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The University of Lahore: Registration No: Submitted By: Submitted To: Subject: Title
The University of Lahore: Registration No: Submitted By: Submitted To: Subject: Title
The University of Lahore: Registration No: Submitted By: Submitted To: Subject: Title
1. Phylum Porifera:
2. Their bodies consists of loosely organized cells.
3. They vary in size from less than a centimeter to a
mass that can fill your arm.
4. They are asymmetrical or radially symmetrical.
5. They have three cell types: pinacocytes,
mesenchyma cell, and choanocytes.
6. They have central cavity or spongocoel. This
cavity may be divided into series of branching
chambers. Water circulates through these
chambers for feeding.
7. Numerous pores are present in the body wall, i.e.
ostia and osculum.
8. They have no tissue or organ.
9. Skeleton is composed of spicules.
10. Nervous system is absent but neurosensory
cells are present.
11. Asexual reproduction takes place by
budding.
12. They are hermaphrodites and larvae are
produced during development.
Example: sponges
Estimated no.of species : 3000
2. Phylum Cnidaria: (Coelenterata)
4. Phylum Nematoda:
1. Round worms feed on every source of organic matter.
They feed on rotting substances in the living tissues of
other invertebrates, vertebrates, and plants.
2. They are from microscopic to several meters long.
3. Many nematodes are parasites of plants or animals.
Some are free living in marine, fresh water or soil
habitats. Some nematodes play an important role in
recycling nutrients in soils and bottom sediments.
4. There are two common characteristics between
nematodes and arthropods:
a) Nematodes and arthropods lack cilia.
b) The sperm of nematodes and arthropods are
amoeboid.
5. They are triploblastic, bilateral, vermiform,
unsegmented, pseudocoelomate.
6. Their body is rounded in cross section.
7. Body is covered by a cuticle. Growth takes place by
molting.
8. They have complete digestive tract. Mouth is
surrounded by lips. Sense organs are present on lips.
9. They have unique excretory system. It is composed of
one or two renette cells or a set of collecting tubules.
10. Their body wall contains only longitudinal
muscles.
Example: escaris, vinegar eels, hookworms,
nematodes, pinworms
Estimated no. of species: 50000
5. Phylum Mollusca:
1. Body has two parts: head-food and visceral mass.
2. Mentle secrets a calcareous shell. It covers the visceral
mass.
3. Mentle cavity functions in excretion, gas exchange,
elimination of digestive wastes, and release of
reproductive products.
4. They have bilateral symmetry.
5. The develop protostome characteristics like
trochophore larvae, spiral cleavage, and
schizocoelous coelom formation.
6. Coelom reduced to a cavity. This cavity surrounds the
heart, nephridia, and gonads.
7. They have open circulatory system except in one class
( Cephalopoda).
8. Radula is present. It is used in scraping of food.
9. The head comprises of tentacles and compound eyes.
10. Muscular foot helps in locomotion.
1.Presence of a notochord
2.They are backboned animals (vertebrates )
3.Most of the living chordates are familiar
vertebrate animals.
4.Presence of dorsal hollow nerve cord.
5.Blood vascular system: present, closed type.
6.Ventral heart, hepatic portal system and RBC a
Are present.
7.Germ layer: Triploblastic.
8.Symmetry: bilateral symmetry body.
9.Coelom: Present and well developed.
10.Presence of gills(pharyngeal) slits.
11.Presence of post anal tail.