Formulas of Differentiation

Basic Differentiation Formulas for Algebraic Functions

df d d dv du
1. = (c) = 0 5. (uv) = u + v
dx dx dx dx dx

d n   v · du − u · dv
2. x = nxn−1 d u dx dx
dx 6. = 2
dx v v
d du d n du
3. (cu) = c 7. u = nun−1 ·
dx dx dx dx
d du dv dy dy du
4. (u + v) = + 8. = ·
dx dx dx dx du dx

Trancendental Functions
d du d 1 du
1. sin u = cos u · 12. Arccsc u = − √ ·
dx dx dx u u2 − 1 dx
d du d u du
2. cos u = − sin u · 13. e = eu ·
dx dx dx dx
d du d 1 du
3. tan u = sec2 u · 14. ln u = ·
dx dx dx u dx
d du d u du
4. cot u = − csc2 u · 15. a = au ln a ·
dx dx dx dx
d du d du 1 du
5. sec u = sec u tan u · 16. loga u = loga e · = ·
dx dx dx dx u ln a dx
d du d du
6. csc u = − csc u cot u · 17. sinh u = cosh u ·
dx dx dx dx
d 1 du d du
7. Arcsin u = √ · 18. cosh u = sinh u ·
dx 1 − u dx
2
dx dx
d 1 du d du
8. Arccos u = − √ · 19. tanh u = sech2 u ·
dx 1 − u dx
2
dx dx
d 1 du d du
9. Arctan u = · 20. coth u = − csch2 u ·
dx 2
1 + u dx dx dx
d 1 du d du
10. Arccot u = − · 21. sech u = − sech u tanh u ·
dx 1 + u2 dx dx dx
d 1 du d du
11. Arcsec u = √ · 22. csch u = − csch u coth u ·
dx u u2 − 1 dx dx dx
1
 Formulas of Integration

Laws of Integration
Z Z Z
1. 0dx = C 5. af (x)dx = a f (x)dx
Z
2. dx = x + C Z Z Z
 
Z 6. f (x) + g(x) dx = f (x)dx + g(x)dx = F (x) + G
3. adx = ax + C where a ∈ R

xn+1
Z Z Z Z
n
 
4. x dx = +C 7. f (x) − g(x) dx = f (x)dx − g(x)dx = F (x) − G
n+1

General Formulas of Antidifferentiation

Z
un+1
Z
n 10. csc u cot udu = − csc u + C
1. u du = +C
n+1
Z Z Z
du 11. sec udu = ln | sec u + tan u| + C
2. u−1 du = = ln |u| + C
u Z
Z 12. csc udu = ln | csc u − cot u| + C
3. eu du = eu + C
Z
13. tan udu = ln | sec u| + C
au
Z
4. au du = +C
ln a Z
Z 14. cot udu = − ln | csc u| + C
5. sin udu = − cos u + C Z
1 u
15. √ du = Arcsin + C
Z a2 −u2 a
6. cos udu = sin u + C Z
1 1 u
16. du = Arctan + C
Z a2 +u 2 a a
sec2 udu = tan u + C
Z
7. 1 1 u
17. √ du = Arcsec + C
2
u u −a 2 a a
Z Z
8. csc2 udu = − cot u + C 18. sinh udu = cosh u + C
Z Z
9. sec u tan udu = sec u + C 19. cosh udu = sinh u + C

2
 Z Z
2
20. sech udu = tanh u + C 22. sech u tanh udu = − sech u + C
Z Z
2
21. csch udu = − coth u + C 23. csch u coth udu = − csch u + C

Integration by Parts
Z Z
udv = uv − vdu

Trigonometric Substitution
√ a
1. If an integrand contains a2 − b2 x2 , substitute x = sin θ
b
√ a
2. If an integrals contains a2 + b2 x2 , substitute x = tan θ.
b
√ a
3. If the integrand contains b2 x2 − a2 , substitute x = sec θ.
b

Miscellaneous Substitution
p
1. When the integrand contains an irrational expresion of the form z = n (ax + b)m = (ax + b)m/n
where m and n are relatively prime positive integers, then the substitution z = (ax + b)1/n
√ √ √
2. The substitution for z = a2 − x2 ; z = a2 + x2 and z = x2 − a2
3. When an integrand is a rational function consisting of trigonometric function then the
following equivalent equations are applied.
2z 1 − z2 2dz
sin x = cos x = dx =
1 + z2 1 + z2 1 + z2
1
where z = tan θ
2

Reciprocal Substitution
1
When the integrand contain the form , use the substitution
x
1 dx
z= dz = − 2
x x