of Science And Technology, Nellore 12

EXP. NO: 3 DATE:

Geethanjali Institute Of Science And Technology, Nellore 13

A lathe (shown in fig.) basically consists of a bed to provide support, a

Geethanjali Institute Of Science And Technology, Nellore 14

Geethanjali Institute Of Science And Technology, Nellore 15

EXP. NO: 4 DATE:

Geethanjali Institute Of Science And Technology, Nellore 16

A lathe (shown in fig.) basically consists of a bed to provide support, a

1. Fix the Work piece in the head stock chuck firmly..

Geethanjali Institute Of Science And Technology, Nellore 17

5. Drill bit of 8 mm diameter is fixed on tailstock & centering of work piece is to

Geethanjali Institute Of Science And Technology, Nellore 18

AIM: To Perform eccentric step turning operation on the given job by

A lathe (shown in fig.) basically consists of a bed to provide support, a

Geethanjali Institute Of Science And Technology, Nellore 19

Geethanjali Institute Of Science And Technology, Nellore 20

Geethanjali Institute Of Science And Technology, Nellore 21

EXP. NO: 6 DATE:

AIM: To machine the given work piece of a MS steel as per given