A PROJECT REPORT ON

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF OIL SKIMMER

SUBMITTED BY

Suraj A. Nair

Kajol J. Kamble

Sayali S. Shewale

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof. Sanjay Lohar

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

VIDYAVARDHINI’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

VASAI ROAD (W.)

UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

2016-2017
 VIDYAVARDHINI’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGYVASAI
ROAD (W.), THANE-401202

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that project entitled

Design and fabrication of oil skimmer

Has been carried out by,

1 Suraj A Nair

2 Kajol J. Kamble

3 Sayali S. Shewale

Students of final year B.E. MECHANICAL during SEM-VII under our

supervision and guidance and submitted in accordance with the syllabus
prescribed for
“BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING”
In Mechanical Engineering of MUMBAI UNIVERSITY during academic
year 2016-2017.

(Prof. Sanjay R. Lohar) (Dr. A. V. Bhonsale) (Prof. V. D. Patel)

(Project Guide) (Principal) (Head of Department)

 DECLARATION

We declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and
where others ideas or words have been included, we have adequately cited and referenced the
original sources. We also declare that we have adhered to all principles of academic honesty
and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source
in my submission. We understand that any violation of the above will call for disciplinary
action by the institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not
been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

Suraj A. Nair Kajol J. Kamble

Sayali S. Shewale

DATE:
 CONTENT

CHAPTER NO. PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT i

Nomenclature ii

CHAPTER 1

1.1 MOTIVATION \ 5
1.2 PROBLEM DEFINATION 6

CHAPTER 2

2.1 LITRATURE REVIEW 9

2.2 UNITED STATES PATENT (April 28, 1981) 9

2.3 ABNAKIL TECHNICAL PAPER (May 2011) 10

CHAPTER 3

3. INTRODUCTION

3.1 WHAT IS OIL SKIMMER 11

CHAPTER 4

4. THEORETICAL EVALUATION

4.1 BASIC DESIGN 13

4.2 LIST OF COMPONENT 15

4.3 BILL OF MATERIAL 15

4.4 DESIGN CALCULATION 16

4.5 SHAFT SELECTION 20

CHAPTER 5

5. CONCLUSION 23

CHAPTER 6

6. REFERANCE 24
 LIST OF FIGURE

FIGURE NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

1.
 LIST OF TABLE
4.2 List of component page 15

4.3 Bill of material Page 16

 ABSTRACT

Engineers are continuously being asked to improve processes and increase efficiency.
These requests may arise as a result of need to increase throughput, increase probability, or
accommodate capital limitations. The processes which use oil skimmer equipment must
frequently be improved for these reasons. Changes in the design to increase the efficiency
and to reduce cost of the equipment's & also the overall cost should be made. More and more
industries and also the governments must be urged to make use of oil skimmers to prevent
hazardous effects of oil spill.

Various other methods and techniques of oil skimming or water oil separation were
also studied while manufacturing and design of the model of oil skimmer and during the
preparation of this technical paper. This project provides method for increasing efficiency of
oil skimmer by using marine ply disc and scrapper to prevent marine pollution by oil spill. It
also provides information and methods on how it can be used in various industries to separate
the oil water mixture. Improvements in design and equipment's through which efficiency can
be increased have also been provided through this technical paper. The results and
conclusions acquired by using disc oil skimmer have been provided through this technical
paper.
 Nomenclature

Po - Output power of motor

N1 - Motor Speed

N2 - Speed after reduction

Z1 - No. of teeth for Driving Sprocket

Z2- No. of teeth for Driven Sprocket

[P] - Design Power

C - Centre distance between two Sprockets

M - No of Chain Link

L - Length of Chain

p - Pitch of Chain

d1 - Roller diameter

b1 - Width

Pt - Transverse Pitch

R - Reduction Ratio

[D] 1 - Diameter of Driving Sprocket

[D] 2 - Diameter of Driven Sprocket

D - Diameter of Shaft
 CHAPTER 1

1.1 MOTIVATION:-

Now days for achieving rapidness, various machines and the equipment’s are being
manufactured. In such a modern era of liberalization, small-scale industries are contributing
in a big way to the growth of our country. The engineer is constantly confronted with the
challenges of bringing ideas and design into reality. New machines and techniques are being
developed continuously to manufacture various products at cheaper rates and high quality.
Taking into account the above contribution we have tried to manufacture such equipment,
which is the accessory of machine tool to have the treatment to the cutting fluid after having
used as a coolant.

1.2 PROBLEM DEFINATION

The use of an oil skimmer in the machine shop setting holds many benefits. Removing the
oil from a machine coolant tank will initiate some aesthetic benefits such as cutting down on
the amount of smoke generated from the cutting tool coming into contact with oil laden
coolant.
When a machine is shut down for the weekend, oil has a chance to come to the surface of the
coolant tank. Bacteria that are living in the coolant tank use up the dissolved oxygen in the
coolant mix, a process that is sped up by having a layer of oil on the surface. This allows
odour causing anaerobic bacteria to thrive diving off that familiar “rotten egg” smell.

Contrary to popular belief the common types of bacteria found in metalworking fluids do
not cause dermatitis. However, if the skin is broken, bacteria that normally inhabit the skin
may enter and cause infection. The presence of phosphates and carbonates that increase
alkalinity in the coolant, however, can cause dermatitis. These impurities are found in the
water being used in the coolant mix separating the oil from the coolant will also help reduce
disposal costs. The cost of disposing of oil laden coolant is more expensive than disposing of
oil. In fact, in some instances, companies may be able to re-use the oil elsewhere or sell it for
recycling. Having oil free coolant can also extend its usefulness and effectiveness, reducing
the expense on maintenance and coolant replacement. As the research on the different types
of oil skimmers begins, a person will find that there are a variety of skimmers available to
them. The most common types are the belt, disk, and tube skimmers. Each type of coolant
skimmer has its advantage and disadvantages.
 There are also many factors that need to be considered when choosing the correct type of
oil skimmer to fit the appropriate application. Factors such as water level fluctuation, water
temperature, pH level, the use of rust inhibitors, the amount of oil to be skimmed, quality,
and cost, must all be considered when selecting an oil skimmer.

The use of rust inhibitors, high temperatures, and variable pH levels can affect the
skimmers ability to pick up oil. Most skimmer manufacturers use a variety of materials for
the skimming medium such as plastic, stainless steel, or poly blends to match the solution in
which they will be used.
 CHAPTER 2

LITRATURE REVIEW

.1. UNITED STATES PATENT (April 28, 1981) of Ray R Ayers

Patent Number: 4264450 [1]

A methods and apparatus are provided for removing oil from the surface of water by
means of one or multiplicity of discs which are provided with either or a combination oil-
absorbent bristles and oil-absorbent materials disposed on the flat surfaces on the disc, the
disc being disposed partially in the oil and partially in a vapour space there above ,rotating
the discs to cycle the bristles and or oil absorbent material alternately from the oil on the
water to the vapour space there above, allowing the oil to adhere or absorb into the bristles or
absorbent material and then removing the oil from the oil absorbent material while the oil
absorbent material are in thee vapour space

2.2 UNITED STAES PATENT (May19, 1998) of William Fredrick Haynes

Patent Number: 5753108 [2]

In this review, A skimmer for recovering spilled oil plods through the water at relatively
high speeds and operates under a verity of weather condition to counteract the pitch and roll
of the skimmer while travelling through choppy seas, the skimmer is attached to propelling
vessel by a biaxial mount, which has the shaft perpendicular to the c entre line of the vessel
and horizontal to the water line this allows knows of the skimmer to travel in vertical
direction in concert with on coming swells and waves. The main control frame of the
skimmer id hinged perpendicular to Wessel shaft yoke top allow the main frame to role in
concert with cross waves and swells. This biaxial mounting allows the knows of the skimmer
remain at fairly uniform dept. in the water no matter which direction the waves are
approaching which allows the skimmer to be attached to virtually any vessel with size and
characteristics to accommodate the mass of the skimmer .Pontoons are place both side of the
skimmer knows to hold the skimmer knows at proper dept. when moving forward. The
pontoons are hinged so as true pivot and stay concert with the waves and swells to maintain a
uniform nose depth. The skimmer belt is mesh design that will lift high quantities of
unwanted material.
2.3 ABNAKIL TECHNICAL PAPER (GREEN EARTH MAY 2011) [3]
From this article we understood various type of oil skimmer as follows

 Disc type: This oil skimmer rotates a disk shaped medium through the liquid. Oil is
wiped off and discharged into a collection container in a similar to belt oil skimmer. It
is important to consider reach, the portion of the disk that actually gets immersed,
when looking at a disk oil skimmer. Less disk in a fuel means less oil removed.
Obviously, fluctuating fluids can be a real problem for disc oil skimmer.
 Belt type: Belt type oil skimmer use an endless belt of corrosion resistant steel or
synthetic medium, which is lowered into the tank to skimmed. The belt passes
through resilient wiper blades where the oil is removed from both sides of the
medium.
 Drum type: This are to the disc type, but use a rotating drum shaped medium.
Compared to the disc type they are more rugged and have higher removal capacity.
Depending on the design, these units can also be rendered ineffective by fluctuating
fluids levels. Also, water pickup with this type of oil skimmer can be high.

We also learned limitation of each type which helped us to decide which type of oil skimmer
is best for our project. We accumulated information on our basic design, material selection
for oil separator etc.
 CHAPTER 3
INTRODUCTION

3.1 WHAT IS OIL SKIMMER?

The oil skimming is an operation of removing or separating oil from water with the help of
machine. One of the following classified methods are adopted to separate the oil from water
or coolant

1. By separating the oil from the coolant by violently pouring the upper layer of mixture
in another container.

2. By soaking the oil layer using oil soaking element.

3. By skimming oil using disc arrangement.

The skimming principle, upon which the technique relies, is dependent on three physical
properties of oils, namely specific gravity, surface tension and affinity. Most oils have a
lower specific gravity than water, which allows it to separate from water and float to the
surface unless agitated. These oils are possible to collect using an oil skimmer. Other oils do
the opposite and, if not agitated, sink to the bottom of the water and must be collected by
other means than skimming. The light oils, which can be skimmed off the water surface, are
possible to collect due to the surface tension and affinity of the oil. Most oils have little or no
affinity for water, which prevents mixing of oil and water. As the skimming medium enters
the water, the oil wets the surface preventing water from doing the same.
 CHAPTER 4

THEORETICAL EVALUATION

4.1BASIC DESIGN:-

4.2 CONSTRUCTION:

4.3 WORKING:
4.4 LIST OF COMPONANT:-

SR.NO. COMPONANT QUANTITY

1. CONTAINER 2

2. DISC 1

3. SHAFT 2

4. MOTOR 1

5. CHAIN 1

6. SPOCKET 2
4.5 BILL OF MATERIAL:

COMPONENT MATERIAL
SHAFT STAINLESS STEEL
SCRAPER RUBBER
DISC MARIN PLY
SPROCKET CARBON STEEL
CONTAINER STEEL
CHAIN CARBON STEEL

4.6 DESIGN SPCIFICATION:

Power = 0.08 H.P. i.e. Power = 60 watts (motor efficiency 0.82)

N = 100 rpm
Require o/p shaft speed n= 30 rpm-33rpm.
Hence,
Reduction ratio = N /n = 1:3
 CHAIN SELECTION:
Available data:-

• Power available at motor o/p shaft:- Po = 49.28 watt

• Speed of o/p gear box shaft – N1 = 100 rpm

Let, N2 = 30rpm (speed of driving sprocket)

• Assume,

No. of teeth on driving sprocket = 12 teeth

Z1 = 12 teeth

N1 Z 2
Now we have =
N2 Z1

100
Z2 = 30 x 12

Z2=36teeth (say)

For given service condition I.e. uniform service factor for chain drive (Ks) = 1.2

• Design Power :-
 [P] = Ks x P

= 1.2 x30x10^-3

=0.036Kw =3.6 W.

• From table 14.5 V.B. Bhandari [4]

Tooth correction factor K1 =1.05

• From table 14.4 V.B. Bhandari [4]

• Multiple stand factor K2 = 1

• Required power rating of chain

P
Kw = [ k1×k2 ]
0.36
=5 xx1
1× 1.05

= 0.0378 Kw.

• As speed of sprocket is less than 50 rpm.

So we selected iso chain no 08 B(¿ 14.2 V . B . Bhandari)[4]

 Length of chain:-
Let center distance between two sprockets

C= 165mm

No. of links (m)

M=2 { cp +[ Z 1+2 Z 2 ]+[ Z 2−Z

2π
1
]× p × c }

165 12+36 36−12

=2+ {[ ] [
12.70
+
2
+⌊] 2π }
⌋ ×12.70 ×165 = 43.98 = 44

 Length of chain:-
L = 44 x 12.70
 = 558.8mm

Check for Design.

Power rating is less than power rating of selected chain.

I.e. KW calculated (0.0378 KW) <KW of selected chain (0.34 KW)

Selected chain is safe

• Specification of ISO chain no 08B

• Pitch (p) = 12.70 mm

• Roller dia.d1 = 8.51MM

• Width b1 = 7.75 mm

• Transverse pitch pt. =13.92mm

• Let center dist. between two sprockets.

Ref. V.B. Bhandari 14.1 [4]

4.7 SAFT SELECTION:-

Power of motor = P = 49.28 watt

 Power transmitted by shaft,

2 πNT
  P=
60

Where, N= Rpm of motor shaft

T =Torque transmitted

2 π ×100 ×T
49.28 = ×10 3
60

T = 4.70x 103 N-mm

We know that,

 No. of teeth (small sprocket) , N1 = 12

No. of teeth (big sprocket), N2 = 36

Ratio = R = 1: 3

 Torque on sprocket = 3 × T

= 3 × 4.70x 103 =14.28N-mm

Dia. Of driving sprocket,

p
[D] 1 = 180
sin[ ]
Z!

12.70
[D] 1 = 180
sin= [ ]
12

[D] 1 = 49.06 mm

Similarly Diameter of driven sprocket

12.70
[D] 2 =
[
sin=
180
[ ]
36 ]
[D] 2=145.71mm

Torque transmitted,

T = Force × radius

14. 28x 103 =F × 36

F = 396.66 N

1306.94
F= = 40.43Kg
9.81

Torque transmitted by shaft,

π
  T= × τ x D3  
16

Select permissible shear stress (τ) from design data book

τ = 70 N/mm2

Therefore,
 π
14.28 x 103 = x D3 x 70
16

  D = 10.12mm.
 CHAPTER 5

Conclusion

1. The use of a grooved pattern can increase the recovery efficiency by 100-200%. The
grooved pattern proved to be efficient even on such challenging oils as Diesel.

2. The recovery efficiency of the grooved surface can be improved by tailoring groove
dimensions to oil properties. Using more shallow and narrow groves for light diesel and fuel
oil, and deeper and more open grooves for heavier oils may lead to even higher increase in
the recovery efficiency.

3. The selection of the recovery surface material can increase the recovery efficiency by
20%.

4. The recovery efficiency significantly depends on the type of petroleum product and is
typically proportional to its viscosity (when the oil is at a temperature above its pour point).
 CHAPTER 6

References
Journal Paper,

[1] UNITED STATES PATENT (April 28, 1981) of Ray R Ayers - Patent Number: 4264450

[2] UNITED STAES PATENT (May19, 1998) of William Fredrick Haynes Patent Number:
5753108

[3] ABNAKIL TECHNICAL PAPER (GREEN EARTH MAY 2011)

Book,

[4] PSG Design data book.

[5] V.B. Bhandari “Design of m/c elements” - McGraw hill publication.

[6] R.S. Kulkarni & J.K. Gupta “Machine Design” - Eurasia publishing house.