Lecture 4: Design II

Asghar Aryanfar∗†

† American University of Beirut, Riad El-Solh, Lebanon 1107

February 11, 2021

Recap:
Find the ratio of τmax to τave in any section:

V
τave =
A

VQ
!
τmax =
It centeroid

Z
Q= ydA
3 4
The ratio for rectangular is 2 for circular 3 and let’s find the ratio for triangle
and hexagon.

Buckling:
Equilibrium in the cross section:

X
Mcross-section = 0

taking counterclockwise positive:

∗
Corresponding author, Email: aryanfar@caltech.edu

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 (a) Triangular (b) Hexagonal

Figure 1: Cross sections

M + Fy = 0

from bending:

d2 y M
2
= y” =
dx EI
Hence:

EIy” + F y = 0

re-arranging:

F
y” + y=0
EI
for solving assume: y = emx
v v
F mx √ u
F
u
F
m2 emx +
u u
e =0→m= −1 t
=i
t
EI EI EI
note: eix = cos(x) + isin(x)

hence the form of solution should be:

2
 (a) Deflected beam. (b) sin zero locations.

Figure 2: Buckling.

v  v 
F  F 
u u
u u
y= Asin 
t
x + Bcos 
t
x
EI EI
Boundary conditions:

y(0) = 0

0=0+B×1→B =0

y(L) = 0

v 
F 
u
u
0= Asin 
t
L
EI
v v
F F nπ
u u
u u
t
L = nπ → t
=
EI EI L
finally:

nπ
!
y = Asin x
L

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 the most common way is for n = 1:

π 2 EI
Fcr =
L2
note:
Z
I= y 2 dA

In general for all types of the supports there is a coefficient C :

π 2 EI
Fcr = C
L2
since I = Ak 2 and k is the radius of gyration:

Fcr Cπ 2 E
σcr = =
A L 2
!

k
Bucking strength order in the Figure 3:

b>d>a>c

Eccentric loading:

the equivalents in the center:

F =P

M = Pe

For the most critical (i.e. highest) stress:

4
 Figure 3: Support types.

σmax = σc + σb
F Mc
= +
A I
F F ec
= +
A I !
F ec
= 1+ 2
A k

Example: 4-94:
For tension:

FL
δ=
AE
lb
EAl = 10.4M psi = 10.4 × 106
in2

5
 (a) Eccentric loading (b) Circular vs rectangular for I compari-
son.

Figure 4: Eccentric loading / cross sections.

δT ot = δ1 + δ2
5 × 103 × 8 2 × 103 × 5
= π +π
×0.752 × 10.4 × 106 ×0.52 × 10.4 × 106
4 4
= 0.0136” > 0.005” → Touching Wall

Based on the super position, wall has to return back:

δwall = 0.0136 − 0.005

= 0.0086”

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 Figure 5: 4-94

δwall = 0.0086 = δ1 + δ2
RL1 RL2
= +
A1 E A2 E  

R  8 5 
= 6

π + π


10.4 × 10 
×0.75 2 ×0.5 2 
4 4

→ R = 2.05kip

Example: 4-47:

d = 1.25”
Esteel = 200Gpa = 29M psi

π
I= × 1.254 = 1.83 in4
64
deflection at x = 8”?
For 1:

X
MA = 0 → By = 37.5lbf

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 (a) loaded beam (double cross section) (b) Super-position.

Figure 6: 4-47

X
Fy = 0 → Ay = 112.5lbf

M = 112.5x − 150 < x − 5 >

M 1
y” = = (112.5x − 150 < x − 5 >)
EI EI
integrate:

1 
y0 = 56.25x2 − 75 < x − 5 >2 + C1


EI
integrate one more time:

1 
18.75x3 − 25 < x − 5 >3 + C1 x + C2

y=
EI
Boundary conditions:

y(0) = 0

0 = 0 + 0 + C2 → C2 = 0

y(L) = 0

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 1 
3 3

0= 18.75 × 20 − 25 × 15 + 20C1
2.9 × 107 × 1.83

→ C1 = −6.9 × 10−5

1 3 3
− 20 × 6.9 × 10−5
 
y(8”) = 7
18.75 × 8 − 25 × 3
2.9 × 10 × 1.83
= −1.2 × 10−3 in

For 2:

Az = Bz = 125lpf

M
z” =
EI
1
= (125x − 250 < x − 10 >)
2.9 × 107 × 1.83

integrate twice:

z = 1.9 × 10−8 20.8x3 − 41.7 < x − 10 >3 + C1 x + C2

 

BCs:

z(0) = 0 → C2 = 0

z(L) = 0 → 1.9 × 10−8 20.8 × 203 − 41.7 × 103 + 20C1

 

C1 = −1.2 × 10−4

z(x) = 1.9 × 10−8 20.8x3 − 41.7 < x − 10 >3 − 1.2 × 10−4 x

 

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 z(8”) = 1.9 × 10−8 20.8 × 83 − 1.2 × 10−4 × 8
 

= −7.5 × 10−4 in

The total deflection at x = 8”:

r
δ = δy2 + δz2
= 1.4 × 10−3 in

• Mohammad Dakik

• Rami Abdo

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