LABORATORY REPORT

DEDAN KIMATHI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

POWER SYSTEMS I
BSC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
NAME REG. NO.
NATHAN KIPLANGAT E021-01-0418/2018
BENSON NDUNGU E021-01-0431/2018
VINCENT KIPKIRUI E021-01-0430/2018
PETER NDUNGU E021-01-0427/2018
KILIM ANTHONY E021-01-0657/2017
OBJECTIVES.
To determine ABCD, HZ ad image parameters for a log transmission lines.

THEORY
ACBD parameters (also known as chain or transmission line parameter) are generalised circuit
constants used to help model transmission lines. More specifically ACBD parameters are used in
the two port network representation of transmission line. A major section of power system
engineering deals in the power from one place (e.g. generation station) to another (e.g.
substation or residential homes) with maximum efficiency. ABCD parameter and two port
model is used to simplify these complex calculations. To maintain the accuracy of this
mathematical model; transmission are classified into three types; short, medium and long
transmission lines. The formula for these ABCD parameters will change depending on length of
transmission line. This is necessary since certain electrical phenomenon such as corona
discharge and the Ferranti effect only come into play when dealing with long transmission lines.
In a long transmission line the line constants are uniformly distributed over the entire length of
line. This is because the effective circuit length is much higher than what it was for the former
models (long and medium line) and hence we can no longer make the following
approximations:
A) Ignoring the shunt admittance of the network, like in a small transmission line model.
B) Considering the circuit impedance and admittance to be lumped and concentrated at a point
as was the case for the medium line mode.
ABCD parameters for long transmission line

The series impedance per unit length by the lowercase letter z, and the shunt admittance per
phase by the lowercase letter y. Thus, z = r + jL and y = g + jC . Consider a small segment of
line x at a distance x from the receiving end of line. The phasor currents and voltages on both
sides of this segment are shown as a function of distance.
Also from KCL

Taking the limits as x0

Differentiating and substituting from,

The following second order equation shall be

Characteristic equation

The solutions for V(x)

The propagation constant is given by;

The current is given by;

Where Zc is the characteristic impedance

Given that X=0 V(x)=VR and I(x)=IR

Substituting for V(x) and I(x)

Rearranging we get

Applying the hyperbolic functions sinh and cosh V(x) and I(x) becomes

Letting X=1 V (1)= V(s) and I(1)=Is. The relationship between the sending end and the receiving
end of the line will be;

Rewriting the equation of ABCD parameters;

 A=D and AD - BC=1

The equivalent  model based on ABCD constant of the two-port network

Comparing above equations, the identity become

Parameter of the Equivalent -Model

TOOLS
Connecting leads
Transmission line training system

PROCEDURE
Step 1
Earthing of the laboratory was connected to the terminal provided on the back side of the
penal.AC supply was turned off and variac knob was set at zero position. Terminal 3 was
Connected with terminal 4 terminal 2 Connected with terminal 21. To measure sending end
current, terminal 4 and 5 was Connected with “Is” terminals of “Sending End” as per the wiring
diagram. R1 was Connected between terminal 5 and 6 and L1 Connected between terminal 6
and 7. Terminal 7 was Connected to terminal 8. Terminal 8 was Connected to 9 and terminal 22
Connected to 23.
Maintaining the circuit R4 was Connected between terminal 9 and 10 and L4 between terminal
10 and 11. C2 was Connected between terminal 11 and 24.
Step 3
R5 was Connected between terminal 11 and 12. L5 was Connected 5 between terminal 12 and
13. The line was expanded by connecting terminal 13 with 14, 14 with 15 and 25 with 26.C3 was
Connected between terminal 15 and 27.
Step 4
R6 was Connected between terminal 15 and 16. L6 was Connected between terminal 16 and 17
and Capacitor C4 between terminal 17 and 28.
Step 5
R7 was Connected between terminal 17 and 18. L7 was Connected between terminal 18 and
19.C5 was Connected between terminal 19 and 29. To measure the receiving end voltage,
terminal 20 and 30 were Connected with “Vr” terminals of “Receiving End”. To measure the
receiving end current, terminal 19 & 20 were Connected with “Ir” terminals of “Receiving
End”.
The output terminal 20 and 30 were open circuited. The sending end and receiving end current
and voltage were measured respectively with the help of switch S1, S2 and S3 which are
provided at right side of the penal. S1 was turned on. With the help of variac the voltage was
adjusted up to 220 volts.
The output terminal 20 and 30 were short circuited. The same procedure was repeated.
LAB 4
The output terminal 20 and 30 were open circuited. The same procedure was repeated.
The output voltage of long transmission line was measured when output terminal is open
circuited, it was observed that the output voltage at Receiving End is greater than the Sending
End which is the proof of Ferranti effect.
LAB 5
Resistive load
The output terminal 20 and 30 were open circuited. Resistive load from the Load Section was
Connected between output terminal 20 and 30 as given and using the switch S3 the power
factor of Sending and Receiving End was calculated.
Inductive Load
The output terminal 20 and 30 were open circuited. Inductive load from the Load Section was
Connected between output terminal 20 and 30 as given and using the switch S3 the power
factor of Sending and Receiving End was calculated.
Series RL Load
The output terminal 20 and 30 were open circuited. Series R and L load was Connected from
the Load Section between output terminal 20 and 30 and using the switch S3 the power factor
of Sending and Receiving End was calculated.
Parallel LC Load
The output terminal 20 and 30 were open circuited. Parallel L and C load was Connected from
the Load Section between output terminal 20 and 30 and using the switch S3 the power factor
of Sending and Receiving End was calculated.
Series RLC Load
The output terminal 20 and 30 were open circuited. Parallel R, L and C load was Connected
from the Load Section between output terminal 20 and 30 and using the switch S3 the power
factor of Sending and Receiving End was calculated.

DATA PRESENTATIONS
OPEN CIRCUIT

Vr Ir Vs Is
403V 0 221V 0.42A

SHORT CIRCUIT

Vr Ir Vs Is
0 0.25A 222V 0.15A

RESISTIVE LOAD

Vr Ir Vs Is Sending end Receiving end

p.f p.f
100V 0.15A 221V 0.17A 0.90 0.93
INDUCTIVE LOAD

Vr Ir Vs Is Sending end Receiving end

p.f p.f
111V 0.21A 223V 0.00A 0.72 0.00
SERIES RL LOAD

Vr Ir Vs Is Sending end Receiving end

p.f p.f
 164V 0.13A 220V 0.17A 0.81 0.62
SERIES LC

Vr Ir Vs Is Sending end Receiving end

p.f p.f
149V 0.14A 217V 0.17A 0.85 0.70
PARALLEL LC

Vr Ir Vs Is Sending end Receiving end

p.f p.f
66V 0.20A 221V 0.00A 0.72 0.00
DATA ANALYSIS
a) A, B, C, D parameters
 Open circuit test
V S 221
Dimensionless coefficient : A= = =0.5484
V R 403
I S 0.42 −3
Admittance: C= = =1.0421 ×10
V R 403

 Short circuit test

V S 222
Impedance : B= = =888.0
I R 0.25
I S 0.15
Dimensionless coefficient : D= = =0.600
I R 0.25

b) Image parameters
V S 222
Short circuit sendingend impedance Z SC = = =1480
I S 0.15
V 221
open circuit sending end impedance Z OC = S = =526.19
I S 0.42
characteristic impedance Z O= √ Z SC × Z OC =√ 1480 ×526.19=882.474

Z SC 1480
propagation constant ρ=
√ √
Z OC
=
526.19
=1.677

H parameters
B 888.0
H 11 = = =1480.0
D 0.600
 ( AD−BC ) ( 0.5484 × 0.600−888.0× 1.0421×10−3 )
H 12= = =−1.0
D 0.600
−1 −1
H 21= = =−1.667
D 0.600
C 1.0421 ×10−3 −3
H 22= = =1.737 × 10
D 0.600
C) Z parameters
B 888.0
Z11 = = =852 ×103
C 1.0421× 10−3

( AD−BC ) ( 0.5484 ×0.600−888.0 ×1.0421 ×10−3 )

Z12= = =−0.000572
C 1.0421× 10
−3

1 1
Z21= = =959.60
C 1.0421 ×10−3

D 0.600
Z22= = =575.76
C 1.0421×10−3

DISCUSSION
From theoretical knowledge for any given system the value of A=D in our case we got 0.5484
and 888 respectively. Also we know from theoretical AD-BC=1, comparing with experimental
value we got AD-BC =-0.596. We also calculated the H parameters from the values of the ABCD
parameters obtained from the experiment. We also calculated the Z parameter .

CONCLUSION
The ABCD, H and Z parameters are as follows:

ABCD parameters H parameters Z parameters Image

parameters
A 0.5484 H11 1480.0 Z11 852 ×103 Zoc 526.19
B 888.0 H12 −1.0 Z12 −0.000572 Zsc 1480
C 1.0421× 10−3 H21 −1.667 Z21 959.60 Zo 882.474
 D 0.600 H22 1.737 ×10−3 Z22 575.76 ρ 1.667

REFERENCES
1) Chapman, J. (2002). Electric Machinery and Power System Fundamentals, 1st Edition,
McGraw-Hill.
2) Theodore, W. (2006). Electrical Machines, Drives and Power Systems, 6th Edition,
Pearson/Prentice-Hall,