REFERENCE

styles
Bebing, Jacir P. (Japs)
Plan 299

School of Urban and Regional

Planning (SURP)
 OUTLINE OF REPORT

1. What is a reference
2. Difference between reference and bibliography
3. Why we need to references
4. What to reference
5. When to reference
6. Different referencing styles
7. SURP Guidelines
8. Referencing tools
9. Summary
What is a reference?
REFERENCE: the detailed description of the document
from which you have obtained your information.
Referencing is a way of demonstrating that you have
done that reading.

CITING: acknowledging within your text the

document from which you have obtained your
information.

From:
https://www.uwe.ac.uk/study/study-support/study-skills/referencing/introduction-to-referencing
 WHAT IS REFERENCING

When doing research, you are expected to acknowledge the books, journal articles and other sources
of information that you use when preparing and completing your university work. This is done by
briefly referring to (citing) the sources of information in the text of your work, and by producing a
corresponding, alphabetical list of references (or a bibliography) at the end of your work.

Referencing demonstrates that you have done the following:

● acknowledged your sources of information
● read around the subject
● taken on board related research
● explored others' opinions
● checked your facts
● substantiated your arguments
● come to your own conclusions
From:
https://www.uwe.ac.uk/study/study-support/study-skills/referencing/introduction-to-
referencing
 REFERENCE VS BIBLIOGRAPHY
The terms “Reference” and “Bibliography” are often used
synonymously, but there is a difference in meaning between
them.

Reference is the item you have read and specifically referred

to (or cited) in your work, and your list of sources at the end
of the assignment will be headed “references.”
From:
http://www.brad.ac.uk/management/media/management/els/References-and-Bibliographies.pdf
 Reference vs bibliography

Bibliography is an alphabetical list of all the references (sources of information)

you have used in preparing your written piece of work, even if the sources are not
referred to directly or cited within the text.

It is is a list of everything you read - whether or not you referred specifically to it.

Normally contain sources that have been cited and also those found to be influential,
but decided not to cite.

From:
https://www.uwe.ac.uk/study/study-support/study-skills/referencing/introduction-to-referencing#citing
Why do we need referenceS?
• To acknowledge others works
• To allow others (readers) to find the original
sources easily (cited reference)
• To get recognition & authentication of the work.
• To make the work informative (quality).
• To trace the intellectual development of the
ideas you present.
• To avoid plagiarism

From:
https://www.uwe.ac.uk/study/study-support/study-skills/ref
erencing/introduction-to-referencing#citing
 PLAGIARISM - a serious offense

Plagiarism, defined as “the appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results

or words without giving appropriate credit.”

Examples:
• the verbatim copying of others work without acknowledgement.
• the close paraphrasing of others work by simply changing a few words of altering
the order of presentation.
• Copying others idea
• the unacknowledged quotation of phrases.

From:
2012 CODE OF STUDENT CONDUCT OF UP DILIMAN, as cited from Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of
Engineering, Institute of Medicine. "Research Misconduct." On Being a Scientist: A Guide to Responsible Conduct in Research: Third Edition. Washington, DC: The National
Academies Press, 2009, p. 15.
• Has it been presented formally into the public
domain in some way? WHAT NEEDS TO BE
• Has it been presented in a tangible form?
(printed material, the internet, a public
talk/lecture etc).
REFERENCED?
• Does someone have an ownership of it? Look for
a named author or writer, or organization,
including a website or host?
• Is the information presented in the source in
question outside the realm of “common
knowledge?”

From:
http://www.brad.ac.uk/management/media/management/els/Refere
nces-and-Bibliographies.pdf
 WHEN TO REFERENCE?
• When giving the source of tables, pics, statistics and diagrams which might be copied or
have been a source of idea.

• When describing a theory, model or practice associated with a particular writer.

• When giving credibility to an argument presented by you.

• When giving emphasis to a particular idea that has found a measure of agreement.

• When informing the reader of sources of direct quotations or definitions.

• When paraphrasing another person's idea that you feel is particularly significant.

From:
http://www.brad.ac.uk/management/media/management/els/References-and-Bibliographies.pdf
https://www.mesacc.edu/~paoih30491/ArgumentsQuoteSummarizeParaphr.html
 DIFFERENT REFERENCING STYLES?
Some of the commonly used styles are as follows

01 02
APA CHICAGO

Can be used for education, engineering, and Can be used for humanities and in social
social sciences. science, specifically history.

Uses parenthetical in-text citations and a Chicago notes utilizes footnotes and endnotes
"references" list at the end of the paper to link to link text to sources.
sources

03 04
MLA HARVARD
Commonly used in fields of humanities. In-text citation: It consists mainly of the
authors' last name and the year of
MLA style uses parenthetical in-text citations publication (and page numbers if it is
and a "Works Cited" list at the end of a paper directly quoted) in round brackets placed
to link sources within the text.
APA (American Psychological
Association) style
APA is widely used in the social sciences, business, and some of
the life sciences. APA Style uses brief in-text citations in the
text that refer to an alphabetical list of references appearing
the end of the work.

Disciplines using APA Style include:

• Anthropology
• Business
• Communication
• Education
• Political Science
• Psychology
From:
https://guides.lib.uw.edu/research/citations/apa-style
 THE APA STYLE
In-Text Citations

In-text citation in APA Style uses an author-date system. Place the author's name and year of publication
in parentheses, separated by a comma (#1). If the name of the author appears in the text, cite only the year
in parentheses (#2). If both author and year appear in the text, don't include a parenthetical citation (#3)

#1: In the beginning stages... (Jenkins, 2003)

#2: Jenkins (2003) described the beginning stages…
#3: In his seminal 2003 study, Jenkins described ...

Sources with multiple authors:

2 authors: cite both names every time; e.g., (Smith & Jones, 2014)
3+ authors: cite only the 1st author plus et. al. subsequently; e.g., (Smith et al., 2013)
 THE APA STYLE
Direct quotations:

In general, for a direct quote (rather than a paraphrase), provide a page number in the citation in addition
to the author and date.

Example:
But in the words of the inimitable Winnie: “Rivers know this: there is no hurry. We shall get there
some day” (Milne, 1926, p. 79).

Citations: Books
General Format
Author’s Lastname, F. I. (Date). Book title. Publisher.
DeCarbo, M. A. (1969). Mentorship among older and younger college students. University of California.

From:
https://guides.lib.uw.edu/research/citations/apa-style
 THE APA STYLE
For Articles
General Format:
AuthorLastName, AuthorFirstName. "Article Title." Journal Title, Version, Number, Publication Date,
Page Numbers.

For Web Sites

General Format
AuthorLastName, AuthorFirstName. “Title of Article or Individual Page.” Title of website, Name of
publisher, Date of publication, URL or DOI.

Peace, Richard. “A Promising Study Reveals New Hope for an HIV Cure.” Huffington Post, 11 Nov.
2016,http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/hiv-study-vaccine-immune-system_us_5823c0bde4b0e80b02cec73
8

.
From:
https://guides.lib.uw.edu/research/citations/apa-style
CHICAGO style
Chicago is a documentation style that has been published by the
Chicago University Press since 1906.The Notes and Bibliography
style is preferred by many in humanities disciplines, including
history, literature, and the arts. Citations are provided in
footnotes or endnotes and are usually accompanied by a
bibliography.

"Turabian" style, widely used for decades by students, is

essentially a simplified version of the Chicago Manual.

From:
https://guides.lib.uw.edu/research/citations/chicago-nb
 THE CHICAGO STYLE
Chicago Notes & Bibliography style uses footnotes or endnotes, rather than in-text citations. [1]

In the text, place the superscript number indicating a footnote after a punctuation mark whenever possible.
After the first note, which gives complete information for the source cited, you may use a shortened form
for subsequent notes referencing the same source.

Citations: Books
A. Basic form
Firstname Lastname,Title of Book: Subtitle of Book (Location: Publisher, Year): xx-xx.

B. Bibliography Entry:
Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Location: Publisher, Year.

[1] Citation Styles & Tools: Formatting Guidelines, Retrieved from:

https://guides.lib.uw.edu/c.php?g=341448&p=2820917
MLA (Modern Language
Association) Style
MLA (Modern Language Association) Style is widely used in the
humanities, especially in writing on language and literature.
MLA style uses brief parenthetical citations in the text that
refer to an alphabetical list of works cited appearing at the end
of the work.

MLA Style is generally used by disciplines in the humanities,

including:
• English
• Literatures
• Art
• Philosophy

From:
https://guides.lib.uw.edu/research/citations/mla-style
 THE MLA STYLE
Parenthetical Citations
Rule of thumb: The briefer the better. Try to incorporate most information into the text. In-text references
must clearly point to corresponding entry in the Works Cited list.

Basic Forms:
According to Gullans in his book Poetic Form, the importance of structure...(23).
(Page number only, when author/work cited is evident from context)

...In the book Poetic Form, importance of structure... (Gullans 23).

(Author and Page, when author work needs to be identified)

…importance of structure... (Gullans, Poetic Form 23).

(Author and Title and Page, when work is not identified in text)

[1] Citation Styles & Tools: Formatting Guidelines, Retrieved from:

https://guides.lib.uw.edu/c.php?g=341448&p=2820917
 THE MLA STYLE
For Books
General Format for Books
AuthorLastName, AuthorFirstname. Title. Publisher, Year.
McCorker, Frank. Storymaking and Mythtelling: Comic Literary and Film Images. Oxbridge, 1992.

For Articles
General Format
AuthorLastName, AuthorFirstName. "Article Title." Journal Title, Version, Number, Publication Date,
Page Numbers.

For Web Sites

General Format
AuthorLastName, AuthorFirstName. “Title of Article or Individual Page.” Title of website, Name of
publisher, Date of publication, URL or DOI.

[1] Citation Styles & Tools: Formatting Guidelines, Retrieved from:

https://guides.lib.uw.edu/c.php?g=341448&p=2820917
HARVARD STYLE
The Harvard referencing style is another popular style using the
author-date system for in-text citations.

In-text citation:
It consists mainly of the authors' last name and the year of
publication (and page numbers if it is directly quoted) in round
brackets placed within the text. If there is no discernable
author, the title and date are used.

Reference list:
The reference list should be ordered alphabetically by the last
name of the first author of each work. References with no author
are ordered alphabetically by the first significant word of the
title.

Use only the initials of the authors' given names. No full stop
and space between the initials. Last name comes first.
 THE HARVARD STYLE
Here is an example that cites a book with one author using Harvard style.

In-text citation
.....(Neville 2010) or Neville (2010, p. 25) stated that.....

Citation: Book
Last name, First Initial. (Year published). Title. City: Publisher, Page(s).
Neville, C 2010, The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism, Open University Press, New York.

Citation: Website
Last name, First initial (Year published). Page title. [online] Website name. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo.
Year].

When no author is listed, use the following structure:

Website name, (Year published). Page title. [online] Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

From:
https://libguides.mq.edu.au/referencing/Harvard#:~:text=The%20Harvard%20referenci
ng%20style%20is,brackets%20placed%20within%20the%20text.
SURP GUIDELINES IN QUOTATIONS aND FOOTNOTES
SURP GUIDELINES IN BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFERENCING TOOLS

Free Referencing Tools (Online)

1. Connotea http://www.connotea.org/
2. citeulike http://www.citeulike.org
3. Citation Machine http://citationmachine.net
4. Zotero http://www.zotero.org/
Features of these referencing tools
• Web based
• Import from online databases/web pages
• Create bibliographies
• Create footnotes, in-text references etc

From:
http://library.nyu.edu/tools/compare.html
 SUMMARY
1. Referencing are important part of research work.

2. It is a way of acknowledging others work and helps to avoid plagiarism.

3. There are several referencing style manuals.

4. Which style to follow depends on the field of research and university guidelines

5. The most important thing is to be consistent with a particular referencing styles.

6. There are several referencing tools and software available (which makes things
simpler!) but still manual checking for their correctness is necessary.

Prakash Aryal, 2013 (Referencing Styles)

“If you steal from one author
it's plagiarism; if you steal from
many it's research.”
Wilson Mizner