MEASUREMENTS

Physics
• the branch of science concerned with the nature and properties and relationship
of energy and matter in space.

• it concerns the movements and the forces of an object/s that makes them move
like velocity and acceleration.

• study of physics, includes mechanics, heat, light and other radiation, sound,
electricity, magnetism, and the structure of atoms.

• a quantitative scientific measurements

• involves relatively…. more of Mathematics (related between theory and

experiment)
Classical Physics
Includes (before 1980 provided by Isaac Newton)
• Mechanics
• Thermodynamics
• Optics and
• Electromagnetism
Modern Physics
Includes
• Theories of relativity
• Quantum mechanics
• Modifies the traditional concepts of space, time and energy (under the principles of A. Einstein)

• ……. More and more developments of principles of physics like

unmanned planetary explorations,
a variety of developments and potential applications in nanotechnology,
microcircuitry
high-speed computers,
sophisticated imaging techniques used in scientific research and medicine, and
remarkable results in genetic engineering
MEASUREMENT IN PHYSICS
(quantitative science)
Measurement
• Measurement is an important skill and make connections in daily life.

• When students measure an object, they are describing its

characteristics in terms of size, weight, height, length, area, volume,
velocity, acceleration values or some other attribute.

• they are helping others to visualize that object, and see it in their
“mind eye”.
MEASUREMENT IN CHEMISTRY
(quantitative science)
Measurement

CHARACTERISTICS:

• Magnitude

• Units

• Uncertainty
Measurement
• Two types of units:
– fundamental (or base) units; 7 base units in the SI
system.
– derived units.

• Two types of systems:

– English
– Metric (system international, SI)

 CONVERSION OF UNITS
Measurements: Fundamental/Base units

• Volts ; Watts; Sieverts; Joules

Measurement: System International units, SI
Measurement: SI units

SI Units
Measurement
Examples:
Volts
1 ZV = 1 x 10 21 V

Sieverts
1 µS = 1 x 10 -6 S
Derived units
Derived units
• Area
• Volume
• Speed
• Velocity
• Others
Measurements: English system
Physical quantity Name of unit Abbreviation

Distance, length Inch in

Yard yd
Miles mi
Feet ft
Mass Pounds lb
Tons ton
Ounce oz
Volume Pint pt
Quarts qt
Gallon gal
Unit Relationship between SI and English system
Measurements
Important measurements in physics ….
• Length
• Mass
• Time
Measurements
Length ….. Standard unit
• as the distance between two
points in space.

• fundamental unit, meter, m

• meter was redefined as the

distance traveled by light in
vacuum during a time of 1/299
792 458 second.
Measurements
 Measurements
Mass =
• SI fundamental unit of
mass, the kilogram (kg),
• is defined as the mass of a
specific platinum–iridium
alloy cylinder kept at the
International Bureau of
Weights and Measures at
Sèvres, France. This mass
standard was established in
1887
Measurements
Time (standard unit)
• Before 1967, in terms of the mean solar day. (A solar day is the time interval
between successive appearances of the Sun at the highest point it reaches in
the sky each day.)
• its fundamental unit of a second (s) was defined as 1 1 60 2 1 1 60 2 1 1 24 2 of
a mean solar day.
• this definition is based on the rotation of one planet, the Earth. Therefore, this
motion does not provide a time standard that is universal.
• In 1967, the time, second was redefined to take advantage of the high precision
attainable in a device known as an atomic clock, which measures vibrations of
cesium atoms.
• One second is now defined as 9 192 631 770 times the period of vibration of
radiation from the cesium-133 atom.
Measurement , time
Measurement: conversion of units
Dimensional Analysis/Factor-Label Method

• units that are not consistent,

• Units can be treated like algebraic quantities that can cancel each other out

• always include the units in solving problems

Needed in conversion of units:

• Given measurement

• Unknown measurement

• Conversion factor /s to determine the unknown (can be one or more than one)
Measurement: conversion of units
Dimensional Analysis/Factor-Label Method

• Given measurement

• Unknown measurement

• Conversion factor /s to determine the unknown

can be one or more than one
numerator and denominator
numerator must contain the unknown measurement
denominator must contain the given measurement and it can be cancelled

Mathematical expression:
unknown measurement = given measurement x conversion factor/s
 Example:
• Given measurement
• Unknown measurement
• Conversion factor /s to determine the unknown
Example : convert 381 grams to pounds
given: 381 grams
rqd: convert to lb.
solution:
unknown measurement = given measurement x conversion factor/s
conversion factor use: 1 lb = 453. 6 g

381 g x 1 lb = 0 .8 4 0 l b
4 5 3 .6 g unknown
measurement and
given Conversion factor the answer
 Example:
• Given measurement
• Unknown measurement
• Conversion factor /s to determine the unknown
Example : convert 1.844 gallons to milliliters
given: 1.844 gallons
rqd: convert to lb.
solution:
unknown measurement = given measurement x conversion factor/s
1 gal = 3.785 L
1 L = 1,000 mL

3.785 L x 1000 m L = 6980 mL

1.844 gal x
1 gal 1L unknown
measurement and
given the answer
Conversion factors
Rounding OFF
• Last retained digit is increased by 1 if the last
digit dropped is greater than or equal to 5
• Last retained digit remains as it is if the last digit
dropped is less than 5
Converting Among Temperature Scales
(recall)
  


  TR = TF + 459.67
where: TC = Celsius scale, 0C
TF = Fahrenheit scale, 0F
TK = Kelvin scale, K
TR = Rankine scale, R
 Assignment no. 2: copy the problems then answer
immediately below the worded problems.
Convert the following:
1. 58 pounds to kilograms
2. 9.81 m/s2 to ft/s2
3. 55 km/hr to km/min
4. 2500 m2 to ft2
5. 64 lb/cm3 to kg/m3
6. The boiling point of alcohol is
approximately 78.90 degrees Celsius.
What is this temperature in Fahrenheit,
Kelvin and Rankine?
7. At what temperature is the Fahrenheit
same with the Celsius temperature?
8. 5000 milliseconds to seconds
9. 50 megagram to micrograms
10. 200ft lb to kg m
hr s
11. A rectangular building lot has a width
of 75.0 ft and a length of 125 ft.
Determine the area of this lot in square
meters.
12. A house is 50.0 ft long and 26 ft
wide and has 8.0-fthigh ceilings. What is
the volume of the interior of the house in
cubic meters and in cubic centimeters?