06/02/2021

Cours 14:)Mathematic)
How$does$f$(x)$change$over$the$interval$from$x$=$5$to$x$=$6$?$

How$does$g$(t)$=$0.15$t$+$1$change$over$the$interval$from$t$=$?5$to$=$?4$?$

Cours 14:)Mathematic)
Use$the$graph$of$f$(x)$to$complete$the$table$below.$

1
 06/02/2021

Cours 14:)Mathematic)

Select the outlier in the data set

Cours 14:)Mathematic)
The$three$scatter$plots$below$show$the$same$data$set.$Choose$the$scatter$plot$in$
which$the$outlier$is$highlighted.$

2
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Cours 15:)Behaviour law

Hypotheses of Linearity

The hypotheses common to all the mechanical linear modules of the different commercial softwares are as
follows:
• Axial deformations εii and angular deformations εij, i ≠ j, remain small with respect to unity, and
displacements remain small with respect to the structure's size.

• Material behavior stays within the linear elastic range where stresses σij vary linearly with deformations εij.

• In other words, the moduli of elasticity are constants.

These hypotheses establish the computed solutions' range of validity. In practice, we will make sure that
rotations remain decidedly less than unity and that stresses do not exceed the elastic limit.

It is possible to make allowance for some stiffness modifications due to loading and still remain within the
linear range. Thus, when a structure is subjected to a tensile or compressive load, it produces a stress field
which modifies bending behavior. A rigorous consideration of this modification requires nonlinear analysis. If
the small displacements hypothesis is adhered to, then a linearized form of the nonlinear stiffness matrix
can nevertheless be used. This matrix is the sum of the linear stiffness matrix and the geometrical stiffness
matrix.

Another case is that of rotating structures. These are the center of centrifugal forces that act in the solid and
are at any point proportional to the distance from the point to the axis of rotation. When a node moves away
or moves closer to the axis, there is a variation in the force acting on this node. An allowance can be made
for displacementHdependent forces by modifying the stiffness matrix. The modified matrix is the sum of the
linear stiffness matrix and the centrifugal matrix.

Cours 15:+Behaviour law

Comparison*between*drilled*and*moulded holes
! Analysis)of)the)results)at)the)Macro scale)
Comparison*between*moulded*and*drilled*holes*for*the*axial*gauge

(a) (b)

Evolution)of)the)load)versus)axial)strain)
Rich*zone*of*matrix
(a):)d)=)7.94)mm,)(b):)d)=)6.34)mm

d)=)7.94)mm,))? σmoulée =)510)MPa,)? σpercée =)410)MPa,

d)=)6.35)mm,))? σmoulée =)466)MPa,)? σpercée =)333)MPa,)
7.94*mm
The*axial*gauge*detects*a*local*stiffness*for*drilled*hole*which*is*higher*
Specimen*scanned**at*the*hole*entry than**the*one*detected*on*the*plate*with*moulded*hole

76

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Cours 15:#Behaviour law

Comparison*between*drilled*and*moulded holes
! Analysis)of)the)results)at)the)Macro scale)
Comparison*between*moulded and*drilled*hole*for*the*shifted*axial*gauge

(a) (b)

Evolution)of)the)load)versus)shifted)axial)strain)(a):)7.94)mm)of)hole)diameter,)(b)):)6.35)
mm)of)hole)diameter
Rich)zone)of)matrix

Specimen)scanned)
at)the)moulded)hole) Shifted(axial(
entry
7.94)mm
gauge
R.#Zitoune et#al.#Composite#Structures,#2011 77

Cours 15:+Behaviour law

Comparison-between-drilled-and-moulded holes
! Analysis&of&the&results&at&the&Meso scale&
Modes&of&damage&
F(=(28(kN Moulded specimens- F(=(47(kN

Cracks
Crack(//(to(the(
direction(of(fibers

7.94&mm
7.94&mm
F(=(64(KN

Partial(fracture(at(64(KN

7.94&mm
78

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Cours 15:+Behaviour law

Comparison&between&drilled&and&moulded holes
! Analysis%of%the%results%at%the%Meso scale%
Modes%of%damage%
Drilled&specimens&
F"="42"kN F"="48"kN

Fracture:"fibres Fracture:"fibres
at"45"

7.94%mm
7.94%mm
F"="49"KN

Sudden&
fracture

Total&fracture&at 49KN

7.94%mm
79

Cours 15:)Behaviour law