AvB‡bi Ávb AR©b I AvBb gvb¨ Kivt GKwU ZvwË¡K we‡kølY

--------------------- G¨vW‡fv‡KU †gvt mvwKj DwÏb

E-mail:princesakil@gmail.com

AvBb GKwU m¤úª`v‡qi eva¨Zvg~jK ixwZ, GKwU wbqg ev AvPi‡Yi c×wZ ev

c`‡ÿc hv GKwU m‡e©v”P wbqš¿K KZ…©cÿ Øviv eva¨Zvg~jK wnmv‡e
wba©vwiZ ev AvbyôvwbK fv‡e ¯^xK…Z| wbqš¿YKvix KZ…©cÿ KZ…©K
M„nxZ, ¯^xK…Z ev cÖ‡qv‡Mi Øviv Aby‡gv`‡bi (eva¨Zvg~jK, wWµx,
wimwµÞ, Av‡`k, Aa¨v‡`k, AvBb, mgvavb, wewa, wePvwiK wm×všÍ ev e¨envi
wnmv‡e) eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv n‡q‡Q|

AvBb wK t
AvBb n‡”Q GKwU dvwm© kã| Gi Aviex cÖwZkã n‡jv- kixqvn, Av`-Øxb, Kbyb,
ûKg, ZwiKvn, wgbnvR, mybœvn BZ¨vw`| Gi Bs‡iRx cÖwZkã n‡jv- Law, Code,
Legislation, Act, Statute, Rule etc. Gi evsjv cÖwZkã n‡jv- wbqg-bxwZ, wewa-
weavb, ixwZ-c×wZ, Abykvmb BZ¨vw`|
AvB‡bi msÁvt
1973 mv‡j w¯Œebvi Øviv cÖKvwkZ- AvBwWqvm Ae wnw÷ª Ae AvBwWqvm-
Abymv‡I AvBb‡K mÁvwqZ Kiv nq Gfv‡e-
ÒGKwU AvBbx e¨e¯’v n‡jv gvbe AvPiY‡K wbqš¿Y Kivi me‡P‡q my®úó,
cÖvwZôvwbK Ges RwUj c×wZ, GKB mv‡_ GwU †Kej GKwU As‡k fzwgKv
cvjb K‡I, Kg cÖvwZôvwbK ai‡bi mvgvwRK I ˆbwZK wewa ¸wji Rb¨ AvPiY‡K
cÖfvweZ K‡i|Ó

wewfbœ ZvwË¡‡Ki wfbœ wfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K AvB‡bi msÁvt

Prof. Salmond e‡jb, "Law is the body of principles recognized and applied by the
state in the administration of justice."
A_©¨vr, ÒwePvi cÖkvmb Kv‡h© †h mKj bxwZgvjv mg~n ivóª KZ…©K ¯^xK…
Z I cÖ‡qvMK…Z n‡q _v‡K, DnvB AvBb|Ó
cÖL¨vZ AvBb wekvi` John Austin e‡jb, "Law is the command of the
sovereign." A_©¨vr, ÒAvBb n‡jv GK ai‡bi AwaKvi I eva¨evaKZv hv ivóª ejeZ
K‡i|Ó
Prof. Holland-Gi fvlvq, "Law is a general rule of external human action enforced
by a sovereign political authority." A_©¨vr, ÒAvBb n‡jv gvby‡li evwn¨K
AvPiYwbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ cÖewZ©Z Ggb KZK¸wj wewagvjv hv ¯^ve©‡fŠg KZ…
©cÿ KZ…©K ejeZ Kiv nq|Ó

eø¨vK †÷v‡bi gZ n‡jv- "Law is its most general and comprehensive sense
signifies a rule of action and is applied indiscriminately to all kinds of actions,
whether animate or inanimate, rational or irrational. Thus, we say the laws of
gravitation, or optics or mechanics, as well as the laws of nature and of nations."
A_©¨vr, AvB‡bi cÖK…wZ n‡e ÔmvaviYÕ GgbwK we‡f` ewnf©~Z fv‡e GB
AvBb mK‡ji †ÿ‡Î mgfv‡e cÖhy³ n‡e, †hiƒc fv‡e gva¨vKl©Y AvBb, cÖvK…wZK
AvBb BZ¨vw` mevi †ÿ‡Î cÖhy³ n‡”Q|Ó

Kv›U Gi e³e¨ n‡jv- "The sum total of the conditions under which the personal
wishes of one man can be combined with the personal wishes of another man in
accordance with the general law of freedom." A_©¨vr, GKR‡bi e¨w³MZ Avkv-
AvKv•Lvi ev PvIqv cvIqvi mgš^‡q MwVZ mvgÄm¨c~Y© ixwZ-bxwZi mgwóB
n‡jv AvBb|Ó

m¨vi †nbix †gBb e‡jb, "The word 'law' has come down to us in close association
with two nations, the nations of order and the nation of force." A_©¨vr, ÒAv‡`k
Ges ÿgZv ev kw³ ci®úi mshy³ GB `yÕwU aviYvi †_‡K AvBb kãwU D™¢~Z
n‡q‡Q|Ó

evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 152 Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx ÔAvBbÕ A_© †Kvb AvBb,

Aa¨v‡`k, Av‡`k, wewa, cÖweavb, Dc-AvBb, weÁwß I Ab¨vb¨ AvBbMZ `wjj
Ges evsjv‡`‡ki AvB‡bi ÿgZv m¤úbœ †h †Kvb cÖ_v I ixwZ|
cÖK…Z c‡ÿ AvB‡bi msÁv eû AvBbwe` eû fv‡e w`‡q‡Qb, Z‡e AvB‡bi msÁv‡K
evsjv‡`‡ki ‡ÿ‡Î we‡ePbv Ki‡j evsjv‡`k msweav‡b cÖ`Ë msÁvB cÖK…Z AvB‡bi
msÁv wn‡m‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨ we‡eP¨ n‡Z cv‡i| †h‡nZz msweavbB evsjv‡`‡ki
m‡e©v”P AvBb|

AvB‡bi cÖKvi‡f`t
msÁvi wfbœZvi †cÖwÿ‡Z wewfbœ cÖKvi AvB‡bi bvg wb‡¤œ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jvt
1. MY AvBb (Public Law);
2. e¨w³MZ AvBb (Private Law);
3. ivóªxq AvBb (State Law);
4. AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb (International Law);
5. mvsweavwbK AvBb (Constitutional Law);
6. cÖkvmwbK AvBb (Administrative Law);
7. mvaviY AvBb (Common Law);
8. cÖ_vMZ AvBb (Customary Law);
9. mvgwiK AvBb (Martial Law);
10. we‡kl AvBb (Special Law);
11. cÖPwjZ AvBb (Conventional Law);
12. cÖvK…wZK AvBb (Natural Law);
13. KvwiMix AvBb (Technical Law);
14. †cŠi AvBb (Municipal Law); Ges
15. b¨vqcivqYZvi AvBb (Law of Equity); BZ¨vw`|

AvB‡bi Drmt
evsjv‡`‡ki m‡e©v”P AvBb n‡jv MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb| GB
msweav‡bi GKwU cÖ¯Ívebv i‡q‡Q hvi 4_© As‡k ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Òmsweav‡bi
iÿv, mg_©b I wbivcËv weav‡bi ØvwqZ¡ RbM‡Yi|Ó
AvB‡bi cÖavb Drm g~jZ 6wU, h_vt
1. hyM hyM a‡i P‡j Avmv ixwZ-bxwZ I cÖ_v|
2. wewfbœ ag©MÖš’ I ag©xq ¸iæ/‡bZv‡`i wb‡`©kbv I evYx mg~n|
3. c~e©vci AvB‡bi ch©v‡jvPbvq AvBbwe`M‡Yi iwPZ MÖš’|
4. wewfbœ wePvi I NUbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z cÖ`Ë wePviKM‡Yi ivq ev Av‡`k|
5. b¨vq‡eva I ˆbwZKZvi aviYv cÖm~Z bxwZ|
6. †`‡ki AvBb mfv|
GQvovI †`kx we‡`kx wewfbœ NUbv cÖevn †_‡K ˆZix nq wewfbœ †`‡ki AvBb|
†hgbt
- wewfbœ RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³ mg~n hv we‡ivacÿ ¸‡jv KZ…©K
¯^xK…Z|
- RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK mvaviY wKQz cÖ_v I wbqg-bxwZ|
- wewfbœ †`‡ki mf¨ RvwZmg~n KZ…©K ¯^xK…Z I cÖwZcvwjZ mvaviY
wKQz wbqg I bxwZ mg~n|
- wewfbœ †`‡ki wePvi wefvMxq wm×všÍ mg~n|
- wewfbœ †`‡ki wewkó I L¨vwZgvb we‡klÁ e¨w³e‡M©i gZev` hv
mvaiYfv‡e wewfbœ AvBb cÖYq‡b mnvqK fzwgKv cvjb K‡i|
AvB‡bi ˆewkó¨t
1. AvBb gvby‡li evwn¨K AvPiY I wµqvKjvc‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i|
 2. AvBb n‡”Q mve©Rbxb, †Kbbv Zv mgfv‡e iv‡óªi mK‡ji Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ nq|
3. AvBb n‡”Q GK ai‡bi Av‡`k ev wb‡la hv mKj‡K gvb¨ Ki‡Z nq Ges hviv
AvBb Agvb¨ K‡i Zv‡`i mvRv †c‡Z nq|
4. AvBb ivóªxq KZ…©Z¡ g~jK KZ…©cÿ n‡Z ¯^xK…Z Ges Av‡ivwcZ|
5. mgv‡R cÖPwjZ cÖ_v I ixwZ-bxwZ mK‡ji wbKU gvb¨|
AvB‡bi Ávb AR©bt
†h‡nZz AvBb n‡”Q wKQz wbqg-Kvby‡bi mgwó hv ivóª cÖYqb K‡i bvMwi‡Ki
Rxebhvcb iÿYv‡eÿY I wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨| †h‡Kvb AvBb cÖYq‡Yi D‡Ïk¨B n‡jv
gvbyl‡K Zvi AwaKvi I wewfbœ Aciva m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb Kiv| hv‡Z K‡i gvbyl
AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb nq Ges wewfbœ Aciva †_‡K `~‡i _vK‡Z cv‡i| KviY
AvBb n‡”Q Ggb weavb †hLv‡b †Kvb KvR Kiv hv‡e Avi †Kvb KvR Kiv hv‡ebv,
†Kvb Kv‡R kvw¯Íi fq Av‡Q BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© wek` eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvB
welq wfwËK AvBb Gi b~¨bZg Ávb AR©b cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡KiB DwPZ|
†Kb AvBb Rvb‡Z n‡et
Avwg AvBb Rvwb bv, GUv †Kvb evnvbv n‡Z cv‡i bv| AvBb RM‡Z GKwU
†gŠwjK e³e¨ i‡q‡Q, Ò Ignorance of Law is no Excuse”. A_©¨vr, AvB‡bi AÁZv
†Kvb ‰KwdqZ wn‡m‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| AvB‡bi Ávb bv _vKv AvBb f‡½i
KviYI n‡Z cv‡i bv| gvby‡li Rxeb Pjvi wewfbœ wel‡q †hme mvaviY I †gŠwjK
Ávb AR©b K‡I †hgbt wPwKrmvi †ÿ‡Î wKQz mvaviY wbqg I Ávb cÖvq mK‡jB
Rv‡b| R¦i n‡j gv_vq cvwb w`‡Z nq, c¨vivwmUvgj †L‡Z nq BZ¨vw`| Avevi K_v
ejvi †ÿ‡Î Kv‡K Avcwb Kv‡K Zzwg Kv‡K ZzB Gme m‡¤^vab Ki‡Z nq, Zv
Rvb‡Z nq| e¨emvi †ÿ‡Î jvf-ÿwZ Kv‡K e‡j KLb nq Zv Rvb‡Z nq| K…wli †ÿ‡Î
†Kvb †gŠmy‡g †Kvb dmj, Pv‡li c×wZB ev wK Zv Rvb‡Z nq| GiKg bvbv Kvi‡Y
bvbv wbqgKvbyb gvbyl cvjb K‡I I Rv‡b| Z`ªæcB AvBb wK ? I †Kb ? Zv
cÖv_wgKfv‡e mKj bvMwi‡KiB Rvbv DwPZ ˆewK|
we‡kl K‡i, ¯^vfvweK Rxeb-hvc‡bi †ÿ‡Î gvby‡li †hme welq I NUbvi m¤§yLxb
n‡Z nq, †mme m¤^‡Ü evsjv‡`‡ki cÖPwjZ AvB‡bi `„wófw½ wK, Zv ‡Kvb
AvB‡bi KZ bs aviv KZ bs wewa I Aby‡”Q` Gfv‡e bv Rvb‡jI AšÍZ mswkøó wel‡q
AvB‡bi g~j e³e¨ wK Zv Rvbv Avek¨K| †hgbt wewo, wmMv‡iU, cvb, R`©v †meb
enb µq weµq †eAvBbx I A‰ea bq, cÖKvivšÍ‡i MuvRv, Gj‡Kvnj, g`, wn‡ivBb
Gme gv`K †meb enb µq weµq †eAvBbx I A‰ea|
A‡b‡KB g‡b K‡i AvBb wePvi Acva kvw¯Í Gme ïay AvBbRxex I wePvi‡Ki
Rvbvi welq| Avm‡j welqwU Av`‡ZI Zv bq| hv‡`i Rb¨ AvBb Zv‡`i AvBb Rvbv
DwPZ| AwaKvi m‡PZb nIqvi cvkvcvwk AwaKvi m‡PZb nIqvI Riæix| gZ
cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv, AwaKvi cÖwZôv, nqivwb I wbh©vZ‡bi weiæ‡× iæ‡L
`uvov‡bv I cÖwZKvi jvf BZ¨vw` mKj wel‡q bvMwi‡Ki ÿgZv AwaKvi I KZ©e¨
wK Zv GKgvÎ AvBb Rvbvi gva¨‡gB Ávb jvf Kiv m¤¢e| hLb bvMwiK AvBb gv‡b
bv, ZLb ivóª kw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i AvBb gvb‡Z eva¨ K‡i| GKwU AwcÖq mZ¨ n‡jv
†h, Avgv‡`i †`‡ki gvby‡li g‡a¨ AvBb Rvbvi AvMÖn G‡Kev‡iB Kg| A_P GB
ai‡bi AÁZvB gvbyl‡K A‡bK ai‡bi wec‡`i m¤§yLxb K‡i|

AvBb Rvbvi DcKvwiZvt

AvBb Rvbv _vK‡j gvbyl-
- AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ m¤^‡Ü Rvb‡Z cv‡i|
- †h‡Kvb cÖKvi †kvlY I wbh©vZb †_‡K evuP‡Z cv‡i|
- wewfbœ cÖKvi ÿwZ I wec` n‡Z iÿv cvq|
- wewfbœ AmyweavRbK AmvgvwRK I A‰bwZK NUbv I wel‡qiweiæ‡×
†mv”Pvi n‡Z cv‡i|
- K_v ej‡Z cv‡i, wb‡la Ki‡Z cv‡i, iæ‡L w`‡Z cv‡i|
- cÖ‡qvR‡b AvB‡bi AvkÖq MÖnY I mn‡hvwMZv wb‡Z cv‡i|
- gvgjv †gvKÏgv m¤^‡Ü Rvb‡Z cv‡i I cÖwZKvi †c‡Z cv‡i|
- mgm¨v mswkøó wel‡q gvbyl‡K cÖv_wgKfv‡e civgk© w`‡Z cv‡i|
¯^v¯’¨ m‡PZbZvi Afv‡e gvbyl †hgb †ivMMÖ¯’ nq, †ivMx nq, ¯^v¯’¨nxbZvq
†fv‡M I bvbv †fvMvwšÍi wkKvi nq, †Zgwb AvBb AwaKvi I cÖwZKvi bv Rvbvi
Kvi‡Y gvbyl mvgvwRK e¨w³ wn‡m‡e V‡K, bvbv ai‡bi wecwË Ges †fvMvwšÍi
g‡a¨ c‡o Ges Zv †_‡K gyw³i Dcvq bv Rvbvi Kvi‡Y †hgwb wec‡`I m¤§yLxb nq,
†Zgwb mvgvwRK I Avw_©K fv‡eI ÿwZMÖ¯’ nq|
Av`vjZt bvMwi‡Ki eÜz I wbivc` AvkÖq
Avgv‡`i †`‡k AvBb-Av`vjZ‡K gvbyl nqivwb I †fvMvwšÍi RvqMv g‡b K‡i| †h
†Kvb wec` I Sv‡gjvq gvbyl cÖ_g _vbvq hvq, Guv wVK Av‡Q| wKš‘, wKQz welq
Av‡Q †hme e¨vcv‡I _vbvq gvgjv Kiv hvq bv, ZLb _vbv †_‡K civmk© †`qv nq
†h, GB wel‡q Av`vj‡Z hvb| ZLb A‡b‡KB DU‡Kv Sv‡gjv g‡b K‡I Avi Av`vj‡Z
hvqI bv cÖwZKviI cvq bv| Gfv‡eB gvbyl A‡bK b¨vh¨ AwaKvi I AvBbx
cÖwZKvi †_‡K ewÂZ nq| A_P Av`vjZ gvby‡li wek^¯’ eÜz| eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡k G
K_v wbwðZfv‡eB ejv hvq †h, ZzjbvgyjK mywePvi AwaKvi myweav bvMwiK
mvwf©m me‡P‡q †ewk cv‡”Q gvbyl Av`vjZ †_‡KB| Av`vjZ n‡jv gvby‡li b¨vq
wePvi cÖvwßi wbivc` RvqMv, †hLv‡b wbf©‡q wb‡Ri Awf‡hvM `v‡qi Kiv hvq
Ges Awfhy³ n‡j wbf©‡q wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb Zz‡j aiv hvq| hw` mwVK fv‡e †KD
Av`vj‡Zi Øvi¯’ nq Zvn‡j †m b¨vq wePvi cv‡eB G‡Z †Kvb e¨Zq NU‡e bv|
AvBbRxext bvMwi‡Ki eÜz I mnvqZvKvix
evsjv‡`k mn mviv we‡k^ GKgvÎ AvBbRxex‡KB ÔweÁÕ e‡j m‡¤^vab Kiv nq|
hw`I welq I kv¯¿ †f‡` wewfbœ wel‡q we‡klÁ‡`i‡KI ejv n‡jI m‡¤^vab Kivi †ÿ‡Î
ÔweÁ AvBbRxexÕ Gfv‡e m‡¤^vab Kiv nq| A_©¨vr, GKRb AvBbRxex
we‡klfv‡e †gvUvgywU wel‡qi Ávb iv‡Lb, Bs‡iRx‡ZI GKwU cÖev` Av‡Q- “A
Lawyer know everything of something and something of everything.” KviY GKRb
AvBbRxex bvMi‡Ki †h‡Kvb mgm¨vi mgav‡b w`Kwb‡`©kbv w`‡q _v‡Kb Ges
cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZv w`‡q _v‡Kb| mgv‡R Av`vj‡Z AvBbx jovB‡q wewfbœ
fzwgKv ivLvi gva¨‡g GKRb AvBbRxex mgvR I iv‡óªi Rb¨ GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
wbqvgK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K| A_P Avgv‡`i †`‡k AZxZ wKQz †bwZevPK
AwfÁZvi Kvi‡Y A‡b‡KB g‡b K‡ib †h, AvBbRxex ev DwKj gv‡bB nqivwb Avi
wg_¨v K_vi RvqMv| K_vUv Av‡`Š mwVK bq| GKRb AvBbRxex Zvi Ávb †gav
†hvM¨Zv `ÿZv I AwfÁZv Kv‡R jvwM‡q AvBb I †KŠkj cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva‡g Zvi
g‡°j‡K mvwf©m w`‡q _v‡Kb| cÖwZwU †ckvq †hgb fvj g›` i‡q‡Q †Zgwb nq‡Zv
AvBb †ckvqI i‡q‡Q| Avgv‡`i mgv‡R hviv Wv³vi, BwÄwbqvi, wkÿK, e¨emvqx,
ivRbxwZwe`, mvsevw`K, miKvix-‡emiKvix mvgwiK-‡emvgwiK wmwfj
cÖkvm‡bi Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix, GgbwK gmwR‡`i Bgvg‡`i weiæ‡×I bvbv mg‡q
bvbv `~b©xwZ, Aciva, A‰bwZK I †eAvBbx Kv‡Ri mv‡_ m¤ú„³ nIqvi bwRi
Av‡Q hv meviB Kg †ewk Rvbv i‡q‡Q| ZvB e‡j †Zv Avi Gme †ckvi mevB
GKiKg bb| Gme bxwZ I g~j¨‡ev‡ai welq e‡U| myZivs wbw`©ó †Kvb c‡`i I †ckvi
KvD‡K g›` bv e‡j whwb †hLv‡b Ab¨vq Ki‡Qb Zv‡KB ejv DwPZ| †Zgwb
mvgwMÖKfv‡e AvBbRxex mgvR‡KI XvjvIfv‡e †Kvb †bwZevPK ZKgv bv w`‡q
Avcbvi mgm¨v wb‡q fvj ˆbwZKZv m¤úbœ †Kvb AvBbRxexi wbKU †kqvi Kiæb,
†`L‡eb mwZ¨Kv‡ii eÜzi gZ Avcbvi cv‡k †_‡K AvBbx mnvqZv Ki‡e|

AvBb I Av`vj‡Zi wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq, hv Kg †ewk mK‡jiB Rvbv _vKv

cÖ‡qvRbt
wRwW †Kb I wKfv‡e Ki‡Z nqt
wRwW, Bs‡iRx‡Z ejv nq GD- Generel Dairy, evsjvq ejv nq mvaviY Wv‡qix|
wRwW _vbvq Ki‡Z nq| †h †Kvb cÖvß eq¯‹ e¨w³ AvBbx mnvqZv †c‡Z cÖ_‡g
_vbvq wM‡q GKwU wjwLZ Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡eb, _vbvi KZ©e¨iZ cywjk Awdmvi Zv
bw_fz³ Ki‡eb Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡eb, GUv‡KB wRwW ev mvaviY
Wv‡qix ejv nq| wewfbœ Kvi‡Y wRwW Kiv hvq, †hgbt †Kvb e¨w³ Ab¨‡Kvb e¨w³
†Mvôx ev cÖwZôvb KZ…©K fq-fxwZ ev ûgwKi m¤§yLxb n‡j Ges Kv‡iv Øviv
wbivcËvi Afve †eva Ki‡j Ges cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i weiæ‡× Aciva msNU‡bi AvksKv
_vK‡j _vbvq wRwW Kiv hvq| GQvovI †Kvb e¨w³ wb‡LuvR n‡j Ges †Kvb e¯‘ ev
WKz‡g›U †hgbt cwiPqcÎ, cvm‡cvU©, wkÿv mb`, †Kvb jvB‡mÝ, †PKeB, `wjj
BZ¨vw` wKQz nviv‡jI wRwW Kiv hvq|
wRwW wKfv‡e Ki‡Z nqt
†h _vbvi GjvKvi g‡a¨ NUbv N‡U‡Q ev NUvi AvksKv i‡q‡Q †mB _vbvq wRwW
Ki‡Z n‡e| wfbœ _vbvq NUv †Kvb Kvi‡Y wfbœ †Kvb _vbvq wRwW Kiv DwPZ
bq, G‡Z K‡I AvBbx mnvqZv †c‡Z Amyweav nq| `iLv¯Í AvKv‡I cÖ_‡g eivei
_vbvi Iwm (fvicÖvß Kg©KZ©v), Gi wb‡P mswkøó _vbvi bvg, Zvi wb‡P
wRwWi welq, Zvi wb‡P wRwW Kvixi bvg I wVKvbv D‡jøL K‡I wRwWi KviY
we¯ÍvwiZ wjL‡Z n‡e, ‡k‡l wb‡P ¯^vÿi w`‡Z n‡e Ges †gvevBj b¤^I w`‡j fvj nq|
Gici †mUv mswkøó _vbvi KZ©e¨iZ wWDwU Awdmv‡ii wbKU Rgv w`‡q
wiwmf mxj I ¯^vÿi wb‡q bKj (Kve©b/d‡UvKwc) Kwc wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| Aek¨
Ge¨vcv‡i _vbvq GKwU di‡gU i‡q‡Q, ZeyI hw` †KD evB‡i †_‡K wj‡L wb‡q
UvBc K‡i _vbvq Rgv †`q †mUvI n‡e| D‡jøL¨ †h, _vbvq wRwW Ki‡Z †Kvb
UvKv jv‡M bv|
_vbvq gvgjv I Av`vj‡Z gvgjvt
A‡b‡KB GUv Rv‡bb bv †h, †Kvb ai‡bi gvgjv KLb I †Kv_vq Ges wKfv‡e Ki‡Z
nq| †mRb¨ mvaviY gvbyl A‡bK †fvMvwšÍi g‡a¨I c‡o _v‡K| wb‡¤œ Gwel‡q
D‡jøL Kiv n‡jvt
wbw`©ó wKQz gvgjv-‡gvKÏgv Qvov †ewki fvM gvgjvB _vbvq Kiv hvq| A‡bK
mgq bvbv Kvi‡Y KL‡bv KL‡bv wKQz gvgjv _vbvq MÖnY Ki‡Z Pvq bv ZLb Zv
Av`vj‡Z wM‡q Ki‡Z nq| †dŠR`vix wel‡q †Kvb wePvi †P‡q Av‡e`b Kiv‡K ejv nq
†KBm ev gvgjv, Gi wjwLZ Av‡e`b‡K e‡j GRvnvi Ges †`Iqvbx wel‡q Kiv
Av‡e`b‡K e‡j my¨U ev †gvKÏgv, Gi wjwLZ Av‡e`b‡K ejv nq AviwR| †dŠR`vix
mKj gvgjvB _vbvq Kiv hvq ïaygvÎ †PK wWmIbvi gvgjv e¨ZxZ| KviY †PK Gi
gvgjv cÖKv‡i †dŠR`vix n‡jI †mUv AvKv‡I †`Iqvbx| †Kvb †dŠR`vix gvgjv _vbv
MÖnY Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi Ki‡j Zvi KviY D‡jøL mn Av`vj‡Z G‡m †mB gvgjv dvBj
Kiv hvq| Avi mKj †`Iqvbx †gvKÏgv Av`vj‡Z `v‡qi Ki‡Z nq|
AvBbRxex wb‡qvM I evwZjt
‡Kvb wePvi cÖv_©x Av`vj‡Zi Øvi¯’ n‡Z Zv‡K AvBbx civgk© I mnqZv cÖ`v‡bi
Rb¨ evsjv‡`k evi KvDwÝj KZ…©K mb` cÖvß †KŠïjx‡K (hv‡K
G¨vW‡f‡KU/jÕBqvi/AvBbRxex/DwKj/wcøWvi/ GUwb©/Rywi÷/e¨vwi÷vi mn
bvbv Kvi‡Y I †cÖÿvc‡U bvbv fv‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq) wb‡qvM `vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
whwb GKwU IKvjZbvgvq wePvi cÖv_x©i ¯^vÿi wb‡q †mUv Av`vj‡Z Rgv w`‡q
Awdwmqvwj/AvBbMZ fv‡e D³ wePvi cÖv_x©I c‡ÿ †KŠïjx wn‡m‡e AvBbx
jovB Ki‡eb|
GKRb wePvi cÖv_©x gvgjv-‡gvKÏgvi †h †Kvb ch©v‡q Zvi wb‡qvMK…Z
AvBbRxex evwZj I cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb wb‡¤œv³ Kvi‡Y-
1. †Kvb AvBbRxex ev g‡°‡ji g„Zz¨ n‡j|
2. AvBbRxex AbvcwË cÎ cÖ`vb Ki‡j|
3. †h Kvi‡Y AvBbRxex wb‡qvM Kiv n‡q‡Q, †mB Kg© m¤úv`b n‡q †M‡j|
4. AvBbRxex wb‡qv‡Mi kZ© f½ n‡j|
5. †Kvb Kvi‡Y wePvi cÖv_©x †¯^”QvqI Zvi AvBbRxex cwieZ©b I evwZj
Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
GKRb wePvi cÖv_©x GKB gvgjvq G‡Ki AwaK AvBbRxex wb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
†m‡ÿ‡Î wmwbqi AvBbRxex Av`vj‡Z K_v ej‡eb Ges Ab¨iv †mLv‡b `vuwo‡q
wmwbqi‡K Z_¨ DcvË w`‡q mnvqZv Ki‡eb| †Kvb wbw`©ó msL¨v wba©viY Kiv
†bB, hZ Rb B”Qv ZZ Rb AvBbRxex GKB gvgjvq wb‡qvM Kivi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q|

wcZv-gvZvi fiY †cvlY AvBb t

(†ÿÎ we‡k‡l wcZvi AeZ©gv‡b `v`v-`v`x Ges gvZvi AeZ©gv‡b bvbv-bvbxi fiY-
‡cvlYI GB AvB‡bi AšÍf©~³)
evsjv‡`‡k bvbv cÖKvi AvBb i‡q‡Q, Zvig‡a¨ eZ©gv‡b D‡jøL‡hvM¨ I ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
GKwU AvBb n‡”Q ÔwcZv-gvZvi fiY †cvlY AvBb, 2013Õ| GB AvB‡bi 3 bs
avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, cÖ‡Z¨K mšÍvb Zvi wcZv-gvZvi fiY †cvlY wbwðZ Ki‡e|
GLv‡b ïay wcZv-gvZvi Lvevi †cvlvK,evm¯’vb I wPwKrmvi e¨e¯’v Ki‡jB n‡e bv
eis Zv‡`i‡K m½ †`qvi K_vI ejv n‡q‡Q| D³ avivq Av‡iv ejv n‡q‡Q †h, †Kvb
mšÍvb Zv‡`I wcZv-gvZv‡K Zv‡`I B”Qvi weiæ‡× †Kvb e„×vkÖg Ab¨ †Kv_vI
Avjv`vfv‡e emev‡mi Rb¨ eva¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| GgbwK mšÍvb Zvi wcZv-gvZvi
¯^v¯’¨ m¤ú‡K©I wbqwgZ †LuvR Lei wb‡e Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq wPwKrmvi e¨e¯’v I
cwiPh©v Ki‡e|
GB AvB‡bi 3 (7) avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, hw` †Kvb wcZv ev gvZv ev Df‡q †¯^”Qvq
Avjv`v emevm Ki‡Z Pvq, Zvn‡j D³ wcZvgvZvi mšÍvb/mšÍvbMY Zv/Zv‡`i
gvwmK ev evrmwiK (†ÿÎg‡Z) Avq-‡ivRMvi n‡Z hyw³ m¤§Z GKUv wbw`©ó
cwigvY A_© wcZv-gvZv‡K fiY-‡cvlY eve` cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
‡Kvb wcZ-gvZvi GKvwaK mšÍvb n‡j Zviv wb‡R‡`I g‡a¨ Av‡jvPbv K‡I Zv‡`I
fiY-‡cvlY wbwðZ Ki‡eb| D‡jøL¨ †h, ïay cyÎ mšÍvbB bq, Kb¨v mšÍvbI GB AvB‡bi
AvIZvq Zvi wcZvgvZvi fiY-‡cvl‡Yi ØvwqZ¡ wb‡Z n‡e|
GB AvB‡bi 4 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, wcZvi AeZ©gv‡b `v`v-`v`x Ges gvZvi
AeZ©gv‡b bvbv-bvbxi fiY-‡cvlY wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
wcZv-gvZvi fiY-‡cvlY AvBbÕ 2013- Gi 5 (1) avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, hw` †Kvb
mšÍvb GB AvBb j•Nb K‡ib, Zvn‡j Zv‡`i‡K 1 jvL UvKv Rwigvbv Abv`v‡q 3
gv‡mi Kviv`Û †fvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
GB AvB‡bi 5 (2) avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, GgbwK hw` †Kvb mšÍv‡bi ¯¿x ev mšÍvb
(bvwZ-bvZbx) ev †Kvb wbKUvZ¥xq e‡qve„× wcZv-gvZvi cÖwZ fiY-‡cvlY
cÖ`v‡b evav cÖ`vb K‡I ev wb‡la K‡I, Zvn‡j ZvivI GKB kvw¯Íi m¤§yLxb n‡e|

†`b‡gvni/Kvweb I wW‡fvm©/ZvjvKt
†`b‡gvni/Kvwe‡bi weavbt
†`b‡gvni ev Kvweb n‡jv bvixi AwaKvi hv ¯^vgxi wbKU Zvi m¤£‡gi Rb¨ GKwU
m¤§vbm~PK `vex ev cvIbv| cyiæ‡li mvg_© Abyhvqx Ges bvixi †hvM¨Zv I
gh©v`v Abyhvqx Dfq c‡ÿi AwffveK‡`i Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g GB †`b‡gvni/Kvwe‡bi
cwigvY wba©viY Kiv nq| AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB GB Kvwe‡bi A_© wba©vi‡Y hv‡`I
we‡q †mB cyiæl I bvixi †Kvb gZvgZ †bqvB nq bv| A_P GUv wbZvšÍB mswkøó
cyiæl I bvixi †hŠ_ mvg_© I AwaKv‡ii welq| hvB †nvK, GB Kvwe‡bi A_©
m¤ú~Y© cwi‡kva K‡iB we‡q cov‡bvi wbqg I AvBb| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡k AwaKvsk
†ÿ‡ÎB cyiælMY wba©vwiZ †`b‡gvni ev Kvwe‡bi m¤ú~Y© A_© ¯¿x‡K cwi‡kva
bv K‡I mvgvb¨ Ask w`‡q †Kvb MnYv ev Ab¨ wKQzi wewbg‡q we‡q m¤úbœ K‡I
_v‡Kb| evKxUv Av‡`Š KL‡bv KvD‡K cwi‡kva Kiv nq wK bv †mUvi LeiI †KD
iv‡L bv| Z‡e GB Kvwe‡bi evKx A_© Av`v‡qi GKUv g›` cÖ_v i‡q‡Q Avgv‡`I
†`‡k, Zv n‡jv †h, hLb †Kvb ¯^vgx ¯¿xi g‡a¨ wW‡fvm©/ZvjvK nq ZLb ¯¿x Zvi
evKx Kvwe‡bi A_© `vwe K‡I Ges ¯¿x Zvjv‡Ki Rb¨ ¯^vgxI ZLb D³ e‡Kqv
Kvwe‡bi A_© cwi‡kva Ki‡Z eva¨ _v‡Kb| hw`I D³ Kvwe‡bi A_© we‡qi mg‡qi
cvIbv, Z‡e eZ©v‡b †mUv Av`vq Kivi D‡`¨vM †bqv nq Zvjv‡Ki mgq|
Zvjv‡Ki weavbt
1. we‡qi mgq hw` †`b‡gvni cwi‡kva Kiv _v‡K Zvn‡j ¯¿x‡K 3 gv‡mi
†Lvi‡cvl cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g ¯^vgx Zvi ¯¿x †K ZvjvK w`‡Z cvi‡eb| Z‡e
†`b‡gvni/Kvweb e‡Kqv _vK‡j †mB A_© mn 3 gv‡mi †Lvi‡cvl cÖ`vb
Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. ¯^vgx/¯¿x †h hv‡K ZvjvK †`‡e, cÖ_‡g †m Zv‡K GKwU Zvjv‡Ki †bvwUk
cvVv‡Z n‡e, †mB mv‡_ GKB †bvwUk mswkøó GjvKvi mvwjkx cwil‡`i
(wmwU/‡cŠimfvi †gqi ev BDwc ‡Pqvig¨vb) wbKUI cvVv‡Z n‡e| mvwjkx
cwil` D³ †bvwUk cÖvwßi 90 w`‡bi g‡a¨ Dfqcÿ‡K weev` †gUv‡bvi Rb¨
ˆeVK Avnevb Ki‡eb, G‡Z wev` I we‡iva wgwU‡q †M‡j Avevi c~‡e©I
b¨vq weevwnZ m¤úK© envj _vK‡e Avi †bvwU‡ki Kvh©KvwiZv wejyß
n‡q hv‡e| Z‡e D³ mvwjkx cwil‡`I gva¨‡g †Kvb mgvavb bv n‡j ev D³
mvwjkx cwil` †Kvb D‡`¨vM MÖnY bv Ki‡j D³ †bvwUk †cÖi‡Yi 90 w`b
AwZevwnZ nIqvi ciw`bB D³ ZvjvK Kvh©Ki n‡q hv‡e|
3. ¯^vgx I ¯¿x ci®ú‡ii m¤§wZ‡ZI †hŠ_ fv‡e ZvjvK w`‡Z cvi‡e| G‡K †Lvjv
ZvjvK ejv nq|
4. ¯^vgx I ¯¿x ci®úi †h KvD‡K †h †Kvb mgq kZ© mv‡c‡ÿ ZvjvK w`‡Z
cvi‡e| Z‡e ¯^vgx‡K ZvjvK cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ ¯¿xi Aek¨B AvBb Øviv wba©vwiZ
wKQz wewa-wb‡la i‡q‡Q Zv gvb‡Z n‡e Ges we‡qi †iwR‡÷ªk‡bi 19 bs
Kjv‡g ¯^vgx KZ…©K ¯¿x‡K Zvjv‡Ki AwaKvi cÖ`v‡bi D‡jøL _vK‡Z n‡e|
5. ¯^vgx ev ¯¿x †h hv‡K †hfv‡eB ZvjvK cÖ`vb KiæK bv †Kb, ¯^vgx KZ…
©K Zvi ¯¿x‡K †`b‡gvni I †Lvi‡cvl cÖ`vb Ki‡ZB n‡e| Avgv‡`I mgv‡R
GKUv fzj aviYv i‡q‡Q †h, ¯¿x hw` ¯^vgx ZvjvK K‡I Zvn‡j ¯^vgx‡K
†`b‡gvni/Kvwe‡bi UvKv w`‡Z nq bv, GUv m¤ú~Y© fzj aviYv| 1939 mv‡ji
gymwjg weevn-we‡”Q` AvB‡bi 5 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, †Kvb weevwnZ
gwnjvi wevn we‡”Q‡`I d‡j Zi cÖvc¨ †`b‡gvni ev Zvi †Kvb As‡ki Dci Zvi
AwaKvi‡K ÿzbœ Ki‡e bv| Avevi 1961 mv‡ji gymwjg cvwievwiK AvB‡bI
ejv n‡q‡Q †h, †Kvb cyiæl mvwjkx cwil‡`I AbygwZ Qvov Av‡iKwU weevn
Ki‡j Zvi eZ©gvb ¯¿xi hveZxq †`b‡gvn‡ii UvKv cwi‡kva Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. Dc‡iv³ AvBb Abyhvqx gymwjg weevn I we‡”Q‡` †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB ¯¿xi
†`b‡gvni Gi A_© gvd nq bv| Z‡e †Kvb KviYekZt hw` ¯¿x †¯^”Qvq Zvi
AwaKvi †Q‡o †`q ev ¯^vgx‡K gvd/bv-`vex K‡I †`q †mUv wfbœ welq|
D‡jøL¨ †h, Avgv‡`I †`‡k †hgb we‡qi mgq m¤ú~Y© †`b‡gvni/Kvweb cwi‡kva bv
K‡iB we‡q K‡I c‡I ¯¿xi wbKU Ggwb gvd †P‡q †bqvi cÖeYZv i‡q‡Q, †Zgwb
Avevi we‡q‡K wUwK‡q ivL‡Z ¯^vgxi `vq †K KwUb Kivi Rb¨ cyiæ‡li mvg‡_©I
†P‡q A‡bK †ekx cwigv‡Y Kvwe‡bi A_© wba©viY K‡I we‡q cov‡bv nq Ggb
cÖeYZvI D‡jøL Kivi gZ| GB `y‡Uvi †KvbUvB DwPZ bq|
cwiwkót
`ytLRbK n‡jI mZ¨ †h, wKQz Aciva I A‰bwZK KvR i‡q‡Q Avgv‡`I †`‡k I
mgv‡R †h¸‡jvi weiæ‡× AvBbx e¨e¯’v †bqvi mivmwi †Kvb AvBb †bB| †hgbt
1. cÖvß eq¯‹ †Kvb †Q‡j I †g‡q Zv‡`i wcZvgvZvi AÁv‡Z I Ag‡Z we‡q K‡i,
Zvn‡j GB A‡bwZK I AmvgvwRK Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †Kvb AvBbx cÖwZKvi †bB
Avgv‡`i †`‡k|
2. cÖvß eq¯‹ †Kvb AweevwnZ cyyiæl I bvix hw` weevn e¨ZxZ ci®ú‡ii
m¤§wZ‡Z kvwiixK †gjv‡gkv K‡i (wjf Uz‡M`vi), Zvn‡j Kv‡iv weiæ‡×
†Kvb AvBbMZ e¨e¯’v †bqvi my‡hvM †bB|
3. 1860 mv‡ji `Ûwewai 497 aviv Abyhvqx hw` †Kvb weevwnZ cyiæl hw`
wbR ¯¿x e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †Kvb AweevwnZ, weaev, ¯^vgx cwiZ¨v³v bvixi mv‡_
ci®ú‡ii m¤§wZ‡Z kvwiixK †gjv‡gkv K‡i Zvn‡j Zv e¨vwfPvi e‡j MY¨ n‡e
bv| GB wel‡q Awfhy³ cyiæ‡li ¯¿x Zvi ¯^vgx ev ciwKqvq wjß H bvixi
weiæ‡× †Kvb AvBbx cÖwZKvi cv‡e bv|
4. 1860 mv‡ji `Ûwewai 497 aviv Abyhvqx hw` †Kvb weevwnZ cyiæl hw`
wbR ¯¿x e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †Kvb weevwnZ bvixi mv‡_ (bvixi m¤§wZ‡Z) Zvi
¯^vgxi m¤§wZ e¨ZxZ ev Zvi ARv‡šÍ kvwiixK †gjv‡gkv K‡I, Zvn‡j Zv
e¨vwfPvi wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e| Gi kvw¯Í n‡jv m‡e©v”P 5 eQi Kviv`Û A_ev
A_©`Û A_ev Dfq `Û| wKš‘ Avð‡h©I e¨vcvi n‡jv †h, GB Aciv‡a ïaygvÎ
Awfhy³ cyiæ‡li weiæ‡× gvgjv n‡e Ges cÖgvwYZ n‡j kvw¯Í n‡e, wKš‘,
GKB KzKg© Kivi Kvi‡Y ciKxqvq wjß D³ bvixi weiæ‡× †Kvb AvBbMZ
e¨e¯’v †bqv hv‡e bv ev †m †Kvb kvw¯Í cv‡e bv|
5. AwWI wfwWI I w¯’i wPÎ wn‡m‡e †Kvb cÖgvY eZ©gvb mvÿ¨ AvB‡b
MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| (Z_¨ cÖhyw³ I wWwRUvj wbivcËv AvBb e¨ZxZ, GB
`ywU wbw`©ó AvB‡b ‡Kvb gvgjv n‡jB †Kej Gme mvwÿ MÖnb‡hvM¨
n‡e, Ab¨ †Kvb AvB‡b gvgjv n‡j †mme gvgjvq GiKg ¯^vÿ¨ MÖnY Kiv nq
bv|)
6. cyiæl‡K wbh©vZb ev ¯^vgx‡K wbh©vZb Kivi weiæ‡× mivmwi †Kvb
AvBb †bB (bvix wbh©vZ‡bi †hgb Avjv`v AvBb i‡q‡Q)|

Dcmsnvit
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv I ch©v‡jvPbvq AvBb I Av`vjZ m¤ú‡K© GKwU mg¨K aviYv
†`qvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q gvÎ| AvB‡bi RMZwU wekvj Rjmgy`ª, †mLvb †_‡K K‡qK
†dvUv RjKYv GLv‡b Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB cÖe‡Üi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv, mvaviY
gvbyl‡K AvBb Rvb‡Z DØy× Kiv Ges Av`vjZ I AvBbRxex m¤ú‡K© XvjvIfv‡e
fzj I g›` aviYvi Ac‡bv`b Kivi †Póv Kiv| g~jZ gvby‡li Rxeb iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi Rb¨
gvby‡liB iwPZ AvB I wewaweavb Øviv mvejxj fv‡e mgvR I ivóª cwiPvjbv Kiv
m¤¢e bq, eis gvbyl I mKj m„wói ¯ªóv cÖ`Ë AvBb-Kvbyb I wewa-weavb AbymiY
I cÖwZcvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡jB †MvUv c„w_ex‡K GKwU evm‡hvM¨ kvwšÍi
Avevmf~wg wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjv m¤¢e|

†jLKt AvBbRxex, RR †KvU©, XvKv Ges †jLK, M‡elK I cÖvewÜK|