Engr. Marloo Ray N.

Belviz
Senior Science Research Specialist
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Mindanao Field Office
MODULE 01 The Basic of Electricity
Solar PV systems are electrical system.
Basic electricity is essential to understand solar PV systems

 Alternating Current (AC) and Direct Current (DC)

• AC and DC Electrical Sources
• AC and DC Electrical Loads

 Basic elements of electricity

• Voltage
• Current
• Resistance
• Power
• Energy
 +
1 second

Direct Current
Fixed Polarity
Voltage

Time

_ image_2020-02-06 05-01-38.312674+00-00.gif

Alternative Current
Polarity changes
(No Polarity)
 Equipment which supply electricity. Power can be in a form of AC
(Alternating Current) or DC (Direct Current).

Solar PV Modules

Grid Power/
Distribution Residential
Lines Outlet

Batteries Wind turbine

Coal Fired Power Plants

ALTERNATING CURRENT DIRECT CURRENT

 APPLIANCES
RADIATOR FAN/ AUXILIARY FAN

FLUORESCENT LIGHTS DESKTOP COMPUTER

DC LED LAMPS CELLPHONE
o Voltage is the degree
of strength of
electricity.
o AC mainly uses 220V
and Solar Home
Systems/ Streetlights
uses 12V.
o The symbol is V. The
unit is volt.
 A force that
pushes the
current through
the circuit (in
How you should be this picture it
would be
thinking about
equivalent to
electric circuits: gravity)
Current is the quantity of electricity
flowing inside wires. The symbol is I
and the unit is A (ampere).
 The actual
“substance”
that is flowing
through the
wires of the
How you should be
circuit
thinking about electric
(electrons!)
circuits:
o Resistance is the
degree of difficulty
of current flow in a
wire.
o The symbol is R.
The unit is ohm (Ω).
 Friction that
impedes flow
of current
through the
circuit (rocks
How you should be in the river)
thinking about
electric circuits:
o Watt (W) is a power that indicates ability (strength) of energy.
o Watthour (Wh) is the consumed power in a period of time (measured in hour).
o When a 10W LED lamp capacity is used for ten (10) hours, the energy used is
100Wh.

o W and Wh are
different units. Don’t
mix their usage.
o In DC (battery) system,
Amperehour (Ah) is
used.
SERIES CONNECTION PARALLEL CONNECTION
o All in a row o Many paths for
o 1 path for electricity electricity
o 1 light goes out and o 1 Light goes out and
the circuit is broken the others stay on
 Module 2 The Basic of Solar PV System

 WHAT IS SOLAR PV
TECHNOLOGY?
 TYPES OF SOLAR PV
SYSTEM
 SOLAR ENERGY
 COMPONENTS
A technology that  Less Solar Energy
Less Electricity
converts Solar
energy into
 More Solar Energy
Electrical Energy More Electricity
Electricity(DC)
Power generation
changes daily
DC
Solar Energy PV Module Electricity
Input Conversion Output
 Off-Grid On-Grid / Grid-Tied
1.PV module
2.Battery
3.Charge Controller 1.PV module
Components 4.Inverter (for 2.Inverter
230VAC) 3.Balance of Systems
5.Load
6.Balance of Systems
Performance Ratio 54% - 64% 70% - 80%
Availability during
Available Not available
Brownout
Connection with the
Not Necessary Necessary
Grid
 PV Array
Household Typical off-
grid solar PV
system for
households
DC Loads
in remote
areas

Charge Controller Battery Bank

 PV Array
Household Electrical Panel

AC Loads

Charge Controller Off-Grid Inverter

Battery Bank
 PV Strings Household

Secondary
Line

PV generation is
enough to
be used by
household

On-Grid Inverter Bi-Directional Meter

Electrical Panel
 PV Strings Household

Secondary
Line

PV generation is Excess
more than generation is
enough to
exported to
be used by
household
the grid

On-Grid Inverter Bi-Directional Meter

Electrical Panel
 PV Strings Household

Secondary
Line

PV generation is Household is
not enough for importing
household’s additional
demand energy from
the grid

On-Grid Inverter Bi-Directional Meter

Electrical Panel
 PV Strings

Secondary
Line

No PV Household is
generation importing all
(night time) energy from
the grid

Bi-Directional Meter
On-Grid Inverter
Electrical Panel
 Solar Energy

Irradiance
Insolation
Peak Sun hours
Insolation pattern
Tilt Angle and Facing
 What is Solar
What is Solar
Energy
Energy?
Solar Energy - refers to solar radiation which
can be converted into useful energy either in
the form of thermal energy or electrical energy
 Peak Sun Hours

Peak Sun Hours is used to calculate power generation of PV modules

Insolation Peak Sun Hours
( kWh/m2 per day ) ( hours per day at 1kW/m2 )

6.2 kWh/m2 6.2 h

Same Value 6.2 h

1.2

1.0 1 kW/m2
Irradiance (kW/m2)

Peak Sun
0.8
(Irradiance)
0.6

0.4 6.2 kWh/m2

0.2

Sun Rise Sun Set No particular clock time

Not a sunshine hours
 Daily Insolation

Solar Energy changes daily

Power Generation changes daily
Insolation
5 kWh/m2 3.5 kWh/m2 3.7 kWh/m2 2.1 kWh/m2 0.4 kWh/m2
Peak sun hours
5h 3.5 h 3.7 h 2.1 h 0.4 h
Available power*
(@100Wp)
320 Wh 224 Wh 237 Wh 134 Wh 25 Wh
1.2

1.0
Irradiance (kW/m2)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

Sunny Sunny Cloudy Cloudy Rain

*: at 100Wp SHS (PV performance ratio 80%,
Battery efficiency 80%)
 Solar Energy 30/10

Effect of Shading
5 kWh/m2 4.5 kWh/m2 3.7 kWh/m2
Irradiance (kW/m2)

1.2
1.0
0.8
Insolation
0.6
0.4
0.2

Sun rise Sun set 8 am 4 pm 9 am 3 pm

5h
Irradiance (kW/m2)

1.2
4.5 h 3.7 h
1.0
0.8
0.6 Peak sun hours
0.4 100% 90% 74%
0.2

Ideal Acceptable May cause lack of power

(or needs more design margin)
 Solar Energy 31/10

Tilt Angle
 The purpose of tilt angle
– Optimize annual electricity generation. Range must be 10º - 15º
to avoid dust accumulation
 When to optimize?
– Increase power generation at low insolation month
– Decrease power generation at high insolation month

Dec. Apr. Dec. Apr.

(Meridian Sun is Low) (Meridian Sun is High) (Meridian Sun is Low) (Meridian Sun is High)

Loss Loss

South Horizontal South Tilted

Low insolation High insolation Low insolation High insolation

 Lower  Higher  Higher  Lower

Not Optimized Optimized

Understand the Sun’s Path
Jan-21 Feb-21 Mar-21 Apr-21 May-21 Jun-21 Jul-21 Aug-21 Sep-21 Oct-21 Nov-21 Dec-21
Variable I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

Insolation, kWh/m²/day 3.9 4.23 4.81 5.33 5.17 4.83 4.88 5.15 5.2 4.98 4.54 4.03

Sun’s Path Diagram at the Equator

Why the Solar Panels Should be tilted facing South in the Philippines

Mindanao is between 5
to 10 degrees North of
the Equator.

Kabacan, North
Cotabato is between 7
to 8 degrees North of
Equator
 DC LOAD – DC
LIGHT/LAMP
BATTERY CHARGE DC – AC • 12 V DC Light/
SOLAR PV • Battery stores CONTROLLER INVERTER Lamp Emitting
MODULE electricity • Charge • Inverter inverts Diode (LED) is
• PV Module • Mainly use controller DC to AC used for DC
converts Solar during night protects • Not necessary system
energy into time battery from for small scale • Other 12 V
Electricity • Easily over charge DC system appliances are
• Electricity damaged if and over • AC system is readily
generation is over charged discharge more available in the
during daytime and over convenient for local market
only discharged users, but less
efficient.
o PV module converts solar energy into electricity
o Most durable component in solar PV system (lasts over 25 years or
more)
o The power generation part of the PV module is the Solar cell.
 Crystalline PV Module  Thin-Film PV Module

1. Amorphous Silicon
2. Copper-Indium-Selenide
3. Cadmium-Telluride
 MODULE REQUIRED SURFACE Price Range
SOLAR CELL
EFFICIENC AREAS FOR 1kW (Approximate
MATERIAL
Y (square meter) market price)

High performance
P4500 above/
Roof Space silicon (rear
contacts, HIT)
17 – 20% 5–6
100Wp

Requirements Monocrystalline
silicon
11 – 16% 6–9 P3500-P5000/ 100Wp

Polycrystalline
Per type of silicon
10 – 15% 7 – 10 P3000-3500/ 100Wp

Thin Film:

Solar Cell Copper Indium

Selenide
6 – 11% 9 – 17
P25/ Wp
P2500/ 100Wp

Materials Cadmium -
Telluride
6 – 11% 9 – 17

Micromorphous
7 – 12% 8.5 – 15
silicon

Amorphous silicon 4 – 7% 15 – 26

Note: If roof area is small, it is advisable to choose solar modules

with higher efficiency.
 * EVA (Ethylene-vinyl acetate)
* Resistance to water and UV light

* Electrical insulation
* Moisture resistance
 Electrical Characteristics
(IV Curve)
1.0kW/m2, 25ºC, AM 1.5
7.0

Isc Current (I)

6.0
6.34 A
Imp Voltage (V) Pm : Maximum power
5.79 A
5.0 Pm ( Maximum Power Point)
= Vmp x Imp Imp : Current at Pm
4.0
=100.2 W
Vmp : Voltage at Pm
Isc : Short circuit current
Current (A)

Voc: Open circuit voltage

3.0
Power (P) = I x V
2.0

1.0

0.0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0

Voltage (V) Vmp 17.3 V Voc 21.7 V

Department of Energy
 Effect of Irradiance
PV module current is directly proportional to the Irradiance
Range of Battery Voltage
( LVD: 11.5V, Float: 13.8V, Boost: 14.4V) 25ºC
7.0
6.3 A 1.0 kW/m2
6.2 A
100 W
6.0

5.1 A 0.8 kW/m2 5.0 A

5.0 80W

4.0 3.8 A Power at 100% Irradiance

0.6 kW/m 2
3.7 A 59 W
Current (A)

3.0
2.5 A 0.4kW/m2
39 W
2.4 A
2.0 Power at 60% Irradiance
1.3 A 0.2 kW/m2 18 W
1.2 A
1.0

Power at 20% Irradiance

0.0
0.0 5.0 10.0 13.0 15.0 20.0 25.0

Voltage (V)

Department of Energy
 Effect of Temperature
PV module voltage is inversely proportional to PV temperature
Range of Battery Voltage
( LVD: 11.5V, Float: 13.8V, Boost: 14.4V) 1.0kW/m2
7.0
6.49 80 W 85 W 90W 95 W 100 W
6.34
6.0
25ºC

5.0 35ºC

45ºC
4.0
Current (A)

55ºC
3.0 Power at 25 ºC
65ºC

2.0

1.0

0.0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
Voltage (V) 18.2 19.1 20.0 20.8 21.7

Department of Energy
 Effect of Temperature
PV module voltage is inversely proportional to PV temperature
Range of Battery Voltage
( LVD: 11.5V, Float: 13.8V, Boost: 14.4V) 1.0kW/m2
7.0
6.49 80 W 85 W 90W 95 W 100 W
6.34
6.0
25ºC

5.0 35ºC

45ºC
4.0
Current (A)

55ºC
3.0 Power at 45 ºC
65ºC

2.0

1.0

0.0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
Voltage (V) 18.2 19.1 20.0 20.8 21.7

Department of Energy
 Effect of Temperature
PV module voltage is inversely proportional to PV temperature
Range of Battery Voltage
( LVD: 11.5V, Float: 13.8V, Boost: 14.4V) 1.0kW/m2
7.0
6.49 80 W 85 W 90W 95 W 100 W
6.34
6.0
25ºC

5.0 35ºC

45ºC
4.0
Current (A)

55ºC
3.0 Power at 65 ºC
65ºC

2.0

1.0

0.0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
Voltage (V) 18.2 19.1 20.0 20.8 21.7

Department of Energy
 To Dos:
21.2V 1. Clean Solar PV Module before
measurement
2. Best to measure at 11:00AM -
1:00PM
x
3. Place module in an open area
with No Shading
4. Measure using Multimeter/
Voltmeter
5. Connect the leads in parallel
between the two points where
the measurement is to made.
6. Always record the values
measured
To Dos: 4.23A
1. Plug the test probes into the
appropriate terminals.
2. Select Current DC and set the
range at 10A.
3. Connect the leads in series
between the two points where
the measurement is to be
made.
4. Make sure to note the value
and unit if measurement.
 Battery serves as the STORAGE of electricity/ energy.
 Common operating voltages of Stand-alone systems in the far-flung area is at
12V DC.
 The capacity of a battery is commonly denotes as Amp-Hour (AH).
Important terminologies in regard to rechargeable battery system.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery#Degradation

1. State of Charge (SoC) – 2. Depth of Discharge (DoD) –

The Current state of a battery. The amount of a battery’s
capacity that has been used.
Types of Batteries commonly used in Solar PV systems:
1. Deep cycle - lead acid battery

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery#Degradation
 Forget about the terms “Deep Cycle type” and “Shallow Cycle type” .
HVD, LVD are
example only These will confuse you. The operation of solar PV system is shallow cycle operation.

Automotive (Shallow Cycle) Type Industrial (Deep Cycle) Type

o Available o Available
Flooded (Liquid) o Low cost o Durable
o Need to top up distilled water o Acceptable for small application o Wide range of capacity
o Durable o Limited range of capacity (~150Ah) ( ~2000Ah, 2V unit )
o Relatively strong against overcharge (HVD ~14.4V) o LVD: ~11.7V , HVD: ~14.4V o LVD: ~11.5V , HVD: ~14.4V

Maintenance free (Liquid) o Available o Available

o Easy to handle o Acceptable for small application o Recommended for small application
o Weak against over charge o Good for maintenance free system o Good for maintenance free system
o Need to use lower HVD than flooded type (~14.1V) o Need good charge controller to avoid o Need good charge controller to avoid
o No boost charging overcharge overcharge
o Limited range of capacity (~150Ah) o LVD: ~11.7V , HVD: ~14.1V o LVD: ~11.5V , HVD: ~14.1V

Maintenance free (Gel) o Available o Available

o Sealed o Acceptable for small application o Recommended for small application
o Easy to handle o Good for maintenance free system o Good for maintenance free system
o Weak against over charge o Need good charge controller to avoid o Need good charge controller to avoid
o Need to use lower HVD than flooded type (~14.1V)
overcharge overcharge
o No boost charging o LVD: ~11.7V , HVD: ~14.1V o LVD: ~11.5V, HVD: ~14.1V
o Limited range of capacity (~150Ah)
Types of Batteries commonly used in Solar PV systems:
2. Lithium based battery/ Lithium-Ion Battery/ Li-ion Battery (LIB)
a. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePo4) d. Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO)
b. Lithium Polymer (LiPo) e. Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)

c. Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2) f. Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (NCA)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery#Degradation
g. Lithium Titanate
 Lead Acid Battery Lithium-Ion Battery

Life Span 2-3 Years 5-10 Years

Depth of 20% DOD (recommended) 50%-95% DOD (Please see battery

Discharge data sheet)
Maintenance For Flooded type - Check No Maintenance
regularly and refilled with distilled
water every 1-3 Months

Maintenance free (Liquid/Gel) –

No Maintenance
Price (Maintenance Free) (LiFePO4)
100Ah 12V: P7,000 to P9,000 100Ah (3.2V x 4pcs = 12.8V Nominal):
P6500 to P10,000 x 4pcs =
P26,000 to 40,000
*Battery capacity available in a daily cycle to prolong life – always refer
to manufacturers specification and warranty requirements

20%
BATTERY
CAPACITY

80%
BATTERY
CAPACITY
https://www.rvtechlibrary.com/battery/bat_volts.php
 Series connection sums Voltages
V1 + V2 = V Total
12V + 12V = 24V
Ah1 = Ah2 = Ah Total = 50Ah
Parallel connection sums
Ampere-hour ratings
V1 = V2 = V Total = 12V
Ah1 + Ah2 = Ah Total
50Ah + 50Ah = 100Ah

+ - + -
+ - + -
12 V 12 V
50Ah 50Ah 12 V 12 V
50Ah 50Ah

V1 V2
V1 V2

Do NOT connect different types, models, ratings and ages of batteries

 12.2V

x
 Charge Controller protects the battery from
being overcharged and over-discharged

• Overcharge: C/C disconnects the PV module

• Over Discharge: C/C disconnects the Load
 Charge controller does NOT regulate
current and voltage.
• C/C is only a switching device
 Charge Controller does NOT protect the
battery from overuse.
 Overcharge Protection

Charging Charging stopped

(Switch A is ON) (Switch A is OFF)

Charge Controller Charge Controller

A A
PV PV
Module Charging
Module Charging
stopped

Full

Battery Battery
Empty
 Over Discharge Protection

Discharging Discharging stopped

(Switch B is ON) (Switch B is OFF)

Charge Controller Charge Controller

B
B
Load Load
Discharging Discharging
stopped

Full
Battery Battery
Before empty
Empty
 Set point voltages
• Set point voltages slightly differs for each model
 Choose charge controller with the right set point voltages according to
battery type.

 Example for Lead Acid Battery (Maintenance Free Battery – Union – 6CAJ33):
High Voltage Disconnect (HVD) = 14.1V to 14.4V
High Voltage Reconnect (HVR) = 13.8V
Low Voltage Disconnect (LVD) = 11.5V
Low Voltage Reconnect (LVR) = 12.75V

 Example for Lithium Based Battery (LiFePO4 – CALB CA180F):

High Voltage Disconnect (HVD) = 13.88V (3.47V per Cell)
High Voltage Reconnect (HVR) = 13.31V (3.328V per Cell)
Low Voltage Disconnect (LVD) = 12.5V
Low Voltage Disconnect (LVR) = 12.75V
 Two Types of Over Charge Protection

Series type : PV is disconnected as Open Shunt type : PV is disconnected as Shorted

Charge Controller
Charge Controller
Control Circuit
Control Circuit
Over charge Over
protection discharge Over
protection Over discharge
protection
A1 B charge
protection B
PV
Load PV
Module A2 Load
Module

Battery
Battery
 Pulse Width Modulated Maximum Power Point Tracking
Efficiency Less Efficient More Efficient
Functionality Can’t optimize for voltage Can Optimize for Voltage
differences Differences

No load Optimization DC load optimization

Price Half price or less Double the price or more

10A C/C: P600-P1,000 10A C/C: P2,000-P3,000
 CONNECTING SEQUENCE

 Connecting / Disconnecting cables to C/C

Connect Battery First, Disconnect Battery Last

CONNECTING SEQUENCE If battery is not

connected,
Battery PV Load high voltage (18-
First 21V) of PV module
may damage
PV Load
DISCONNECTING SEQUENCE Load (Max input is
~14.5V)
Battery
Load PV Battery
Last
For Stand Alone System units,
DC lamps/ DC loads are
necessary
 Available power is very
limited
 Electricity is very precious
 High efficiency lights are
necessary
 Cheapest basic component 20W LED

of the Solar PV System 15W LED

 LED lamp 3W: P50, 30W:
P500)
 DC Fluorescent  Halogen Lamp –  LED Lights/ Lamps
Lamp - Compact easily available at (Preferred Lamp for
Fluorescent Lamp automobile part shop Solar PV systems units
(CFL) (consumption is because of its high
higher than CFL) efficiency, cheaper and
easily available)
Comparis
on of Light
Sources:
wattage
and
brightness
Android/ IPhones/ Cellphones
DC LED Television sets
Portable CD/USB players
DC Digital AM/FM Radios
DC Electric Fan
DC Refrigerators (Commonly used in Barangay health
centers in far flung areas)
Inverter is a device that converts DC voltage into a
desired AC voltage.

Example: Electrical Panel

 12VDC to 220VAC Household
 24VDC to 220VAC Battery Bank

PV Strings

AC Loads

Charge Controller
Off-Grid Inverter
 Always obtain data sheet.
No datasheet, No quality
Inverters has a wide range of capacity
 100W ~ 300W ~1kW ~ 5kW (Easily available in market, Inexpensive)

 10kW~ 100kW (Production by order, Expensive)

 Off-grid Inverters for are becoming popular at low price

P1000~, 1000W (Low quality); P3500 ~, 1000W (Good Quality)
 Use of inverter is very convenient for users
 Need larger PV panel due to low efficiency of AC system compare to DC
system
Classification of Inverters:

1. Off-grid Inverter – One per system (For stand-alone system)

2. Micro Inverter – One per PV module
3. String Inverter – One per string or nos. string (series
connected PV modules)
4. Central Inverter – One per group of PV arrays
5. Hybrid Inverter – grid interactive with multiple input (battery,
genset, wind, grid)
Common Types of Inverters:

1. Modified Sine Wave Inverter (MSW) – It is an inverter that

makes a steps of blocks or square to be inline with the true
sinusoidal pattern.
2. Pure Sine Wave Inverter (PSW)– It is an inverter that
procedures an AC output with a grid identical AC sinusoidal
waveform.
 Inverter 72

 Sine wave output is ideal

 Due to cost limitation, modified sine wave types are
common for small-scale application
 Rectangular wave type might have some problem with
some appliances/ unfavorable effect on sensitive loads

Low cost High cost

SHS Centralized PV

Rectangular Wave Modified Sine Wave Modified Sine Wave Pure Sine Wave
 With LCD Monitor
 APP/ PC Monitoring
 Resettable Parameters
 Bypass Switch (DU and Battery for Utilization)
 Stable Output
 Low Total Harmonic Distortion(THD)
 Internals ATS/ MTS
 Battery Charger
PROPER SOLAR PV SIZING
AND COMPUTATION
Example: Hours of Energy
Rated Power Scenario of
Load Description Operation Consumption
(Watt) Usage
(hours) (Watt-hour)

LED lamp 3W 4h 12Wh 5pm-9pm

LED lamp 3W 6h 18Wh 5pm-11pm
LED lamp 3W 6h 18Wh 5pm-11pm
LED lamp 1W 12h 12Wh 6pm-6am
Radio 5W 5h 25Wh 6am-6pm
Cellphone
5W 4h 20Wh 7am-1pm
Charger
Total Energy Consumption/ day Sum of Energy consumption 105Wh
Total Peak Load Sum of rated Power 20W
A. COMPUTATION FOR SOLAR PV PANEL CAPACITY
2. What is the size of the solar panel needed for my solar home system?
Solution:
105 Watt-hour
Solar PV Panel Capacity (Watt-peak) = ---------------------------------
4.5 hours x 0.8 x 0.8

Solar PV Panel Capacity (Watt-peak) = 36 Watt-peak

The recommended minimum solar PV panel capacity of the solar home

system is 36 Watt-peak (Available nearest capacity in the market is 40Wp).
B. COMPUTATION FOR CHARGE CONTROLLER CAPACITY
What is the size of the solar charge controller needed for my solar home system?
Formula: Charge Controller Capacity (A) = 1.1 x Short Circuit Current (Isc) of Solar PV Panel
Note: The short circuit current (Isc) of the solar PV panel is found at the back sheet/name plate
of the solar PV panel.

Module Capacity and its Approximate Parameters

B. COMPUTATION FOR CHARGE CONTROLLER CAPACITY
What is the size of the solar charge controller needed for my solar home system?
Formula: Charge Controller Capacity (A) = 1.1 x Short Circuit Current (Isc)
of Solar PV Panel

Given: The approximate Short Circuit Current (Isc) of 40 Watt-peak Solar PV

panel is 2.56A.

Solution: Charge Controller Capacity (A) = 1.1 x 2.56A

Charge Controller Capacity (A) = 2.8A

For 40Wp solar panel, the recommended minimum charge controller

capacity is 5 Amperes.
C. COMPUTATION FOR BATTERY CAPACITY
What is the size of the battery needed for my solar home system?

Formula: Energy Consumption (Wh)

Battery Capacity (Ah) = -------------------------------------------------------------------
Depth of Discharge (DOD) x Battery Voltage (V)

Where: Depth of Discharge (DOD) for Deep Cycle Lead Acid Battery = 20% (recommended)
Depth of Discharge (DOD) for Lithium-ion battery = 50-80% (Please see battery
data sheet)
Battery Voltage = 12 Volts(V)
C. COMPUTATION FOR BATTERY CAPACITY
What is the size of the battery needed for my solar home system?
Solution:
 For Deep Cycle Lead Acid Battery:
105 Watt-hour

Battery Capacity (Ah) = ------------------------------- = 44Ah

0.2 x 12 Volts
 For Lithium-ion Battery:
105 Watt-hour
Battery Capacity (Ah) = ------------------------------- = 11Ah
0.8 x 12 Volts
The recommended minimum capacity for two types of battery are as follows:
 Lead acid at 20% DOD is 44 ampere-hour (Ah)
 Lithium-ion battery at 80% DOD is 11 ampere-hour (Ah)
RECOMMENDED MINIMUM CAPACITY FOR THE SOLAR HOME
SYSTEM AT 12VOLTS
Total Load Wattage 20Watts
Energy Consumption 105Watt-hour
Recommended
Description
Capacity
Solar PV Capacity 40Wp
Module Type Mono/ Poly-crystalline
Charge Capacity 5A
Controller Type PWM/MPPT
Capacity 11Ah 44Ah
Battery lithium- deep cycle –
Type
ion lead acid
D. COMPUTATION FOR POWER INVERTER
What is the minimum capacity of the power inverter needed for stand-alone system?
Formula: Minimum Capacity of Inverter = Total Load Wattage x 20% safety factor

Given:
At 220V AC load: 50W LED TV, 5W Cellphone charger, 4pcs 6W LED lamp and
30W Laptop

Solution:
Total Load Wattage = 50W + 5W + (4pcs x 5W) + 30W = 105 Watts
Minimum Capacity of Inverter = 105 Watts x 1.20
Minimum Capacity of Inverter = 126 Watts

 You must go for 1kw – 2kW Power Inverter for future upgrades.
 Choose Pure Sine Wave to be able to maximize the use of your inverter.
 Much better if the power inverter is equipped with recommended basic features.
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ICE BREAKER FOR SIZING OF SOLAR PV STREETLIGHT

SOLAR PV MODULE CAPACITY

BATTERY CAPACITY USING LITHIUM-ION

FORMULA:

Solar Panel Size (Wp) = _____Energy Consumption (Wh) _______________ = __12 Watts x 12 hours___
80% (Battery Charging Efficiency) X 80% (Output 80% x 80% x 4.34 hours
Efficiency of Solar Panel) X Peak Sun Hours (h)

Battery Size (Ah) = _____Energy Consumption (Wh) _______________ = __12 Watts x 12 hours___
Depth of Discharge X Battery Voltage (V) 50% x 12 Volts