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1. What term is defined as “a form of matter containing only one kind of atom”?
An element, if an atom has more than one element it is a molecule

2. What are the chemical symbols for the following elements: hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen,
oxygen, helium, neon, argon, sodium, and chlorine?
Hydrogen- H
Carbon- C
Nitrogen- N
Oxygen- O
Helium- He
Argon- Ar
Sodium- Na
Chlorine- Cl
***All Atoms contain protons, electrons and neutrons; EXCEPT HYDROGEN WHICH
ONLY HAS ONE PROTON AND ONE ELECTRON****

3. What is the general physical structure of an atom, in terms of the three major subatomic
particles and their relative locations? Your response should include the term nucleus
protons, electrons, and neutrons with the nucleus in the center.

.
Protons- positively charged; lives in nucleus; mass 1, charge +1
Nucleus- core of an atom
Electron- negatively charged; lives outside nucleus; mass considered to be 0 when compared to
P and Ns; charge -1

4. What information does the atomic number provide about numbers of subatomic particles?
f an element is equal to the number of protons that element contains.
s.
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5. What information does the atomic mass provide about the numbers of subatomic particles?
the number of protons plus the number of neutrons of that element.

6. What is the name of the resource that contains information about elements and their
respective atomic numbers and masses?
Periodic table of elements.

7. Why, in terms of subatomic particles, are atoms of elements "electrically neutral" (i.e. the
overall electrical charge is zero)?
Because an element can donate, accept or share electrons with others to achieve more
stability, when the atom does not have equal numbers of protons and electrons it is then an ion
with a positive (Cations) or negative (anions) charge.

8. If you subtract the atomic number from the weight number, what is the interpretation of the
answer? (e.g. for Nitrogen: 14-7=7; Hint: Think of a subatomic particle.)
The number of neutrons within the atom.

9. What are electron shells and the octet rule? How are they relevant to chemical bonds?

The octet rule is when atoms share electrons to fill their outer shell to achieve more stability.
Electron shells are energy levels that form shells around the nucleus. These have to do with
covalent bonds because that is when an electron is shared between two or more elements.

10. What is an ion? How do atoms become ions, with respect to subatomic particles?

An ion is an atom with extra electrons or missing electrons. when the outermost shell gains or
loses electrons the atom then forms an ion.
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11. Explain the following symbolism:

a) Na+1 means that it lost an electron
b) Cl-1means it gained an electron
c) Mg+2 means it lost two electrons

12. Why are atoms willing to gain or lose electrons to become ions? You should refer to the
periodic table and column 8A (Noble gases)? Hint: Watch the video clips for the answer.

13. What information is provided by the molecular/chemical formula of a compound (e.g. H2O)?
(guessing here not official answer) The elements involved (H & O) and how many of each
element eg (H2= 2 hydrogen elements; O=1 oxygen element)

14. What are the three major types of chemical bonds discussed in the textbook?
covalent , hydrogen and
a. Which (one) of these types of bonds is/are based on equal sharing of electrons?
b. Which (one) of these types of bonds is/are based on transfer of electrons?
c. Which (one) of these types of bonds is/are based on unequal sharing of electrons?
d. Which (one) of these types of bonds is/are associated with partial charges?
e. Which (one) of these types of bonds can result in hydrogen bonding?

15. Distinguish between single and double covalent bonds.

16. Distinguish between the terms hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Classify each of the following
substances as hydrophilic or hydrophobic: sugar, salt, and cooking oil.

Hydrophobic: cooking oil

Hydrophilic: polar molecules

17. Are polar molecules classified as hydrophilic or hydrophobic? Are nonpolar molecules
classified as hydrophilic or hydrophobic? Explain the basis for your responses.

18. Explain the phrase "Water is a good solvent". Why would this property of water be important
to you (in a biological sense)? Distinguish between the terms solution, solute and solvent.
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19. What is the purpose of the pH scale? Describe its organization and features.
pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen in a solution

20. What is the meaning of the term “concentration”? Your response should include the terms
solute, solvent and solution.

21. What is true of the relative concentrations of hydrogen ions (i.e. H+1) and hydroxide ions
(i.e. OH-1) at pH 7?
They are equal

22. As the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution increases, what happens to the pH
number? As the concentration of hydroxide ions in a solution increases, what happens to the pH
number?

23. The pH of solution A is 4 and the pH of solution B is 3. Solution B has __10__ (0.5, 1, 10,
100, or 1000) times __less___ (more, less) H+1ions than solution A.

The pH of solution A is 7 and the pH of solution B is 5. Solution A has __100__ times

__less____ hydrogen ion concentration compared to solution B.

24. Classify each of the following pH values as acidic, basic, or neutral:

a. 9
b. 4
c. 6
d. 7
e. 12

25. Distinguish between monomers and macromolecules. What are the four categories of
biologically important macromolecules/polymers discussed in the chapter?

Polymers: nuclear acids, carbohydrates, proteins

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26. Be able to recognize the chemical structure of the following functional groups: hydroxyl,
carboxyl, amino, and phosphate (Hint: Watch the associated video clip in the resources.).

27. What is the monomer unit (i.e. unit molecule) of all carbohydrates? Note: I am NOT asking
for the elements found in carbohydrates nor am I asking for glucose. But glucose is the most
common monomer unit of polysaccharides

Idk if he wants the ratio for carbon to hydrogen to oxygen? (1:2:1)

28. What are the chemical formulas of glucose and galactose?

29. How does a monosaccharide differ from a disaccharide? Is lactose a monosaccharide or

disaccharide? Your response should include the terms glucose and galactose.

30. What are the three types of polysaccharides discussed in the reading?
a. Which is/are synthesized in plants and what is/are their function(s)?
b. Which one is synthesized in humans and what is its function?
c. Which is/are digested by humans?
d. Which is/are digested by ruminants (e.g. cows, sheep, and goats)?

31. Where in your body are the two major storage sites of glycogen? Why is it useful for
glycogen to be stored in these areas?

32. What are the two types of molecules that chemically join to make triglycerides? What two
functional groups are directly involved in chemically joining them together?

33. Distinguish chemically between saturated and unsaturated fats. What are trans fats?

34. How does the chemical composition of a phospholipid differ from that of a triglyceride?
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Which functional group is contained in a phospholipid but not a triglyceride?

35. Distinguish between hydrophilic and hydrophobic. What part of the phospholipid is
hydrophilic? Hydrophobic?
Part that is hydrophobic is the fatty acid

36. What cellular organelle is composed primarily of phospholipids?

37. What type of lipid is composed of four, linked carbon rings?

38. What is the monomer unit of proteins/polypeptides? Which two functional groups are
present in this monomer?

39. What is the general function of enzymes, which are most commonly proteins?
The general function of enzymes is to decrease active energies.

40. What is denaturation and how does it affect a protein? What are two factors that can cause
denaturation?

41. What is the primary structure of a protein? What is the name of the chemical bond that joins
amino acids (Hint: It isn’t “covalent”.)

42. What type of chemical bond is important to the secondary and tertiary structure? What term
is used to describe the breaking of these bonds by factors such as high temperature and pH
changes? How could breaking this type of bond affect the protein structure and function?

43. What are two types of nucleic acids? What is the monomer unit of nucleic acids?

44. What are the three chemical components of a nucleotide? Which of these is/are different
between DNA and RNA nucleotides?
Components are; sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen-containing/rich base.
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45. What two-word phrase describes the structure of DNA?

Important vocabulary:
Radioactive Isotopes- unstable isotopes that will lose protons, subatomic particles or energy to
form more stable-elements.

chemical bonds- interactions between two or more of the same or different elements that result
in the formation of molecules.

Proton- a positively charged particle that resides in the nucleus (the core of the atom) of an
atom and has a mass of 1 and a charge of +1.

Electron- a negatively charged particle that travels in the space around the nucleus. In other
words, it resides outside of the nucleus. It has a negligible mass (i.e. considered to be zero
compared to protons and neutrons) and has a charge of 1.

Neutron- positive (protons) and negative (electrons) charges balance each other in a neutral
atom, which has a net zero charge.

Isotopes- have different forms of the same element that have the same number of protons, but a
different number of neutrons.

Matter- occupies space and has mass; makes up life; made of elements

Elements- things that make up matter; substances that can’t be broken down or changed
chemically to other substances

Atomic Number- equal to the number of protons in an element

Mass Number- aka atomic mass = protons+neutrons in on element

Polar covalent-directly based on unequal sharing of electrons

Oxygen is an element whose atoms need two additional electrons to fill the outer electron shell.

AN-AM=#of N
Where AN is atomic number, AM is atomic mass and N is neurons
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HOW?!

Symbolism Mg+2 is an ion that has lost two electrons