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Logic Gates - Class 12 Physics Investigatory Project Report Free PDF Download
Logic Gates - Class 12 Physics Investigatory Project Report Free PDF Download
NAME-
CLASS-12
SEC-
ROLL NO-
1.INTRODUCTION
2.TYPES OF GATE
3.NOT GATE
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4.OR GATE
5.AND GATE
6.NAND GATE
7.NOR GATE
8.PROCEDURE
9.OBSERVATION
10.INFERENCE
11.CONCLUSION
12.BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
LOGIC GATES
A gate is a digital circuit that follows certain relationship between the
input and output voltages. Therefore, they are generally know as logic
gates-gates because they control the flow of information.
I.NOT GATE
ELECTRONIC
REALIZATION OF NOT
GATE
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In practice a NOT gate can be realized by using transistor as shown in
the figure below:
When input is earthed, the base of the transistor also gets earthed. The
base emitter junction is not forward biased but the base collector
junction is reversed biased. As the emitter is “1” the base current is “0”.
Hence collector current is also “0”. Under such conditions the transistor
is in cut off mode and voltage at C will be +5V w.r.t earth due to battery
in the collector circuit. Hence the output Y=1.
The output gate has two or more inputs with one output. The output Y is
1 when either input A or input B or both are 1, that is, if any of the input
is high, the output is high.
ELECTRONIC
REALIZATION OF OR
GATE
In practice an OR gate can be realized by electronic circuit making use
of 2(two) ideal p-n junction diodes D1 and D2. Here negative terminal
of the battery is grounded and corresponds to “0”level and the positive
terminal of the battery(i.e.voltage 5V here) corresponds to “1”level. The
output Y is at voltage C w.r.t earth. The operation of the OR gate can be
understood as follows.
When both A and B are connected to earth(i.e. A-0 and B=0)both the
diodes do not conduct and therefore no voltage develops across the
resistance R. The voltage at C is “0/” w.r.t earth. Hence the output Y=0.
When one of the terminals is connected to earth and the other positive
terminal of the battery, the junction diode with “0” input(connected to
earth) does not conduct while 5V takes place across resistance R with C
at 5V w.r.t earth. Therefore the output Y=1.
When both are connected to the positive terminal of the battery, the two
diode become forward biased and they will both conduct. Since
connected in parallel voltage drop across R cannot exceed 5V with C at
+5Vw.r.t earth. Hence the output is Y=1.
ELECTRONIC
REALIZATION OF OR
GATE
TRUTH TABLE:
DIAGRAM:
ELECTRONIC
REALIZATION OF AND
GATE
In practice an AND gate can be realized by electronic circuit making u
se of 2 ideal p-n junction diodes D1 and D2 as shown in the figure
below
When both A and B are connected to earth(i.e. A=0 and B=0)both the
diodes gets forward biased and hence conduct. No voltage drop takes
place across the diodes. Therefore a voltage drop of 5V takes place
across the resistance R with C at “0” potential w.r.t earth. Thus the
output Y=0
When one of the two terminals is connected to earth and the other
positive terminal of the battery the junction diodes with”0”
input(connected to earth) will conduct while the other connected to
battery does not conduct. No voltage drop takes place across diode
which is earthed. Therefore, a voltage drop of 5V takes place across
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resistance R having D at +5V and C at 0v w.r.t earth. Now the output
Y=0.
When both are connected to the positive terminal of the battery, none of
the diodes will conduct. There will be no current through R. Now
potential at C=0 potential at D which is +5V w.r.t earth. Hence output
Y=1.
Thus the operation of the output is based on the following rule. The
output of the AND gate assumes “1” only if all the inputs assume “1”.
ELECTRONIC
REALIZATION OF AND
GATE
DIAGRAM
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PROCEDURE
The logic gate circuit board is connected to the mains
The power of the board is switched on.
Similarly the observations are taken for OR gate and NOT gate.
All the observations are recorded.
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
>For AND gate, when either of the inputs were low, the output was also
low. When both inputs were low, output was low but when both the
inputs were high, output was also high.
>For NOT gate, when input is high, output is low and vice versa. It
inverses the input current.
CONCLUSION
Developing such a project was an enormous task but an enlightening
one too. The project work that has perceived in our minds and the final
outcome is slightly different. While working on this project we
encountered many problems, theoretical as well as practical which were
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reasonably difficult to manage. This was partly due to my inexperience
with the process of experimenting to get the desired result and the
approach in which the initial project study was conducted.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1)Comprehensive practical for physics class 12.