42

SMOKE CONTROL

Table of Contents
Scope and purpose........................................................................................................................ 42.1
Where required ............................................................................................................................ 42.2
Compliance ................................................................................................................................... 42.3
Definitions .................................................................................................................................... 42.4
Design team.................................................................................................................................. 42.5
Coordination letters .......................................................................................................................... 42.5.3
Special design considerations ....................................................................................................... 42.6
Tenant improvements....................................................................................................................... 42.6.1
Penthouses........................................................................................................................................ 42.6.3
Garage ventilation ............................................................................................................................ 42.6.5
Loading docks .................................................................................................................................... 42.6.6
Trash chutes ...................................................................................................................................... 42.6.7
Permit timing ................................................................................................................................ 42.7
Submittal requirements ................................................................................................................ 42.8
Conceptual smoke control submittal ................................................................................................ 42.8.1
Detailed smoke control submittal..................................................................................................... 42.8.2
Smoke control zones .................................................................................................................. 42.8.2.3
Fire-fighter’s Smoke Control Panel (FSCP) ...................................................................................... 42.9
Panel colors ....................................................................................................................................... 42.9.4
Panel indicators- equipment and status ........................................................................................... 42.9.5
Zone controls .................................................................................................................................... 42.9.6
Garage control .................................................................................................................................. 42.9.7
Shaft pressurization fans................................................................................................................... 42.9.8
Multiple fans operating in a single zone ........................................................................................... 42.9.9
Door unlocking switch..................................................................................................................... 42.9.10
System activation ....................................................................................................................... 42.10
Equipment .................................................................................................................................. 42.11

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 Wiring .............................................................................................................................................. 42.11.3
Marking and identification .............................................................................................................. 42.11.6
Testing and inspection ................................................................................................................ 42.12
Special inspector testing ............................................................................................................. 42.13
Special inspection and acceptance test requirements ................................................................... 42.13.5
Special inspector qualifications....................................................................................................... 42.13.6
Certificate of compliance by the special inspector ......................................................................... 42.13.7
System commissioning by the Bellevue Fire Department.............................................................. 42.14
Operational testing witnessed by the Bellevue FD ......................................................................... 42.14.3
Performance testing witnessed by the Bellevue FD ....................................................................... 42.14.4
Certificate of compliance by the designer .................................................................................... 42.14.10
Smoke control record documents ................................................................................................ 42.15
Routine maintenance and testing ................................................................................................ 42.16

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42.1 Scope and purpose. The purpose of this standard is to clarify existing Code and City
of Bellevue Fire Department (BFD) requirements for the design, installation and
acceptance testing of smoke control systems. This information is to supplement existing
code requirements and does not cover all aspects. This section applies to active and/or
passive smoke control systems, and includes shaft pressurization as well as zoned smoke
control systems.

Design Approaches may include the Pressurization Method, Airflow Design Method,
Exhaust Method, Passive Smoke Control and Performance Based Designs. All of these
are defined in ICC standards. The objective of such designs is to accomplish the
following:
1. Contribute to the protection of life and to the reduction of property loss.
2. Provide conditions outside the event zone that enable emergency response personnel
to enter for rescue and fire-fighting operations.
3. Maintain a tenable environment in smoke refuge areas and exit enclosures, and
within the event zone when utilizing the exhaust method, for the required duration.
4. Inhibit smoke from entering stairwells, smoke refuge areas, elevator shafts, or
similar areas.
5. Inhibit the migration of smoke from the event zone.

42.2 Where required. The IBC requires the following smoke control systems:
1. High-rise Buildings (BCC 23.10.403.7 – IBC 403.7 amended)
2. When utilizing Washington Administrative Code 51-50-504.3 (5 story Type V over 1
story Type 1 Construction)
3. Pressurized Shafts/Smokeproof Enclosures (1022.10)
4. Underground Buildings (405.5)
5. Building Atriums (404.5)
6. Windowless Buildings (408.9)
7. Stages and Platforms (410.3.7.2)
8. Assembly Seating (1028.6.2.1)

42.3 Compliance. Smoke control and smoke management systems shall comply with
IBC/IFC Section 909 and generally accepted and well-established principles of
engineering as required by IBC Section 909.2. This shall include NFPA 92, A Guide to
Smoke Control in the 2006 IBC, Dr. John H. Klote, P.E., and Douglas H. Evans, P.E.,
2007, International Code Council, Principles of Smoke Management, Dr. John H. Klote,
P.E., and Dr. James A. Milke, P.E., 2002, Handbook of Smoke Control Engineering,
John H. Klote, James A Milke, Paul G Turnbull, Ahmed Kakhef, Michael J Ferreira,
(ASHRAE) 2012. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning
Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE) Commissioning Process for Smoke Control Systems, 2012.

42.4 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for the purposes of this chapter and
as used elsewhere, have the meanings shown herein.
ACTIVE ZONE. A smoke-control zone that utilizes mechanical ventilation for smoke-
control during smoke control mode to achieve design objectives.

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DEDICATED SMOKE-CONTROL SYSTEM. Smoke-control systems and
components that are installed for the sole purpose of providing smoke control, and upon
activation these systems operate specifically to perform the smoke-control function. They
include components that do not function under normal building operating conditions,
such as stair pressurization fans or smoke control dampers that operate specifically to
perform the smoke control function upon smoke control system activation.
END-TO-END VERIFICATION. A self-testing method that provides positive
confirmation that the desired result (e.g., airflow or damper position) has been achieved
when a controlled device has been activated, such as during smoke control mode, testing,
or manual override operations. The intent of end-to-end verification goes beyond
determining whether a circuit fault exists, but instead ascertains whether the desired end
result is achieved. True end-to-end verification therefore, requires a comparison of the
desired operation to the actual end result.
EVENT ZONE. The smoke-control zone where the fire event is considered to originate.
NONDEDICATED SMOKE-CONTROL SYSTEMS. Smoke-control systems and
components that share components with some other system(s), such as the building
HVAC system, and upon activation cause the HVAC system to change its mode of
operation in order to achieve the smoke-control objectives.
PASSIVE ZONE. A smoke-control zone with no mechanical ventilation for smoke
control.
PASSIVE SUB-ZONE. A space within an active smoke zone that is not provided with
mechanical ventilation for smoke control. The passive sub-zone is not required to be
separated by smoke barrier construction.
Raceway. Where referenced in accordance with IBC 909.12.1, shall be limited to rigid
metal, IMC, EMT, and MC cable.
SANDWICH METHOD. A zoned smoke-control system that utilizes a combination of
exhaust in the event zone and pressurization in contiguous smoke zones.
SHAFT PRESSURIZATION (PRESSURIZED STAIRWELLS/HOISTWAYS.) A
type of smoke-control approach in which stair shafts and elevator hoistways are
mechanically pressurized, to establish prescribed pressure differentials with respect to
the event zone, with outdoor air to keep smoke from contaminating them for a duration
of at least 2-hour.
SMOKE-CONTROL MODE. A predefined operational configuration of a system or
device for the purpose of smoke control.
SMOKE-CONTROL SYSTEM. An engineered system that utilizes a combination of
passive barriers, mechanical equipment and automatic detection and/or suppression to
inhibit smoke movement from the event zone to other smoke zones.
SMOKE-CONTROL ZONE. A space within a building enclosed by smoke barriers,
including the top and bottom.
ZONED SMOKE-CONTROL SYSTEM. A smoke-control system applying the
Pressurization Method that includes a relative negative pressure for the event zone and a
relative positive pressure for all contiguous smoke-control zones, in accordance with IBC
909.6.

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42.5 Design team. Each design individual must be registered or licensed in their particular
branch of engineering or architecture by the State of Washington in accordance with
RCW 18.235, and will be responsible for the elements of the smoke control system in
their area of responsibility. Appropriate certification must also be demonstrated by fire
alarm and fire sprinkler system designers.

Point of Information

Experience shows that the most successful projects utilize a Fire Protection Engineer
early in a project to develop the smoke control concept, detailed design and maintain an
active and integral role throughout the project. This individual is ideally the “Design
Professional in Responsible Charge”

42.5.1 Design professional in responsible charge. In buildings or occupancies

that are provided with smoke control, in accordance with IBC Section 107.3.4, BFD
requires that the owner engage and designate a registered design professional in
responsible charge who is responsible for reviewing and coordinating submittal
documents prepared by others.

42.5.2 Coordination of effort. Coordinated effort among all parties involved in

designing, installing and testing smoke control systems is essential to meet applicable
code requirements. It cannot be overemphasized that the design professionals, including
the architect, mechanical engineer, electrical engineer, fire protection engineer, City
reviewers, as well as all applicable trades including the fire alarm/electrical
contractor(s), automatic sprinkler contractor, mechanical contractor and those
responsible for construction of smoke barriers, must work together to accomplish a fully
functional smoke control system.

42.5.3 Coordination letters. A signed statement must be provided from each of the
individual designers (Electrical, Mechanical, Fire Alarm, Fire Sprinkler and Building
Architectural) stating that the designer has read the Detailed Design Report and has
incorporated it into their design, unless the design professional is the author of the
report.

42.5.4 Commissioning. The owner must identify a special inspection agency and a
balancing agency acceptable to the Bellevue Fire Department who’s duties and
qualifications are further outlined in Section 42.13.7. These agencies must be separate
and distinct companies.

42.6 Special design considerations.

42.6.1 Tenant improvements. When the project work adds, modifies, or replaces
smoke control zones, barriers, or fan equipment, operational testing and performance
testing of the affected zones is required. Performance tests shall minimally demonstrate
satisfactory performance of the elements of the affected smoke-control zones.
Operational tests of selected areas outside of the work zone will be required to help
ensure that programming changes did not affect other zones. If variable frequency drive
(VFD) settings are modified, tests must be performed as required in the modified area
and in adjacent areas served by previous fan speed to confirm proper pressure
differentials.

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 Exception: Where the project work is limited to modifications within an
existing smoke zone, operational testing only is required to demonstrate
appropriate system responses based on alarm sequences initiated in affected
zones, as well as system responses in the affected zones based on alarm
sequences initiated in adjacent zones. Manual control of equipment in affected
zones via the FSCP must also be verified.

Point of information

There are some smoke control systems in existence based on the codes and standards in
place at the time of original construction that would not be required under codes and
standards in place today. Owners of these buildings must either maintain these systems
in accordance with their original design or they must evaluate the entire building under
the codes and standards in place to determine if these systems could be
decommissioned. This will normally require an evaluation under the direction of a
licensed architect and fire protection engineer.

42.6.2 Fire Resistance rated protection. Shaft pressurization equipment

(smokeproof enclosure ventilation equipment) is required to be protected in accordance
with IBC Section 909.20.6.1. This 2-hour fire barrier separation includes all equipment,
power and control wiring associated with Shaft Pressurization systems.

42.6.3 Penthouses. Rooftop penthouses are considered part of the building.

42.6.4 Generator and transfer switch. The emergency generator and transfer
switches shall be in a separate room from the normal power transformers and switch
gear. The rooms must feature 2-hour FRR construction in high-rise and underground
buildings, 1-hour FRR in all other buildings. (Ref. IBC 403.10, IBC 909.11, NFPA 110-
7.2.1.1).

42.6.5 Garage ventilation. Where provided, mechanical garage ventilation systems

(supply and exhaust) shall operate at 100% rated capacity in the event of automatic fire
alarm activation in the garage zone. These systems do not require emergency power
unless required by other codes or standards.

42.6.5.1 Fan control. Fan control must be provided at the FSCP in

accordance with 42.9.7.

42.6.6 Loading docks. Truck loading docks and similar facilities located interior of a
building that is provided with smoke control requires special consideration. In general,
smoke removal for the loading dock area within a building shall have a minimum
exhaust volume of 10 air changes per hour.

42.6.6.1 Emergency power. Fans for truck loading docks must be on

emergency power.

42.6.6.2 Fan control. Fan control and indication must be provided at the
FSCP in accordance with 42.9.4.

42.6.7 Trash chutes. Trash chutes equipped with continuously operating fans require
the fan to be on emergency power; however, control and status indication of the fan at
the FSCP is not required.

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42.7 Permit timing. Permit application and approval timing is as follows:
1. The Smoke Control Concept (see number sheet 42A) must be approved prior to
submittal of the garage building permit (BB for the garage).
2. The Smoke control Detailed Design (see number sheet 42B) must be submitted prior
to issuance of the garage building permit (BB for garage).
3. The Smoke Control Permit (FH Detailed Design see number sheet 42B) must be
approved before the above grade building permit (BB for podium/tower) will be
issued.
4. Work associated with the smoke control permit, except for a slab-only pre-wire,
cannot occur until the Smoke Control permit (FH) is issued. An electrical Pre-
Construction meeting is required before garage slab-only permit is issued.

42.8 Submittal requirements. Submittal requirements shall be as described in this section,

and the appropriate City of Bellevue description sheet:

Sheet 42A – Conceptual Smoke Control Submittal

Sheet 42B – Detailed Smoke Control Submittal
Sheet 42C – Smoke Control System Revision Submittal
Sheet 42D – Shaft Pressurization Only Submittal

42.8.1 Conceptual smoke control submittal. The conceptual design is the initial
submittal of the Smoke Control Permit (type FH). The Conceptual Smoke Control Design
must be prepared by a Professional Engineer competent in the design of smoke control
systems. The Concept Design submittal contains the Life Safety Report, Summary Event
Matrix and Zone Drawings in accordance with number sheet 42A. Once the Concept has
been approved, then the Detailed Smoke Control Submittal is required to be submitted.

42.8.1.1. Life safety report. The life safety report must include a general
project description of the building, life safety systems and the smoke control
methods and objectives that will be applied. This report must include a
description of the various life safety features of the project (sprinklers, fire
pumps, reservoirs, standpipe systems, fire detection/alarm/communication
system, FCC requirements, firefighter smoke control panel features, emergency
power systems, in-building radio system, etc.) and how they will interface with
each other. The smoke control narrative must detail how the code requirements
of IBC 909 will be addressed, and describe the planned activation and operation
of the system. Calculations and computer modeling analysis are not required
until the detailed design stage.

42.8.1.2 Summary event matrix. A summary event matrix (Sequence of

Operations) for the smoke control system shall be provided with the Conceptual
Smoke Control Plans (42A).

42.8.1.3 Zone drawings. Smoke zone drawings, with an appropriate legend

identifying positive/negative pressure and passive zones shall be provided with
the Conceptual Smoke Control Submittal (42A). Zone drawings shall clearly
identify (through the use of color coding or cross hatching) all passive and active
zones.

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42.8.2 Detailed smoke control submittal. The detailed design shall be prepared as
described in Sheet 42B-D, after approval of the Conceptual Smoke Control Submittal has
been granted. This report shall be based on the Conceptual Design and include the
required rational analysis. Supporting documents (calculations, manufacturer sheets,
zone drawings, special inspector test sheets, etc.) shall be provided as a bound
document, independent of design plans, addressing each requirement of IBC 909.

42.8.2.1 Rational analysis. A rational analysis of the smoke control system is

required in accordance with Section 909.4 of the IBC. Such analysis must be
prepared by a Professional Engineer competent in the design of smoke control
systems. This analysis must include support for the types of smoke control
systems to be employed, their methods of operation, the systems supporting
them and the methods of construction to be utilized.

42.8.2.2 Computer modeling. IBC 909.4.2 and 909.4.3 requires designs to

incorporate the effect of temperature and wind. The detailed design report shall
address the anticipated performance of the smoke control system under extreme
climatic conditions and the presence of operable windows or doors. It is
acceptable to utilize a computer model, such as the National Institute of
Standards and Technology – Building and Fire Research Laboratory software
program CONTAM for such analysis. It should be noted that Klote and Evans’ A
GUIDE TO SMOKE CONTROL IN 2006 IBC states on page 4-9 that “A network
computer program such as CONTAM should be used for the rational analysis”
of buildings with zoned smoke control and pressurized stairs and pressurized
elevators.

42.8.2.2.1 Required. Residential Towers with operable windows,

accessible balconies, shaft pressurization and zone smoke control will be
required to computer model the smoke control systems or provide an
engineering justification as to why such modeling is not necessary.

42.8.2.3 Smoke control zones. The architect of record must prepare smoke
zone plans, with an appropriate legend showing the locations of all required
smoke barriers as outlined in the detailed design report and described in Sheet
42B-D. Zone drawings shall clearly identify (through the use of cross hatching or
color coding) all passive and active zones.

42.8.2.3.1 Designations. Designation of smoke zones and smoke

barriers is a coordinated effort between the architect and mechanical
engineer. Smoke zones must also be coordinated with fire alarm initiating
devices (including automatic sprinkler systems) which activate
mechanical smoke-control systems.

42.8.2.3.2 Floors. Floors define passive smoke zones. When floors are
open to each other, the interconnected levels may be viewed as a single
smoke zone.

42.8.2.3.3 Vestibules. Pressurized stair entrance vestibules and all

other adjacent portions of the building always constitute separate smoke
zones.

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 42.8.2.3.4 Stair enclosures. Stair enclosures and exit passageways
must always be designed as completely independent smoke zones.

42.8.2.3.5 Rated corridors. Rated corridors constitute passive smoke

zones. (Ref. IBC 1018.1/708)

42.8.2.3.6 Horizontal exits. Horizontal exits always constitute smoke

barriers. (Ref. IBC 1002)

42.8.2.4 Special inspector test procedure. The architect, engineer of

record, author of the detailed design report, or special inspector shall prepare a
Special Inspector Test Procedure in accordance with IBC Section 909.3 and
number sheet 42B-D that will be submitted to the City of Bellevue for review and
approval with the smoke control (FH) permit. As a minimum, this document
must provide a detailed method of testing and documenting the pass/fail criteria
of each test demonstrating that each component of the smoke control system
functions as intended by the design. The document shall be provided as a bound
document, independent of the design plans. It can be included in a binder with
the detailed design report.

42.8.2.5 Detailed event matrix. A detailed event matrix that includes every
fire System Input (alarm and smoke control initiating device) down one column,
and every fire alarm notification device (by zone), every smoke control device (i.e.
fans, dampers, etc.), and every other event that must occur in order for proper
operation of the smoke control system (i.e. HVAC shutdown, etc.) across the top.
See 2013 NFPA 72- Figure A14.6.2.4 for sample. With prior approval, some
devices may be combined.

42.8.2.6 Fire-fighter’s Smoke Control Panel. A full size (1:1) colored layout
of the proposed Fire-fighter's Smoke Control Panel (FSCP) must be included with
the Detailed Smoke Control Submittal.

42.9 Fire-fighter’s Smoke Control Panel (FSCP). The FSCP is a system that provides
visual status indication and manual overriding capability over smoke-control systems
and equipment. This is also referred to as the Fire Fighters’ Smoke-Control Station
(FSCS) in NFPA 92. The purpose of the FSCP is for fire department use during an
emergency. This panel shall be in accordance with IBC Sections 909.12 and 909.16, and
incorporate BFD standards listed in this section.

42.9.1 Priority and control. The FSCP shall have the highest priority control over all
smoke-control systems and equipment, whether or not the Automatic Fire Alarm System
has been activated. The panel shall be designed to enable Fire Department personnel
who may be unfamiliar with the specific system the ability to reconfigure the status of
each smoke zone as deemed necessary during an emergency.

42.9.2 Approval. The FSCP is not approved separately. Its features and functions are
integral to the smoke control system and fire alarm system. Therefore the panel layout
must be included in both permit submittals, in accordance with number sheet 42B. A
full-scale color representation of the FSCP must be submitted for final approval. Fire
alarm submittals that add, alter or replace an existing FSCP must also include a full-size
(1:1) color representation of the FSCP for review and approval.

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 42.9.3 Smoke detector for panel. When the FSCP is located in an area that is not
continuously occupied a smoke detector shall be provided within 15 feet of the panel
(measured horizontally). This also applies to all remotely located panels. (2013 NFPA
72- 10.4.4).

42.9.4 Panel colors. The FSCP shall consist of a white background and generally
depict significant smoke barriers (i.e. floors, shaft walls, exterior walls) by single black
lines, appearing as a general section view of the building. The image shall sufficiently
illustrate all smoke zones in the building without providing the level of detail common to
architectural elevation or section views.

42.9.4.1 Air flow. The indication and direction of air movement shall be shown
with arrows of the following colors:
1. Stair/Elevator shaft pressurization supply air: BLUE
2. Building zoned smoke control exhaust shafts: RED
3. Building zoned smoke control supply air: GREEN

42.9.4.2 Garage and atria. Large smoke zones, such as atria or

interconnected garage levels, shall be color shaded. In general, garage zones shall
be solid shaded in ORANGE, atria in PURPLE.

42.9.4.3 Text. All text shall be on contrasting background with a minimum size
and stroke equivalent to 12-point bold Sans Serif font (such as Helvetica).
Marking pens and self-adhesive labels are not acceptable for identification.

42.9.5 Panel indicators- equipment and status. The general location of each
smoke control system component, including fans, ducts and dampers, that is controlled
or annunciated by the panel shall be depicted on the panel.

42.9.5.1 Supply and exhaust equipment. Supply equipment shall be located

on the right side and exhaust equipment located on the left side of the building
image.

42.9.5.2 Fans, ducts, dampers, stairs, elevators. Fans, major ducts,

dampers, stairwells, shafts and zoning within the building that are portions of the
smoke control system shall be shown connected to their respective ducts or
dedicated fans with clear indication of direction of airflow.

42.9.5.6 PRV’s. Identification (Text “PRV”) shall be provided to denote floors

where standpipe hose connections are equipped with pressure-reducing valves
(PRV’s).

42.9.5.4 Door unlocking switch. A single switch shall be provided on the

panel to unlock all locking stairway doors in accordance with IBC 403.5.3, IFC
508.1.5, and IBC 1008.1.9.11 exception #3. The switch shall be provided in the
lower right corner of the panel and labeled AUTO/UNLOCKED.

42.9.5.5 Equipment status indicators. Indicators as required by IBC

Sections 909.16.1-2 through 909.16.1-3 shall be provided for each individually
monitored piece of equipment.

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 Exception: Where specifically approved by the BFD, such indicators
may be combined to represent the cumulative condition of monitored
components within a zone. For example, all fans within a zone are
expected to be indicated with one set of lamps. All dampers and any
monitored doors within a zone are expected to be on an alternate set of
indicators.

42.9.5.6 Pump and generator. The location and status

(NORMAL/RUNNING/FAULT) of each fire pump and emergency generator shall
be depicted on the panel. Lamps shall be WHITE/RED/YELLOW.

42.9.5.7 Dampers. Positive indication of OPEN/CLOSED/FAULT status is

required for smoke dampers and combination dampers that are part of a smoke
control system and/or that are installed within smoke barriers separating smoke
zones where either zone is served by the mechanical smoke control equipment.

Exception: Fire dampers and barometric dampers generally cannot be

remotely controlled nor are they required for the proper operation of the
smoke control system; therefore, need not be monitored.

42.9.5.8 Fans. Positive indication of ON/OFF/FAULT status is required for all

fans that are part of a smoke control system.

42.9.5.9 Doors. Automatic-closing doors in smoke barriers which separate

active/active or active/passive smoke zones are required to be activated by
system type detectors and close anytime mechanical smoke control is activated.
The FSCP must indicate status of proper configuration for smoke control
operation (i.e. open if need to be open; closed if need to be closed; both when
applicable).

42.9.5.10 Smoke and waterflow alarms. Each zone shall be provided with a
red smoke alarm indicator labeled AREA SMOKE, CORRIDOR SMOKE, LOBBY
SMOKE, etc. (initiated by smoke detection) and red waterflow alarm indicator
labeled WATERFLOW (initiated by automatic sprinkler protection waterflow).
The appropriate indicator shall be illuminated upon initiation of the respective
alarm in the zone. Where multiple zones exist on a floor, the zone of alarm shall
be clearly depicted on the panel. If required for clarity, such alarm zones shall be
shown in a plan view of the floor on the smoke control panel.

42.9.5.11 Duct detectors. When duct detectors for pressurization fans are
provided, they shall have a single indication lamp near the fan/damper depiction.
This shall be a yellow/amber lamp.

42.9.5.12 Additional alarms. The panel shall be provided with a list in the
upper right corner of the panel of all possible and potential initiating device
categories as appropriate, including: AREA SMOKE, CORRIDOR SMOKE,
LOBBY SMOKE, DUCT DETECTOR, WATERFLOW, SPECIAL SYSTEM, HEAT
DETECTOR, MANUAL STATION, POWER DISCONNECT. Each category shall
be provided with a red indicator. The respective indicator is to be illuminated
upon such an alarm event in the building.

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 42.9.5.13 System normal indicator. A single white indicator shall be
provided and labeled “SYSTEM NORMAL”. This indicator shall be illuminated at
all times when monitored equipment is in normal status and all switches are in
the Auto position. Illumination of this lamp shall be in addition to the indication
of the status of each component.

42.9.5.14 LED’s. Where pilot type lamp indicators are required, Light Emitting
Diodes (LED’s) may be used.

42.9.6 Zone controls. Switches utilized for floor zone control shall be located on the
left side of the building image.

42.9.6.1 Control functions. Control capability provided in accordance with

IBC Section 909.16.2 for each smoke zone utilizing the pressurization method of
IBC Section 909.6 shall be via a single 4-position switch. Settings for this switch
shall be in the following sequence: CLOSED / EXHAUST / AUTO / PRESSURE.
When approved, superfluous positions may be eliminated if the smoke control
system is not provided with such control in a zone.

42.9.6.2 Closed. The CLOSED position shall automatically close/shut-down

the components within a zone, isolating that zone from all adjacent smoke zones.

42.9.6.3 Exhaust. The EXHAUST position shall automatically posture the

components within that zone, to create a negative pressure within the zone.

42.9.6.4 Auto. The AUTO position shall be configured in accordance with IBC
909.16.3 (2).

42.9.6.5 Pressure. The PRESSURE position shall automatically posture the

components within that zone to create a positive pressure within the zone.

42.9.7 Garage control. A single 3 position switch shall be provided to operate the
garage supply and exhaust fans. Settings for this switch shall be in the following
sequence: GARAGE SUPPLY & EXHAUST FANS ON / AUTO /OFF. Monitoring of
garage system status shall be provided only if components are provided with emergency
power.
42.9.7.1 On. The GARAGE SUPPLY & EXHAUST FANS ON position shall serve
to automatically posture the components of both the supply and exhaust system
fans to on.

42.9.7.2 Auto. The AUTO position shall be the normal operating position of the
components. If the fire alarm system in the garage zone is in alarm the system
shall automatically posture the components of both the supply and exhaust
system fans to on.

42.9.7.3 Off. The OFF position shall serve to automatically posture the
components of both the supply and exhaust system fans to off.

42.9.8 Shaft pressurization fans. Shaft fan control switches shall be placed at the
top of the associated shaft. Where fans are not located at the top of shafts, leaders shall
be drawn from the switch to the fan(s) being controlled.

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 42.9.9 Multiple fans operating in a single zone. Where multiple fans intended to
operate simultaneously in smoke control mode serve a single smoke zone, including
stair/elevator shafts, a single switch shall be provided for simultaneous control of all
associated fans. However, status indication of each individual fan unit is required.

42.9.10 Door unlocking switch. A single switch shall be provided on the panel to
unlock all locking stairway doors in accordance with IBC 403.5.3, IFC 508.1.5, and IBC
1008.1.9.11, exception #3. The switch shall be provided in the lower right corner of the
panel and labeled AUTO/UNLOCKED.

42.10 System activation. Smoke-control system activation shall be initiated immediately

after receipt of an appropriate automatic or manual activation command.

42.10.1 Shaft pressurization. Shaft pressurization shall be initiated upon activation

of any monitored fire alarm device, including but not limited to manual pull stations,
smoke/heat detection, sprinkler waterflow, etc.

42.10.1.1 Smoke detectors. Smoke detectors used for activation of shaft

pressurization in accordance with IBC Section 909.20.6 shall be located outside
the smoke proof enclosure served. Where the conditions outside the smoke proof
enclosure preclude the installation of a smoke detector, a smoke detector shall be
located inside the smoke proof enclosure within 5 feet of each affected entrance.

42.10.2 Residential high-rise corridor systems. Typical tower floors should

sequence as follows: a waterflow-first alarm on the event floor should initiate notification
sequence and activate shaft pressurization. Subsequent corridor smoke detector
activation should activate corridor exhaust. Should the corridor detection activate first
w/o waterflow, then it must activate shaft pressurization and activate corridor exhaust
on the design floors.

42.10.3 Waterflow and manual pull stations. Waterflow detection devices serving
multiple smoke zones and manual pull stations may not be used to initiate smoke control
systems (exception: shaft pressurization only) since the smoke zone of origin is
unknown. Subsequent activation of an automatic fire alarm initiating device (i.e.
addressable smoke detector) within an active smoke control zone shall automatically
configure the smoke control system appropriately.

42.11 Equipment. All equipment must comply with IBC 909.10, the NEC and associated
NFPA documents.

42.11.1 Listed and labeled. All smoke control system equipment shall be listed and
labeled by Underwriters' Laboratories. Interconnecting equipment that has not been
listed for interconnection or the creation of components or system into a nonstandard
unit that is not normally available from the manufacturer is not acceptable.

42.11.2 Installation. All smoke control system equipment shall be installed in

accordance with its listing and manufacturer’s recommendations.

42.11.3 Wiring. All wiring associated with the smoke control system shall be fully
enclosed within continuous raceways (IBC 909.12.1). This includes all fire alarm
component wiring utilized for activation and/or control. (Note: see raceway in
definitions)

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 42.11.3.1 Shaft pressurization wiring. Stairwell and elevator hoistway
pressurization equipment, control and power wiring, must comply with IBC
Section 909. In particular, 2-hour rated separation must be provided in
accordance with 909.20.6.1. Protection of wiring and control systems located
inside the building must extend from the emergency source of power to the
protected devices or equipment.

Bellevue Fire would deem the following designs to comply with the above noted
integrity and survivability requirements.
1. Concrete cover: Wiring shall be located within concrete slabs and walls
when covered with a minimum of 2” of concrete.
2. Dedicated shaft/enclosure method: Wiring shall be located in a
dedicated 2-hour fire-resistance–rated (FRR) enclosure. Only wiring for
emergency systems, fire service access and occupant evacuation elevator,
fire alarm and pressurization systems may be located in this shaft. Panels,
cabinets, etc. are not allowed to be placed in the shaft, only conductors
installed in approved electrical raceway. All shaft penetrations must be
protected by UL listed methods.
Exception: Fire alarm panels and cabinets are allowed within the 2-hour
enclosure as long as all other circuits are in continues approved electrical
raceway without panels or splices.
3. 2-hour wiring systems: The use of 2-hour FRR wiring systems
protected by automatic sprinklers and against vandalism and other
adverse effects including falling equipment or debris. This can typically be
achieved by securing conduit tight to building structural elements.
4. Interior exit stairway: Wiring may be located within the 2-hour FRR
stairwell it is servicing, when routed such that it is adequately protected
against vandalism and other adverse effects including falling equipment
or debris and in accordance with IBC Chapter 7. This can typically be
achieved by securing raceway tight to building structural elements.

42.11.3.2 Panel separation. When shaft pressurization (smokeproof

enclosure ventilation) power and control wiring, panels or equipment is located
within a 2-hour FRR electrical room, such equipment must be separated by a 2-
hour FRR fire barrier from all other systems within the room.

42.11.3.3 Common raceway. Wiring for stairwell and elevator hoistway

pressurization systems may be included in the same raceway, cable, box, or
cabinet with other emergency NEC 700 system feeders only up to the first
distribution point after the emergency transfer switch, in accordance with Article
700 of the NEC as amended by the City of Bellevue. Where there is more than
one emergency system feeder tapped from the emergency transfer switch, the
separation of the stairwell and elevator hoistway pressurization system wiring
from all other system wiring must begin at the emergency transfer switch.
However, the 2-hour FRR separation must be provided for the conductors from
the emergency source of power to the pressurization equipment.

42.11.3.4 Alternate methods and materials. Design proposals that do not

conform to one, or a combination of the above methods will require submittal of

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 an alternate materials, design and methods proposal, demonstrating compliance
with the provisions of NEC 700.10 (c) and IBC 909.1.

42.11.3.5 Drawings. The chosen method of conductor protection shall be

depicted and described on associated electrical, architectural and fire alarm
drawings submitted as part of the smoke control permit.

42.11.4 Auxiliary equipment. The requirements for the primary power supply shall
apply to all auxiliary panels and equipment. These shall include: A dedicated circuit,
marked at the electric panels location and the smoke control panel or auxiliary panels
locations. All primary power conductors shall be physically protected.

42.11.5 Data circuits. Signaling Line Circuits or other data control circuits shall be
arranged so that a short, ground or open fault within a smoke zone will not cause the loss
of initiating devices, monitoring devices or building control devices in any other smoke
zone of the protected premises.

42.11.6 Marking and identification. All portions of the control system must be
identified in the field in accordance with the National Electrical Code Article 700.9 as
amended by the City of Bellevue. This includes all applicable junction boxes, control
tubing, temperature control modules, relays, damper sensors, automatic door sensors
and air movement sensors. All junction boxes and covers for the smoke control system
(including all portions of the fire detection system which activate smoke control) shall be
externally identifiable.

42.11.6.1 Emergency systems. All boxes and enclosures larger than 6x6 in.
(including transfer switches, generators and power panels) for emergency circuits
shall be permanently marked with an identification plate that is orange in color
so they will be readily identified as a component of the emergency circuit or
system. All other device and junction boxes for emergency systems and circuits
shall be orange in color, both inside and outside.

42.11.6.2 Smoke control systems. All boxes and enclosures larger than 6x6
in. (including transfer switches, generators and power panels) for smoke control
power and circuits shall be permanently marked with an identification plate that
is orange in color with a yellow diagonal stripe so they will be readily identified as
a component of the smoke control circuit or system. All other device and junction
boxes for smoke control systems and circuits shall be orange in color both inside
and outside. Cover plates shall be orange in color with a yellow diagonal stripe.
Raceways for stair and elevator pressurization system wiring shall be identified
by labels or color coding and shall be visible at the time of inspection.

42.12 Testing and inspection. Smoke control systems shall be inspected and tested by
special inspector in accordance with IBC 909.18, 909.20 and this standard (ref.: IFC
909.3).

Point of Information

Prior to issuance of a certificate of occupancy a written maintenance program complying with

the requirements of IFC Section 909.20.1 must be submitted, reviewed and approved by the
Bellevue Fire Department. Refer to number sheet 42E for maintenance/confidence testing.

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42.13 Special inspector testing. The role of the special inspector is to review the
installation for conformance with the approved design approach and code.

42.13.1 Coordination. The Special Inspection Agency must be provided with the
approved smoke control Detailed Design Report, the Special Inspection Test Procedures,
the control diagrams, and the approved smoke control permit plans.

42.13.2 Written test procedures. The testing shall follow the Special Inspector Test
Procedure approved as part of the detailed submittal.
42.13.3 Deficiencies. The SI/SIA shall give written notice to the owner of any deficient
or non-complying smoke control system feature that is discovered and is not corrected
prior to the end of the day. All deficient or non-complying aspects shall be corrected.

42.13.4 Pre-test required. System components should be pre-tested by the installing

contractors prior to system testing witnessed by the special inspector. The installer and a
trained technician for the FSCP shall be present for all special inspector testing. The
SI/SIA must conduct the inspection and acceptance testing prior to requesting Final
System Commissioning Testing by the Bellevue Fire Department.

42.13.5 Special inspection and acceptance test requirements. Each smoke

control system shall be inspected and tested in accordance with IFC 909.3, 909.10
through 909.19, Chapter 8 of NFPA 92, ASHRAE Guideline 1.5, and as described in this
section. In particular, the following is a partial list of items that must be tested:
1. Each individual fire alarm initiating device which activates any portion of the
smoke control system must be verified to provide all applicable output functions
in accordance with IBC 909.18.7. Each detection device must also be tested in
accordance with 909.18.1. Where testing would result in the repeated start and
stop of large fans, such fans may be disabled or bypassed provided that
verification that the proper system output to the fans is transmitted during
testing while the FSCP is constantly attended. Proper operation of disabled
equipment shall be restored and demonstrated upon receipt of an actual alarm
event, or at the conclusion of the testing period, whichever occurs first. It is
acceptable to conduct alarm confidence testing in conjunction with this test.
Further, the output of the Fire Alarm Controller must be verified but it is not
required that the equipment be put through complete functional tests.
2. Power systems shall automatically transfer to full standby power within 10
seconds of failure of the primary power per COB Ordinance.
3. Smoke Barrier construction shall be evaluated in accordance with IBC Section
909.5 requirements.
4. The pressure difference across door shall not exceed a 30-pound force to set the
door in motion in accordance with IBC Section 1008.1.2.
5. Pressurized shafts shall have a positive pressure relative to the building,
including where a shaft opening exists to a pressurized zone, measured with all
stairway doors closed under maximum anticipated stack pressures.

42.13.6 Special inspector qualifications. The City of Bellevue does not certify or
list special inspection agencies (SIA) or special inspectors (SI). The qualifications for
special inspector are described below.

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 Exception: Low-rise buildings equipped with shaft pressurization only smoke
control systems may utilize a SI registered with either the Association of Air
Balance Council (AABC), National Environmental Balancing Bureau (NEBB), or
Testing Adjusting, and Balancing Bureau (TABB) and experienced in engineered
smoke control equipment or systems.

42.13.6.1 Required expertise. Smoke control special inspection qualifications

are outlined in IBC Section 909.18.8.2 and 1704.2.1. Both sections indicate that
agencies (rarely will a single entity have all of these qualifications as a single
special inspector) shall have expertise in mechanical and fire protection
engineering and certification as an air balancer. The combination of persons,
agencies or firms can vary, but the qualifications must include all of the
disciplines prescribed.

42.13.6.2 Agency requirements. Agencies serving as the SIA must have a

Washington State Registered (P.E.) overseeing the special inspection process.
The combination of persons, agencies or firms can vary, but the qualifications of
the team providing special inspections must include at a minimum all of the
disciplines prescribed in IBC 909.18.8.2. Individuals conducting the actual
testing are not required to be a registered P.E., nor is the P.E. required to be
present for all testing. However, the P.E. is required to provide a certificate of
compliance in accordance with this document.

42.13.6.3 Individual requirements. Individuals serving as the SI shall be a

Washington State Registered (P.E.) Fire Protection, Mechanical, or Electrical
Engineer with the qualifications outlined in IBC Section 909.18.8.2. A P.E. with
smoke management commissioning experience may serve as the SI to coordinate
and verify all components of the smoke-control system within his or her area of
expertise. The SI is required to provide a certificate of compliance in accordance
with this document.

42.13.6.4 Allowed to be SI. The P.E. who prepared the rational analysis and
Detailed Design Report may serve as the SI.

42.13.6.5 Exempted from being SI. The vendor, technician, installing

contractor or air balancer cannot serve as the SI nor be a subcontractor or
affiliate to any of the aforementioned entities.

42.13.6.6 Air flow and pressure testing. All airflow and pressure testing
must be done by an approved Associated Air Balance Council (AABC), National
Environmental Balancing Bureau (NEBB), or Testing Adjusting, and Balancing
Bureau (TABB) agency. If this company is hired by the installing contractor or
responsible for the balancing of the system, the SI must witness all required
special inspection testing.

42.13.7 Certificate of compliance by the special inspector. A certificate of

compliance must be provided by the special inspector certifying that the referenced
property is in substantial compliance. The certificate shall identify the company and
special inspector that performed the testing, name, date and address of the property
being tested. The following statement must also be included:

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 “I have reviewed the report and by personal knowledge and on-site observation
certify that the smoke control system is in substantial compliance with the
approved design documents, and to the best of my understanding complies with
requirements of the applicable codes as identified in the smoke control report.”

42.14 System commissioning by the Bellevue Fire Department. Commissioning

testing to “Final” the smoke control permit shall be completed in accordance with Special
Inspector Test Procedures, and this section. Operational and Performance testing will be
witnessed by the Bellevue Fire Department.

42.14.1 Prior testing required. The special inspector testing and final pre-test must
be completed prior to system commissioning testing by the Bellevue Fire Department.

42.14.2 Procedures. The SI/SIA will arrange for system commissioning by the
Bellevue Fire Department-Fire Prevention Division, to include witnessing contractor
executed operational and performance testing of the system. The SI Test Procedures
shall be referenced with regard to methodology for testing selected system components
and features. All testing shall be conducted in accordance with approved permit
documents.

42.14.3 Operational testing witnessed by the Bellevue FD. Operational testing

shall be conducted in accordance with applicable sections of the SI Test Procedures by a
qualified individual. Each control sequence of the smoke control systems must minimally
include the following:
1. Manual control of smoke control system equipment serving select smoke-control
zones shall be demonstrated.
2. Manual activation of equipment via FSCP while the system is in normal status;
may result in transmission of trouble signal to FACP.
3. Trouble signal transmitted to FACP when FSCP manual control set to OFF or
CLOSED position while system is in normal status.
4. Correct automatic system operation via a minimum of one of each type of
initiating device (i.e. smoke detector, waterflow switch, manual station) and
sequence of operation serving each smoke-control zone.
5. Manual control via FSCP when system is active to activate inactive system
components and disable active system components. Manipulation of the system
to achieve each possible combination of switch configurations need not be
demonstrated. Manually override the operation of a sampling of fans and/or
dampers during each test, taking care not to damage system components.
6. For each sequence of operations, visual confirmation that controlled components
in associated active zones have assumed the correct operating condition for the
type of alarm initiating device and the location of initiating device. Proper
annunciation shall be confirmed also at the FSCP.
7. Self-test abort. The system must demonstrate that upon initiation of an alarm, it
will properly abort the self-test and initiate the programmed smoke control
sequence of operation.
8. Return all override switches to their "Auto" position.

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 42.14.4 Performance testing witnessed by the Bellevue FD. Performance testing
shall be conducted in accordance with applicable sections of the SI Test Procedures by a
qualified individual, as follows:
1. For each building or tower, the testing must demonstrate proper system
operation and performance tests, including observations and measurements of all
aspects of the smoke control system, in no fewer than 3 smoke zones and a
minimum of 10% of the building’s smoke zones. Smoke zones will be selected at
the Fire Prevention Officer’s discretion and are generally intended to evaluate
conditions at or near the bottom, middle and top of a tower; every pressurized
shaft shall be evaluated. Proper system performance is demonstrated by
achieving stated performance criteria.
2. Proper function of smoke control system in select smoke-control zones, including
a minimum of one of each initiating device serving the zone (i.e. smoke detector,
waterflow switch, manual station) and sequence of operation. Required pressure
differentials across smoke barriers and maximum door opening forces must be
demonstrated.
3. Proper function of any smoke control fan equipment via automatic initiation and
manual control if not observed during evaluation of select smoke-control zones.
4. During at least one test, for buildings requiring elevator recall, confirm that the
elevators return to the designated return floor and perform as required.
5. Return all override switches to their "Auto" position.

42.14.5 Exhaust or airflow method (IFC 909.7 or 909.8): Atria or other spaces
utilizing the exhaust and/or airflow method. The testing must demonstrate proper
system operation and performance of 100% of the smoke control equipment. Smoke
control system features to be evaluated during system commissioning include:
1. Visual observation of elements described above.
2. Visual inspection of associated smoke barriers for absence of obvious
deficiencies.
3. Proper function of smoke control system, including a minimum of 1 of each
initiating device (i.e. smoke detector, waterflow switch, manual station) and
sequence of operation. It shall be demonstrated that airflow toward the fire does
not exceed 200 feet per minute, per IFC Sections 909.7.2 and 909.8.1.
4. Manual control of smoke control system equipment shall be demonstrated.

42.14.6 Other designs. For all other systems, conduct performance tests, observations
and measurements of all aspects of the smoke control system at a minimum number of
locations to demonstrate proper performance as approved by the BFD. Each test shall
attempt to involve as many different fan systems as practical. Other smoke control
systems or features shall be evaluated as requested by the Fire Prevention Officer based
on the approved design and installed condition to demonstrate proper operation of the
smoke control system and features.

42.14.7 Disabling fans. Where Operational or Performance Testing would result in

the repeated start and stop of large fans, such fans may be disabled or bypassed provided
that verification that the proper system output to the fans is transmitted during testing
while the FSCP is constantly attended. Proper operation of disabled equipment shall be

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 restored and demonstrated upon receipt of an actual alarm event, or at the conclusion of
the testing period, whichever occurs first.

42.14.8 Chemical smoke. Testing involving chemical smoke or a tracer gas can be
used for tracer test during acceptance testing to visually verify air movement.

42.14.9 System failures. If any smoke control system deficiency is discovered during
system commissioning, system commissioning may be ceased at the Fire Prevention
Officer’s discretion until such time as testing in accordance with Section 42.13.6 above
can be repeated as necessary to resolve the deficiency and a revised report is submitted
in accordance with this Section.

42.14.10 Certificate of compliance by the designer. Upon completion of the

commissioning report, IBC Section 909.18.8.3 requires the responsible registered design
professional to review the report. When satisfied that the smoke management system has
been properly inspected and tested and meets the acceptance criteria, the design
professional must affix his or her seal and sign and date the report. They must also
include the following statement:

“I have reviewed the report and by personal knowledge and on-site observation
certify that the smoke-control system is in substantial compliance with the
design intent and to the best of my understanding complies with the
requirements of the code.”

42.15 Smoke control record documents. The following items must be maintained current
in the fire control room or other approved location for the life of the building: Items one
and two must be submitted to and approved by BFD prior to the start of special
inspections.

1. Approved control diagrams must be kept accessible in the Fire Control Room for
the life of the building and must be updated when changes are made to the
building.
2. Plans showing the devices and equipment which make up the smoke control
system. This will include control diagrams in accordance with IBC 909.15, all
smoke barriers, applicable initiating devices, controllers, fire alarm control panel,
fire-fighter’s smoke control panel, facility temperature controls, control wiring or
tubing, isolation valves, relays, doors, dampers, fans, all supervision devices.
3. Every device must have a distinct identifying address. For purposes of this
requirement, BFD will accept the detailed design drawings, provided all of the
devices listed above are shown, and no extraneous equipment other than fire
alarm devices.
4. A detailed event matrix (each device must be identified by individual address
exactly as it is shown on the control diagram plans above);
5. Documents describing the proper operation and maintenance requirements of
each component of the smoke control system, including fan curves for the smoke
control fans in the building.
6. Maintenance logs and quarterly testing logs.
7. The approved smoke control Detailed Design Report.
8. UUKL panel self-test printouts.
9. The final special inspection report.

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 42.15.1 Record modifications. Changes as a result of final installation, testing, or a
change to the system design must be documented in the special inspection report,
prepared in accordance with IBC Section 909.18.8.3. Record drawings shall include an
accurate depiction of risers, raceway, conduit, all wire runs, cable identification, conduit
size, location of junction boxes, terminal boxes, sources of power, devices, sensors,
equipment, controlled equipment (motor starters, fans, pumps, valves, dampers, etc.).

42.16 Routine maintenance and testing. The system must be maintained in accordance
with the manufacturer’s instructions and IFC sections 909.12, and 909.20.1 - 909.20.5.
See Number sheet 42 E for additional information.

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