Protestantism 

is a form of Christianity that originated with the 16th-century Reformation,[a] a

movement against what its followers perceived to be errors in the Catholic Church. Protestants
reject the Roman Catholic doctrine of papal supremacy and sacraments, but disagree among
themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, and matters of ecclesiastical
polity and apostolic succession. They emphasize the priesthood of all believers; justification by
faith alone (sola fide) rather than by good works; the teaching that salvation comes by divine
grace or "unmerited favor" only, not as something merited (sola gratia); and affirm the Bible as
being the sole highest authority (sola scriptura or scripture alone), rather than also with sacred
tradition. The five  solae summarize basic theological differences in opposition to the Catholic
Church.
Protestantism began in Germany in 1517, when Martin Luther published his Ninety-five
Theses as a reaction against abuses in the sale of indulgences by the Catholic Church, which
purported to offer the remission of the temporal punishment of sins to their purchasers. The term,
however, derives from the letter of protestation from German Lutheran princes in 1529 against
an edict of the Diet of Speyer condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical. Although
there were earlier breaks and attempts to reform the Catholic Church—notably by Peter
Waldo, John Wycliffe and Jan Hus—only Luther succeeded in sparking a wider, lasting
and modern movement. In the 16th century, Lutheranism spread from
Germany[c] into Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Latvia, Estonia and Iceland.
Reformed churches spread in Germany, Hungary, the
Netherlands, Scotland, Switzerland and France by Protestant Reformers such as John
Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and John Knox. The political separation of the Church of
England from the pope under King Henry VIII began Anglicanism,
bringing England and Wales into this broad Reformation movement.
Today, Protestantism constitutes the second-largest form of Christianity (after Catholicism), with
a total of 800 million to 1 billion adherents worldwide or about 37% of all Christians. Protestants
have developed their own culture, with major contributions in education, the humanities and
sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts and many other
fields. Protestantism is diverse, being more divided theologically and ecclesiastically than the
Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church or Oriental Orthodoxy. Without structural unity
or central human authority, Protestants developed the concept of an invisible church, in contrast
to the Catholic, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Assyrian
Church of the East and the Ancient Church of the East, which all understand themselves as the
one and only original church—the "one true church"—founded by Jesus Christ.
Some denominations do have a worldwide scope and distribution of membership, while others
are confined to a single country. A majority of Protestants are members of a handful of
Protestant denominational families: Adventists, Anabaptists, Baptists, Calvinist/Reformed,
Lutherans, Methodists, and Pentecostals.
Nondenominational, Charismatic, Evangelical, Independent, and other churches are on the rise,
and constitute a significant part of Protestantism.
a. The belief that believers are justified, or pardoned for sin, solely on condition of faith
in Christ rather than a combination of faith and good works. For Protestants, good works
are a necessary consequence rather than cause of justification. However, while
justification is by faith alone, there is the position that faith is not nuda fides. John Calvin
explained that "it is therefore faith alone which justifies, and yet the faith which justifies
is not alone: just as it is the heat alone of the sun which warms the earth, and yet in the
sun it is not alone.”
b. The entrance points for evil and moral suffering in the world, then, is the fall and work of
Satan, and human rebellion against God (that is, sin). Protestants do not always agree on
why sin entered the world. Those who believe that the story of the fall recounts a
historical event agree that Adam was tempted by the devil. But why did Adam, created
without sin, succumb to temptation? One set believes that Adam could have chosen not to
sin. In order to create a genuinely free being with whom God could enter into a
relationship, God gave Adam free will. Adam made a bad choice. This belief dovetails
with a belief that salvation in part requires the individual's free choice to ask for
forgiveness and for help in following God's law.
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- When asked what evil is, Protestants may answer similarly to Catholics, that it is
going against God’s will. However, here is a critical point, Protestants believe that
evil has substance. When pressed as to where evil comes from, however, you may not
get a coherent answer. Protestants who believe that Divine Providence acts directly in
everything (not merely permissively) might say that God uses evil to achieve a good
end, but that He is not the source of evil in order to adhere to the Biblical concept that
God is perfectly good. Consequently, if God is not the source of evil, yet evil has
substance, then it must come from an alternative source. Considering a created thing
from a source other than God, out of necessity we have introduced another creator.
This cannot be true, since Christians do not believe in multiple gods. If however, evil
has its origins in our one true God, then He would be lacking in perfect goodness, a
thing we already know He cannot do. The only rational conclusion is that evil is a
lack of goodness, without substance. But those who reject rationalism may just accept
this quandary of the nature of evil as a mystery of the faith, albeit one that has not
been divinely revealed, but conjured up as a rejection of Catholic reasoning.

- As a result of believing that evil has substance, many Protestants believe that some
things are inherently evil and others inherently good, as opposed to the Catholic belief
that everything is inherently good, but may become evil if abused or misused. This
misconception as to the nature of things invariably leads to wrong attitudes and
actions regarding them.

c. The steps needed by a person to become good and prevent himself/herself from becoming
evil. To be faithful citizens, we rely on the virtue of prudence, supported by a well-
formed conscience. Then, it boils down to this: 1) do good and 2) avoid evil.
  From the Reformation to the twentieth century, Protestant political thought has focused
on the question of the differentiation of gospel, church, and public order and on their free
and responsible interaction.

SOURCES
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