Experiment 5.

1: textbook page 123

1. Problem What are the difference in properties between ionic compounds and
Statement covalent compounds

2. Variables:
i)Manipulated Type of compound
ii)Responding Electrical conductivity // condition of bulb
iii)Fixed Carbon electrode

3. Hypothesis Ionic compounds can conduct electricity in molten state but not in the solid
while covalent compound cannot conduct electricity in both states

4. Materials Solid lead(II) bromide, naphthalene powder

Apparatus Carbon electrodes, evaporating dish, pipeclay triangle, tripod stand, battery,
light bulb, Bunsen burner, spatula, connecting wire and crocodile clips,
switch

Diagram

5. Procedure 1. Put lead(II) bromide powder into the crucible until half full.
2. Dip the carbon electrodes into solid lead(II) bromide.
3. Complete the circuit by connecting carbon electrodes to switch,
light bulb and batteries.
4. Switch on and record whether the bulb lights up.
5. Switch off and heat the lead(II) bromide powder until all solids have
melted.
6. Switch on once again and record whether the bulb lights up.
7. Repeat steps 1 to 6 by replace lead(II) bromide with naphthalene.

6. Result
Bahan Keadaan bahan Pemerhatian
Substance State of substance Observation
Plumbum(II) Pepejal Mentol tidak menyala
bromida Solid The bulb does not glow
Lead(II) Leburan Mentol menyala terang
bromide Molten The bulb glow brightly
Naftalena Pepejal Mentol tidak menyala
Naphthalene Solid The bulb does not glow
 Leburan Mentol tidak menyala
Molten The bulb does not glow

7. Discussion
1) Lead(II) bromide is a ionic compound. In solid, Pb 2+ ions and Br- ions
cannot move freely because they are tied by strong electrostatic
forces. Therefore, solid ionic compound cannot conduct electricity.

2) When lead (II) bromide powder is heated, it become molten lead (II)
bromide. In molten state, Pb 2+ ions and Br- ions can move freely
because they already overcome the strong electrostatic forces.
Therefore, the molten ionic compound can conduct electricity.

3) Naphthalene is a covalent compound. Molecules in covalent

compounds are neutral and do not carry any charge. There are no
free moving ions in naphthalene molecules. Therefore,
covalent compounds do not conduct electricity in all states.

8. Conclusion Ionic compounds can conduct electricity in molten state but not in the solid
while covalent compound cannot conduct electricity in both states