Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 Intro + Planes + Variation
1 Intro + Planes + Variation
Anatomical Planes
Basis of Anatomical Variation
Dr Hafsa Zaneb
Chairperson / Associate Professor
Department of Anatomy and Histology
Learning Outcomes
1. Narrate Course Code, Course Title, Credit Hours and Learning Outcomes of
this course
LO: Narrate Course Code, Course Title, Credit Hours and Learning
Outcomes of this course
Text & Recommended Books for the
Course: Theory
Text book:
Koenig, H. E. and H-G. Liebich, 2009. Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Animals, Text book
and Colour Atlas. Schattauer, Germany.
Recommended books:
1. Pasquini C., T. Spurgeon, and S. Pasquini, 2007. Anatomy of Domestic Animals –Systemic
and Regional approach. Soudz, U.S.A.
2. Getty, R., S. Sisson and J. D. Grossman, 1986. The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals. W.B.
Saunders Co. Philadelphia, U.S.A.
3. Haward., E. and D. Alexander, 2000. Guide to the Dissection of the Dog. W.B. Saunders
Co. U.S.A.
What is meant by Anatomy and are there any
subdivisions?
• Subdivisions
– Gross / Macroscopic Anatomy
– Microscopic Anatomy (Cytology and Histology)
– Developmental Anatomy (Embryology and Ontology)
– Teratology
– Morbid Anatomy or Pathology
– Applied Anatomy
– Surface Anatomy LO: Define and describe anatomy and its
– Comparative Anatomy branches.
– Veterinary Anatomy
– Special Anatomy
• Methods of study
– Systemic Anatomy – Osteology, Myology, Arthrology, Angiology, Neurology, Splanchnology
– Topographic Anatomy- relative position and functional interaction
Why study Anatomy?
Surgery
Clinic
Livestock
Medicine
Manage-
Clinic
ment
Physiology
What are ‘Anatomical Planes’?
Median Plane
Sagittal Plane
Median Plane: Divides the animal’s body into EQUAL right and left halves
Sagittal Plane: Parallel to median plane (can be more than one)
What are ‘Anatomical Planes’?
Transverse Plane: At right angle to the long axis of the body / body part
What are ‘Anatomical Planes’?
Dorsal / Frontal / Horizontal Plane: At right angle to Median and Transverse Planes
4 morphological principles
ZYGOMORPHISM
– Each animal can be divided into right and left halves or
antimeres
– Structural and functional asymmetry exists between two
halves
METAMERISM
– Organs or structures are arranged in segments in a linear
longitudinal series (Homodynamical structures)
– Cranial vs Caudal poles
What makes the animals similar?
4 morphological principles
TUBULATION
Presence of dorsal and ventral body tubes in vertebrates
STRATIFICATION
Governs arrangement of organs and their parts in layers
e.g. 3 embryonic layers, blood vessels, skin etc.
More on structural and functional
similarity
Variation – Slight deviation from the normal pattern -compatible with normal
function
e.g. increase/decrease in no/modification
Anomaly - Severe deviation from the normal pattern along with impairment of
function e.g harelip, cleft palate
Age
Race / Strains
Race / Strains
What makes animal different from each other?
GENERAL FACTORS OF VARIATION
Race / Strains
What makes animal different from each other?
Race / Strains
What makes animal different from each other?
General factors of variation
Evolution