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Washers: Dimensions Mechanical and Performance Requirements
Washers: Dimensions Mechanical and Performance Requirements
Washers: Dimensions Mechanical and Performance Requirements
Dimensions
Mechanical and Performance Requirements
Flat Washers
USS, Low Carbon ................................................ 166
SAE, Low Carbon ................................................ 167
USS, Through-Hardened ...................................... 168
SAE, Through-Hardened ..................................... 169
USS, Extra Thick ................................................. 170
SAE, Extra Thick ................................................. 171
Fender .................................................................. 172
Machine Screw ..................................................... 173
Standard Flat, 18-8 Stainless Steel ....................... 174
Standard Flat, 316 Stainless Steel ........................ 175
153
Washers External Tooth Steel & Stainless
Lockwashers
B
C
A
ASME
EXTERNAL T OOTH L OCK WASHERS B18.21.1-1999
A B C
Nominal Washer Size Inside Diameter Outside Diameter Thickness
Description A hardened circular washer with twisted prongs or "teeth" which extend out from the outer edge of the washer.
Applications/ This is the most preferable of all tooth-lock washers. It offers the greatest locking efficiency since the teeth are on the largest
Advantages radius and provide greater torsional resistance.
Plating See Appendix-A for information on the plating of steel lock washers.
154
Steel & Stainless
Lockwashers
Internal Tooth Washers
B C
A
ASME
INTERNAL TOOTH LOCK WASHERS B18.21.1-1999
A B C
Nominal Washer Size Inside Diameter Outside Diameter Thickness
Description A hardened circular washer with twisted prongs or "teeth" which extend inward from the inside edge of the washer.
Applications/ This is preferred when finished appearance is crucial and the teeth must be hidden under the head of the screw; also recommended
Advantages for use with small heads such as fillisters.
Plating See Appendix-A for information on the plating of steel lock washers.
155
Washers Countersunk External Tooth Steel
Lockwashers
B
A D
80˚-
82˚
ASME B18.21.1-
COUNTERSUNK E XTERNAL T OOTH L OCKWASHERS 1999
A B C D
Description An external tooth lock washer with a conical shaped bearing surface.
Applications/
Designed for use with flat or oval head screws with countersunk angles of 82° or 100°.
Advantages
Plating See Appendix-A for information on the plating of steel lock washers.
156
Steel
Lockwashers
Combination Tooth Washers
B
C
A
ASME B18.21.1
INTERNAL-EXTERNAL T OOTH L OCK WASHERS 1999
A B C
*Industry standards allow for washers with larger outside diameter dimensions.
Description A hardened circular washer with twisted prongs or teeth protruding from both the inside and outer edges of the washer.
Preferred lockwasher in the following situations: (1) where a larger bearing surface is desired; (2) for an optimum electrical
Applications/
connection; (3) where the hole is oversized or out of round; (4) as an insert between two adjustable pieces where a longitudinal or
Advantages rotational adjustment must be maintained.
Plating See Appendix-A for information about the plating of steel lock washers.
157
Washers Regular & High-Alloy Split Steel & Stainless
Lockwashers
t T A B
W
ASME B18.21.1-
REGULAR & HIGH ALLOY HELICAL SPRING LOCKWASHERS 1999
(T+t)
A B W
2
Nominal Washer Size
Inside Diameter Outside Diameter Mean Section Thickness Section Width
Max Min Max Min Min
#2 0.086 0.094 0.088 0.172 0.020 0.035
#3 0.099 0.107 0.101 0.195 0.025 0.040
#4 0.112 0.120 0.114 0.209 0.025 0.040
#5 0.125 0.133 0.127 0.236 0.031 0.047
#6 0.138 0.148 0.141 0.250 0.031 0.047
#8 0.164 0.174 0.167 0.293 0.040 0.055
#10 0.190 0.200 0.193 0.334 0.047 0.062
#12 0.216 0.227 0.220 0.377 0.056 0.070
1/4 0.250 0.260 0.252 0.487 0.062 0.109
5/16 0.312 0.322 0.314 0.583 0.078 0.125
3/8 0.375 0.385 0.377 0.680 0.094 0.141
7/16 0.438 0.450 0.440 0.776 0.109 0.156
1/2 0.500 0.512 0.502 0.869 0.125 0.171
9/16 0.562 0.574 0.564 0.965 0.141 0.188
5/8 0.625 0.641 0.628 1.073 0.156 0.203
3/4 0.750 0.766 0.753 1.265 0.188 0.234
7/8 0.875 0.894 0.878 1.459 0.219 0.266
1 1.000 1.024 1.003 1.656 0.250 0.297
1-1/8 1.125 1.153 1.129 1.847 0.281 0.328
1-1/4 1.250 1.280 1.254 2.036 0.312 0.359
1-3/8 1.375 1.408 1.379 2.219 0.344 0.391
1-1/2 1.500 1.534 1.504 2.419 0.375 0.422
1-3/4 1.750 1.789 1.758 2.679 0.389 0.424
2 2.000 2.039 2.008 2.936 0.422 0.427
Regular: A coiled, hardened, split circular washer with a slightly trapezoidal wire section.
High-Alloy: Dimensionally identical to a regular split lock washer but made from 4037 alloy steel (sizes over 1" are equivalent to
Description heavy split lockwashers in size and material).
Stainless: A regular split lock washer made from austenitic stainless steel.
Regular: (A) Applies greater bolt tension per unit of applied torque; (B) Provides a hardened bearing surface, creating more uniform
torque control; (C) Provides more uniform load distribution; (D) Resists loosening caused by vibration and corrosion;
Applications/
(E) Is preferred lockwasher for use with hardened bearing surfaces.
Advantages High-Alloy: Designed for use with Grade-5 & Grade-8 bolts and nuts.
Stainless: For use with stainless nuts and screws of a similar stainless alloy in corrosive environments.
Carbon Steel: SAE J403 1055 - 1065 carbon steel.
High-Alloy Steel: 1/4 thru 1": SAE J404 4037 alloy steel; 1-1/8 thru 1-1/2": SAE J403 1055 - 1065 carbon steel
Material 18-8 Stainless: SAE J405 302 - 305 stainless steel.
316 Stainless: SAE J405 316 stainless steel.
Carbon & High-Alloy Steel: Rockwell C38 - 46
Hardness Stainless: Thru 5/8": Rockwell C35 - 43; Sizes over 5/8": Rockwell C32 - 43
With the washer in a vice with the split ends free and straight above the vice jaws, a 90° segment of the free end is gripped with a
Twist Test wrench and bent. Washers are to withstand being twisted through a 90° angle without signs of fracture. When the washer
ultimately fractures beyond the prescribed 90° limit, the structure at the breaking point shall show a fine grain.
Plating See Appendix-A for information about the plating of carbon steel and alloy steel lock washers.
158
Steel
Lockwashers Hi-Collar Helical Spring Washers
t T A B
ASME B18.21.1-
HI-COLLAR HELICAL SPRING LOCK WASHERS 1999
T+t
A B W
2
Nominal Washer Size Washer Section
Inside Diameter Outside Diameter
Width Thickness
Max Min Max Min Min
#4 0.112 0.120 0.114 0.173 0.022 0.022
#6 0.138 0.148 0.141 0.216 0.030 0.030
#8 0.164 0.174 0.167 0.267 0.042 0.047
#10 0.190 0.200 0.193 0.294 0.042 0.047
1/4 0.250 0.260 0.252 0.363 0.047 0.078
5/16 0.312 0.322 0.314 0.457 0.062 0.093
3/8 0.375 0.385 0.377 0.550 0.076 0.125
7/16 0.4375 0.450 0.440 0.644 0.090 0.140
1/2 0.500 0.512 0.502 0.733 0.103 0.172
9/16 0.5625 0.574 0.564 0.819 0.116 0.187
5/8 0.625 0.641 0.628 0.917 0.125 0.203
3/4 0.750 0.766 0.753 1.105 0.154 0.218
7/8 0.875 0.894 0.878 1.291 0.182 0.234
1 1.000 1.024 1.003 1.478 0.208 0.250
1 1/8 1.125 1.153 1.129 1.663 0.236 0.313
1 1/4 1.250 1.280 1.254 1.790 0.236 0.313
1 1/2 1.500 1.534 1.504 2.159 0.292 0.375
Description A Hi-Collar washer is thicker and has a smaller outside diameter than a regular split lock washer.
Applications/ Designed for use with smaller head screws, particularly sockets. Performs comparably to a regular split lock washer as a greater
Advantages thickness compensates for smaller outside diameter.
With the washer in a vice with the split ends free and straight above the vice jaws, a 90° segment of the free end is gripped with a
Twist Test wrench and bent. Washers are to withstand being twisted through a 90° angle without signs of fracture. When the washer
ultimately fractures beyond the prescribed 90° limit, the structure at the breaking point shall show a fine grain.
Plating See Appendix-A for information about the plating of Hi-Collar split lock washers.
159
Washers Steel
Heavy Split Lockwashers
t T A B
ASME B18.21.1-
HEAVY SPLIT HELICAL SPRING LOCK WASHERS 1999
(T+t)
A B W
2
Nominal Washer Size Mean Section
Inside Diameter Outside Diameter Section Width
Thickness
Description Similar to a regular split lock washer, but with a greater outside diameter and thickness.
Applications/
The increased bearing area makes this suitable for applications involving higher tightening torques.
Advantages
With the washer in a vice with the split ends free and straight above the vice jaws, a 90° segment of the free end is gripped with a
Twist Test wrench and bent. Washers are to withstand being twisted through a 90° angle without signs of fracture. When the washer
ultimately fractures beyond the prescribed 90° limit, the structure at the breaking point shall show a fine grain.
Plating See Appendix-A for information about plating heavy split lock washers.
160
Steel Beveled Washers
T T
L
E
A
L
ASME B18.2.6-
HARDENED BEVELED WASHERS 1996
Inside Diameter - A L T E
Description A flat washer which can be square or circular, with one bearing surface having an oblique angle.
Applications/
Commonly used when fastening bolts through the flanges of "I" beams.
Advantages
Washers shall be made from a carbon steel which conforms to the following chemical composition requirements (heat analysis):
Material
Phosphorus: 0.040% maximum; Sulfur: 0.050% maximum
161
Washers Round, Structural ASTM F436
ID OD
TH
OD ID TH
Dimensionally comparable to the USS plain washer, but with a smaller outside diameter, manufactured from a higher grade of steel
Description and heat-treated.
Applications/
Designed to be used with A325 & A490 structural bolts.
Advantages
Structural washers shall be manufactured from a steel which conforms to the following chemical composition requirements:
Material Phosphorous- 0.050%; Sulfur - 0.060%
Plating Structural washers are usually supplied plain or with a galvanized finish.
162
For Use with
Structural Fasteners
Tension Indicating Washers
OD
5
32
ID
Inspection Notch
ASTM
ASTM F959 DIRECT TENSION INDICATOR W ASHERS - USED W /TYPE 325 STRUCTURAL F ASTENERS F959
OD ID TH P
Compression Load
Protrusion Number of Range (lbs.)
Nominal Outside Diameter Inside Diameter Thickness Tangential Protrusions
Size Diameter (equally
spaced)
With Without
Max Min Max Min Protrusion Protrusion Max Max Min
Max Min
1/2 1.187 1.167 0.527 0.523 0.180 0.104 0.788 4 14,000 12,000
5/8 1.375 1.355 0.658 0.654 0.220 0.126 0.956 4 23,000 19,000
3/4 1.625 1.605 0.790 0.786 0.230 0.126 1.125 5 34,000 28,000
7/8 1.875 1.855 0.921 0.917 0.240 0.142 1.294 5 47,000 39,000
1 2.000 1.980 1.052 1.048 0.270 0.158 1.463 6 61,000 51,000
1 1/8 2.250 2.230 1.183 1.179 0.270 0.158 1.631 6 67,000 56,000
1 1/4 2.500 2.480 1.315 1.311 0.270 0.158 1.800 7 85,000 71,000
1 3/8 2.750 2.730 1.446 1.442 0.270 0.158 1.969 7 102,000 85,000
1 1/2 3.000 2.980 1.577 1.573 0.270 0.158 2.138 8 124,000 103,000
A round washer with notches formed into its outer edge, protrusions equally spaced from each other on the top face and
Description corresponding pockets on the bottom face.
These washers are designed to be used with A325 structural bolts. The washer is placed beneath the head of the bolt and as the bolt
is tightened, the protrusions compress. When the protrusions have been flattened a sufficient amount the fastening has achieved the
Applications/
proper tension. Direct tension indicators are not affected by the presence of oil or other lubricants, and they measure tension
Advantages regardless of surface condition. They help ensure proper tension is achieved even when a simple box wrench or socket wrench are the
only tools that can be used to tighten the screw.
Direct tension indicator washers shall be manufactured from a steel which conforms to the following chemical composition
Material requirements (product analysis): Carbon- 0.27-0.53%; Manganese- 0.47-0.93%; Phosphorous- 0.043% maximum;
Sulfur- 0.048% maximum; Silicon - 0.13-0.37%
Parts shall be through hardened by heating to a temperature above the upper transformation temperature, quenched in liquid, then
Heat Treatment retempered by reheating to a suitable temperature to achieve the listed mechanical and performance requirements.
Plating Direct tension indicator washers are usually supplied plain or zinc plated.
163
Washers Tension Indicating For Use with Grades
5 & 8 Fasteners
OD OD
5 8
ID ID
P P
GRADE 5 GRADE 8
DIRECT T ENSION I NDICATOR W ASHERS - USED W / GRADES 5 & 8 FASTENERS SAE J 2486
Protrusion
Nominal Outside
Inside Diameter Thickness Bearing Proof Load Proof Load
Size Diameter Target Target
Diameter
Clamp Load Clamp Load
Max Max Min Min Max Min Min
1/2 0.970 0.527 0.523 0.104 0.675 10,197 12,100 14,396 17,000
5/8 1.224 0.658 0.654 0.126 0.844 16,317 19,200 23,036 27,100
3/4 1.494 0.790 0.786 0.142 1.012 23,776 28,400 33,567 40,100
7/8 1.650 0.921 0.917 0.158 1.181 32,449 39,300 45,825 55,400
1 1/4 2.299 1.315 1.311 0.193 1.688 59,552 71,700 96,570 116,300
1 1/2 2.732 1.577 1.573 0.193 2.025 87,746 104,000 142,290 169,200
A round washer with notches formed into its outer edge, protrusions on the top face equally spaced from each other, and
Description corresponding pockets on the bottom face.
These washers are designed to be used with grade 5 and grade 8 cap screws. The washer is placed beneath the head of the cap screw
and as the screw is tightened, the protrusions compress. When the protrusions have been flattened a sufficient amount the fastening
Applications/ has achieved the proper tension. Direct tension indicators are not affected by the presence of oil or other lubricants, and they measure
Advantages tension regardless of surface condition. They help ensure proper tension is achieved even when a simple box wrench or socket wrench
are the only tools that can be used to tighten the screw. They are used in the fleet industry, off-highway vehicles, construction, mining,
and other heavy industrial equipment.
Direct tension indicator washers shall be manufactured from a steel which conforms to the following chemical composition
Material requirements (product analysis): Carbon- 0.27-0.53%; Manganese- 0.47-0.93%; Phosphorous- 0.043% maximum;
Sulfur- 0.048% maximum; Silicon - 0.13-0.37%
Parts shall be through hardened by heating to a temperature above the upper transformation temperature, quenched in liquid, then
Heat Treatment
retempered by reheating to a suitable temperature to achieve the listed mechanical and performance requirements.
Plating Direct tension indicator washers are usually supplied plain or zinc plated.
164
Steel Dock Washers
ID OD
TH
DOCK W ASHERS
ID OD TH
Description A circular flat washer that is significantly thicker than most other washers and has greater surface area than even fender washers.
Applications/ Commonly used in dock and construction applications where thicker washers are required but a low carbon part is acceptable.
Advantages
Material Washers are punched from hot-rolled or hot-rolled and pickled steel.
Plating Dock washers are provided in both plain and hot-dip galvanized finishes.
165
Washers Low Carbon
USS Flat
Steel
ID OD
GA
TH
Description A thin, flat, circular steel part with a centrally located hole.
Washers are designed for assembly around a bolt or screw, between the bearing surface of the fastener and the part to which it is
Applications/
attached. Flat washers are used to improve stress distribution, and to span large clearance holes. USS washers are designed to
Advantages meet the majority of industrial applications in manufacturing, maintenance and repair.
Plain washers shall be punched from hot-rolled, hot-rolled and pickled, or cold-rolled steel, or shall be machined from bar stock or
Material tubing, or may be forged at the manufacturer's option.
Plating See Appendix-A for information about the plating of low carbon flat washers.
166
Low Carbon Washers
SAE Flat
Steel
ID OD
GA
TH
Similar to a USS washer, but with slightly smaller inside and outside diameters. Also, most but not all SAE washers are made from
Description thinner materials than USS washers.
Applications/ SAE washers were designed to serve similar purposes as the USS washers, but specifically to meet the requirements in the field of
Advantages automotive engineering.
Plain washers shall be punched from hot-rolled, hot-rolled and pickled, or cold-rolled steel, or shall be machined from bar stock or
Material tubing, or may be forged at the manufacturer's option.
Plating See Appendix-A for information about the plating of steel flat washers.
167
Washers USS Through-Hardened Flat
*
ID OD
x
GA
TH
ANSI B18.22.1,
USS T HROUGH -HARDENED F LAT WASHERS Wrought Washer
Outside Diameter Inside Diameter Thickness Approximate
Bolt Size Number per 50
Nominal Max Min Nominal Max Min Max Min Pounds
1/4 3/4 0.749 0.727 5/16 0.327 0.307 .072 .055 7500
5/16 7/8 0.905 0.868 3/8 0.390 0.370 .080 .064 5000
7/16 1-1/4 1.280 1.243 1/2 0.515 0.495 .080 .064 2500
1/2 1-3/8 1.405 1.368 9/16 0.577 0.557 .121 .097 1500
9/16 1-1/2 1.499 1.462 5/8 0.640 0.620 .121 .097 1100
5/8 1-3/4 1.780 1.743 21/32 0.687 0.649 .146 .122 700
7/8 2-1/4 2.280 2.243 15/16 0.968 0.931 .160 .136 350
1-1/8 2-3/4 2.780 2.743 1-1/4 1.280 1.243 .160 .136 250
1-1/2 3-1/2 3.545 3.490 1-5/8 1.670 1.615 .160 .136 150
Dimensionally similar to the USS plain washer counterparts, but with tighter tolerances on thickness, manufactured from a higher
Description grade of steel and heat-treated.
Applications/
Designed to perform the same functions as USS plain washers, but for use specifically with high-strength hardened steel bolts.
Advantages
Plating See Appendix-A for information about the plating of through-hardened flat washers.
*Product standards require all through-hardened washers 1/4” diameter and larger to bear the insignia identifying its manufacturer. “X” represents one location
such an insignia may appear.
168
Flat SAE Through-Hardened Washers
*
ID OD
x
GA
TH
ANSI B18.22.1,
SAE THROUGH-HARDENED FLAT WASHERS Wrought Washer
Outside Diameter Inside Diameter Thickness Approximate
Bolt Size Number per 50
Nominal Max Min Nominal Max Min Max Min Pounds
6 3/8 0.390 0.370 5/32 0.164 0.151 .065 .036 39500
1/4 5/8 0.640 0.620 9/32 0.296 0.276 .072 .055 10000
5/16 11/16 0.703 0.681 11/32 0.359 0.339 .072 .055 10000
3/8 13/16 0.827 0.805 13/32 0.419 0.401 .072 .055 7000
7/16 59/64 0.937 0.915 15/32 0.484 0.464 .072 .055 5000
1/2 1-1/16 1.092 1.055 17/32 0.546 0.526 .121 .097 2425
9/16 1-3/16 1.186 1.149 19/32 0.609 0.589 .121 .097 2250
5/8 1-5/16 1.342 1.305 21/32 0.686 0.649 .146 .122 1340
3/4 1-15/32 1.499 1.462 13/16 0.842 0.805 .146 .122 1120
7/8 1-3/4 1.780 1.743 15/16 0.968 0.931 .160 .136 695
1-1/8 2-1/4 2.280 2.243 1-1/4 1.280 1.243 .160 .136 435
1-1/4 2-1/2 2.530 2.493 1-3/8 1.405 1.368 .160 .136 350
1-3/4 3-3/8 3.405 3.368 1-7/8 1.905 1.868 .201 .178 150
Dimensionally equivalent to the low carbon SAE flat washer counterparts, but with tighter tolerances on thickness, manufactured
Description from a higher grade of steel and heat-treated.
Applications/ Designed to perform the same functions as low carbon SAE flat washers, but for use specifically with high-strength hardened steel
Advantages bolts.
Plating See Appendix-A for information about the plating of through-hardened flat washers.
*Product standards require all through-hardened washers 1/4” diameter and larger to bear the insignia identifying its manufacturer. “X” represents one location
such an insignia may appear.
169
Extra
Washers USS Through-Hardened Thick
ID OD
x
TH
ANSI B18.22.1,
USS THROUGH-HARDENED F LAT WASHERS-EXTRA T HICK Wrought Washer
Outside Diameter Inside Diameter Thickness Approximate
Bolt Size Number per 50
Nominal Max Min Nominal Max Min Max Min Pounds
1/4 3/4 0.749 0.727 5/16 0.327 0.307 .080 .064 6600
5/16 7/8 0.905 0.868 3/8 0.390 0.370 .093 .079 4200
7/16 1-1/4 1.280 1.243 1/2 0.515 0.495 .106 .090 1750
1/2 1-3/8 1.405 1.368 9/16 0.577 0.557 .146 .122 1100
9/16 1-1/2 1.499 1.462 5/8 0.640 0.620 .146 .122 950
5/8 1-3/4 1.780 1.743 21/32 0.687 0.649 .160 .136 550
7/8 2-1/4 2.280 2.243 15/16 0.968 0.931 .160 .136 375
Has identical inside and outside diameters as USS thru-hardened washer, but can be as much as 50% thicker. They are
Description manufactured from a medium grade of steel and heat-treated.
Applications/
Designed for heavy duty use in machinery construction, assembly, in-plant maintenance and building construction
Advantages
170
Extra Washers
SAE Through-Hardened
Thick
ID OD
x
TH
ASME B18.22.1,
SAE T HROUGH-HARDENED FLAT W ASHERS - E XTRA THICK Wrought Washer
Outside Diameter Inside Diameter Thickness Approximate
Bolt Size Number per 50
Nominal Max Min Nominal Max Min Max Min Pounds
1/4 5/8 0.640 0.620 9/32 0.296 0.276 .080 .064 9400
5/16 11/16 0.703 0.681 11/32 0.359 0.339 .093 .079 8000
3/8 13/16 0.827 0.805 13/32 0.419 0.401 .093 .079 5300
7/16 59/64 0.937 0.915 15/32 0.484 0.464 .106 .090 3600
1/2 1-1/16 1.092 1.055 17/32 0.546 0.526 .146 .122 2000
9/16 1-3/16 1.186 1.149 19/32 0.609 0.589 .146 .122 1600
5/8 1-5/16 1.342 1.305 21/32 0.686 0.649 .160 .136 1150
3/4 1-15/32 1.499 1.462 13/16 0.842 0.805 .160 .136 950
7/8 1-3/4 1.780 1.743 15/16 0.968 0.931 .160 .136 650
Has identical inside and outside diameters as SAE thru-hardened washer, but can be as much as 50% thicker. They are
Description manufactured from a medium grade of steel and heat-treated.
Applications/
Designed for heavy duty use in machinery construction, assembly, in-plant maintenance and building construction
Advantages
171
Washers Steel &
Fender
Stainless
ID OD
GA
TH
F ENDER WASHERS
Thickness Approximate
Inside Diameter Outside Diameter
Bolt Size Number in 50
(+0, -.010) (+0, -.010)
Max Min Pounds (Steel)
A flat washer with significantly more surface area than a USS or SAE washer. They are also made from a thinner gauge metal than
Description most flat washers.
Applications/ Used where an extra wide bearing surface is required. Originally designed for auto body repair work, they are also used in sheet
Advantages metal, plumbing, and electrical work. Also used to attach signs to posts, to install drywall and wood paneling.
Steel Stainless
Plating Fender washers are usually provided zinc plated or with no finish. Parts are usually supplied with no additional finish.
172
Steel &
Machine Screw Washers
Stainless
ID OD
TH
Description The smallest type of flat washer with an outside diameter equal to slightly twice the size of the inside diameter.
Applications/
Designed for use with machine screws in general industrial applications.
Advantages
Steel Stainless
Material
Washers are punched from cold-rolled steel. 18-8 Stainless steel
173
Washers Standard Flat 18-8 Stainless
Steel
ID OD
TH
Description A thin, flat, circular stamping with a centrally located hole, made from an 18-8 austenitic stainless steel.
Applications/
Designed for use with 18-8 stainless steel screws and nuts in general industrial applications where parts are subject to corrosion.
Advantages
174
316 Stainless
Steel
Standard Flat Washers
ID OD
TH
Description A thin, flat, circular stamping with a centrally located hole, made from a 316 austenitic stainless steel.
Applications/
Designed for use with 316 stainless steel screws and nuts in general industrial applications where parts are subject to corrosion.
Advantages
175
Washers Countersunk Finishing Steel
OD
ID
ID OD
A formed circular washer designed for use with flat or oval head screws. This is a raised type of finishing washer which is convex
Description shaped. For use with 82° countersunk flat and oval head screws.
Applications/ Designed for accommodating the heads of countersunk screws. It provides additional bearing area on the material being fastened
Advantages and can be used to give a neat, finished appearance.
Washers shall be punched from hot-rolled, hot-rolled and pickled or cold-rolled steel, or shall be machined from bar stock or
Material tubing, or may be forged at the manufacturer's option.
Plating Countersunk finishing washers are typically supplied with a nickel plating. Other coatings such as black oxide are also popular.
176