SCADA SYSTEM

OVER VIEW, ARCHITECTURE

MAIN COMPONENTS

T Srinivas, Chief Manager, SRLDC

1
 SCADA SYSTEM

 OVER VIEW

 ARCHITECTURE

 MAIN COMPONENTS

2
SCADA :Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

 It is the system responsible for

gathering, processing, and displaying
information about the state of a
monitored system.

 From a SCADA control center,

operators and application programs can
oversee and change the operating state
of monitored devices.

3
4
 Southern Regional Load Despatching Facilities

RLDC Bangalore

2
Sec

SLDC Bangalore Hyderabad Kalamassery Chennai SCC UTP

2 Sec

Sub LDC
GTR LGR CDP WGL VIJ TVM TVM MDI ERD

10 Sec INT SCADA

RTU
RTU RTU RTU RTU RTU RTU RTU RTU RTU RTU
5
 Scada System - Overview
TYPICAL SCADA SYSTEM

C TX C TX R T P C &R
O RX O Rx R A
SCADA M E T A N
M E MEDIA PANEL
H/W & M Q N E
M Q
S/W N P U S L
N P
T T D
U
C
E
R

CONTROL COMMN FIELD UNIT / RTU

CENTRE MEDIA SUBSTATION / GEN STATION

6
Scada System - Architecture

• First Generation – Monolithic

• Second Generation – Distributed

• Third Generation – Networked

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Scada System - Architecture

MONOLITHIC SCADA SYSTEM

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Scada System - Architecture
MONOLITHIC SCADA SYSTEM

Computing Centered with Main Frame

Non existant of Networks

Centralised System

Standalone sytem

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Scada System - Architecture

DISTRIBUTED SCADA SYSTEM

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Scada System - Architecture
DISTRIBUTED SCADA SYSTEM

• Advantage of developments and

improvement in system miniaturization
and Local Area Networking (LAN)
technology to distribute the processing
across multiple systems.

• Multiple stations, each with a specific

function, were connected to a LAN and
shared information with each other in
real-time
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Scada System - Architecture
DISTRIBUTED SCADA SYSTEM

• Communications processors, primarily

communicating with field devices such
as RTUs.

• operator interfaces, providing the

human-machine interface (HMI) for
system operators.

• calculation processors or database

servers.
12
Scada System - Architecture
DISTRIBUTED SCADA SYSTEM

• Network-connected systems served not

only to increase processing power, but
also to improve the redundancy and
reliability of the system as a whole.

• Distributed architecture often kept all

stations on the LAN in an online state
all of the time.

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Scada System - Architecture

NETWORKED SCADA SYSTEM14

 Scada System - Architecture
NETWORKED SCADA SYSTEM
• The major improvement in the third
generation is that of opening the system
architecture, utilizing open standards and
protocols and making it possible to
distribute SCADA functionality across a
WAN and not just a LAN.

• There are still multiple networked systems,

sharing master station functions. There are
still RTUs utilizing protocols that are
vendor-proprietary.
15
 Scada System - Architecture
NETWORKED SCADA SYSTEM
• Utilization of off-the-shelf systems makes it
easier for the user to connect third party
peripheral devices (such as monitors,
printers, disk drives, tape drives, etc.) to
the system and/or the network.

• Because of “open” or “off-the-shelf”

systems, SCADA vendors have gradually
gotten out of the hardware development
business.
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 Scada System - Architecture
NETWORKED SCADA SYSTEM
• Advantage of the use of WAN protocols
such as the Internet Protocol (IP) for
communication between the master station
and communications equipment.

• Advantage brought about by the

distribution of SCADA functionality over a
WAN is that of disaster survivability.

17
Control Room Hardware

18
Control center Architecture
RTUs on 60870-5- Serial Cards
RTU on 104/
101 Protocol (including 8 pair of PMU 0n
Router cum Firewall NETWORK
modems) /Splitters C37.118/ other
RTUs on Other 2 Nos.
CFE Servers 2 No. IP devices
Protocol

DATA ACQUISITION VLAN

GPS , Time
and
Frequency
SCADA NAS Storage SCADA Servers Database Servers EMS Servers Historian Displays Renewable
LCD / Video
Projection Control / mon

SCADA/EMS VL A N (DMZ)

Routers at RLDCs and Router cum Firewall 2 Nos.

ICCP Servers
SLDC DTS Server Dual Monitor Training Consoles

WorkStation LAN

PDS, ISR, NMS LAN

RD, CMC, UPS & SERVER MANAGEMENT LAN

Report Generation Programmer Development
Developmental Printers ISR Servers
Server (1 Nos.) NMS Servers
Workstation 2 No. Remote WorkStation for
(B/W & Color) SO WorkStation
Boss
UPS, CMC, RD, PDS, ISR, NMS / Management LAN (Dual Monitor)
(Single monitor
SO WorkStation
No controls)
UPS (Dual Monitor)
Monitoring SO WorkStation
System CMC Server Management
Identity Server Replica Servers (Dual Monitor)
Console

SO WorkStation
(Dual Monitor)

IT application servers (DMZ)

Secure VPN

ABT Scheduling, Poc & Market Energy accounting Web Servers FTP Server
Corporate NAS Storage
Operation

CORPORATE LAN Redundant Internet from different service

provider

PC PC PC PC PC PC

Fig 1 19
Scada System – Main Components

• Field Data Interface Devices

• Communication Network

• Central Host Computer

• Operator Workstations and Software

Components
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21
Scada System – Main Components
Field Data Interface Devices

• "eyes, ears and hands" of a

SCADA system
• Before any automation or remote
monitoring can be achieved, the
information that is passed to and
from the field data interface devices
must be converted to a form that
is compatible with the language of
the SCADA system. 22
Scada System – Main Components
Field Data Interface Devices

• To achieve this, some form of

electronic field data interface is
required – RTU

• RTU - primarily used to convert

electronic signals received from field
interface devices into the language
(known as the Communication
protocol) used to transmit the data
over a communication channel. 23
Scada System – Main Components
Field Data Interface Devices

• Sensors/transducers that convert

physical parameters to electrical
signals.
• Signal conditioning circuitry to
convert sensor signals into a form
that can be converted to digital
values.
• Analog-to-digital converters
• A Scada system to process this
digital data. 24
 HARDWARE CONNECTIVITY DIAGRAM FOR SCADA AT
SUBSTATION / GEN.STATION
RS232
PORT
REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT TRANSDUCER PANEL
TRANSDUCER I/P TERMINAL PT
MAIN COMMN SEC F
110VAC
CPU BOARD PSU R
BOARD MW MVAR VOLT O
M
CT SEC
1 AMPS

TRANSDUCER O/P TERMINAL

S
W
I
T
A D C
C
N I O H
EVENT LOGGER
A G N PANEL Y
L T T A
O A R R
G L O D
L -
F
I/P I/P O/P
D
R
I
R E
E
I
TERMINAL TERMINAL TERMINAL
V
L L
BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK A
E
Y D
R

25
 Basic Data Acquisition
CT
CB
Pannel control
PT
Clos Trip
Potential e
Field Free Contact

TRANSDUCER

DAS NO Coil NC Coil

for Close for Trip

RTU Ang In RTU Dig In RTU Dig out

26
TRANSDUCERS
 CLASSIFICATION
 SELF POWERED/AUXILARY POWERED
 INPUT
 VOLTAGE/CURRENT
 OUTPUT
 0-10mA, 4-20mA, 0-5mA 0-5v,0-10v
 OUTPUT IMPEDANCE
 500Ω,1000Ω,2000Ω
 ACCURACY
 0.2 CLASS, 0.5 CLASS, CLASS 2 AND
ABOVE
27
 A/D CONVERSION AT RTU LEVEL
(16 BIT ADC).
FOR MW / MVAR TRANSDUCER:
INPUT: PT SEC PHASE TO PHASE : 110VAC
CT SEC TWO PHASE CURRENT (R & B): 1 A.

OUTPUT : 4 – 20mA(TRANSDUCER OUTPUT)

IN ADC:

AT 4mA = 6553 Count

AT 20mA = 32767 Count
12mA IS THE CENTRE POINT.

(+/- 0.1% IS THE ACCEPTABLE RANGE OF ERROR ON

FULL SCALE) 28
 TELEMETRY FOR SCADA
P Q
DS
P Q

SS P Q SS
DS DC SS DS
SS V F SS SS
SS SS SS SS

SS
SS V F SS SS
DS P Q DS
DS
SS
Q
O SS

THE PARAMETERS ARE MONITORED FOR

P MW Q MVAR O TAP POSITION
FOLLOWING STATIONS :
•Substations 220 KV and above
F FREQUENCY V VOLTAGE
•132/110KV AC Interstate Tie lines and in loop of 220
SINGLE STATUS KV transmissions system
SS
ISOLATOR POSIITION, PROTECTION,
•Generating Station above 50MW capacity.
LOSS OF VOLTAGE
•Significant stations identified by constituents
DS DOUBLE STATUS
CIRCUIT BREAKER POSITION

DC DIGITALCONTROL
CIRCUIT BREAKER CONTROL 29
Scada System – Main Components
Communications Network
• Intended to provide data transfer
between the central host
computer servers and the field-
based RTUs

• The Communication Network refers to

the equipment needed to transfer
data to and from different sites. The
medium used can either be cable,
telephone or radio. 30
Scada System – Main Components
Communications Network
• Historically,SCADA networks have
been dedicated networks

• With the increased deployment of

office LANs and WANs as a solution
for interoffice computer networking,
there exists the possibility to
integrate SCADA LANs into everyday
office computer networks.
31
 Scada System – Main Components
Communications Network

The foremost advantage of this arrangement is

that there is no need to invest in a separate
computer network for SCADA operator terminals.

In addition, there is an easy path to integrating

SCADA data with existing office applications,
such as spreadsheets, work management
systems, data history databases.

32
Communication System
RAMAGUNDAM

PEDAPALLI
DURSHED
JAMMIKUNTA GAJUWAKA
WARANGAL VIZAG SWS
SHAPURNAGAR

VIDYUTH SOUDHA GHANAPUR BOMMUR

KAKINADA
CH.GUTTA VTPS BHIMADOLE
HYDERABAD 400 N’SAGAR PH
VIJAYAWADA
TALLAPALLI

SRISAILAM PH
SRISAILAM LBPH
KURNOOL
APSEB
Lingasugur
HUBLI
SOMAYAJULAPALLI
RTU’S

N
82
GOOTY
MUDDANOOR RTPP

DAVANAGERE CHINAKAMPALLY

ANANTHAPUR

BANGALORE PONDY
CHENNAI
KEB KUMBALGODI SOMANAHALLI RTU’S
SRIPERUMBUDUR
P

RTU’S 05
SP.KOVIL

22

VILLIANUR
KANNUR-B PONDY LEGEND
SALEM400
CENTRAL SALEM230 PANRUTI
NEYVELI RSCC (1)
ERODE
SECTOR RTU’S CHIDAMBARAM
KOZHIKODE INGUR CPCC (1)
22 MYLADUTURAI
PONGALORE
UDUMALPET TRICHY KOVILVENNI SLDC (4)
TRICHUR NORTH THIRUVARUR
ORTHANADU
ADANIKOTTAI
CHALAKUDI
THIRUMAYAM
PUDUKOTTAI SUB-LDC / SCC (14)
KALAMASSERY
MADURAI400 KARAIKUDI
KSEB FIBRE OPTIC LINK 110/132kv
VIAKKAM SIVAGANGA
MADURAI FIBRE OPTIC LINK (220kv)
RTU’S PALLOM TNEB
FIBRE OPTIC LINK (400kv)
KAYANKULAM
30 RTU’S FIBRE OPTIC LINK (SEB)

33 links)
KUNDRA 40
PARIPALLI
MICROWAVE LINK (35
TRIVANDRUM NORTH
 Scada System – Main Components
Central Host Computer

Network of computer servers that provide a

man-machine operator interface to the SCADA
system.

The computers process the information

received from and sent to the RTU sites and
present it to human operators in a form that
the operators can work with.

34
 Scada System – Main Components
Central Host Computer

Operator terminals are connected to the central

host computer by a LAN/WAN so that the
viewing screens and associated data can be
displayed for the operators.

SCADA systems are able to offer high resolution

computer graphics to display a graphical user
interface or mimic screen of the site.

35
 Scada System – Main Components
Operator Workstations and Software Components

Operator workstations are most often computer

terminals that are networked with the SCADA
central host computer.

The central host computer acts as a server for

the SCADA application, and the operator
terminals are clients that request and send
information to the central host computer based
on the request and action of the operators.
36
 Scada System – Main Components
Operator Workstations and Software Components

An important aspect of every SCADA system is

the computer software used within the system.

The most obvious software component is the

operator interface or Man Machine
Interface/Human Machine Interface (MMI/HMI)
package

Many SCADA systems employ commercial

proprietary software upon which the
SCADA system is developed 37
 Scada System – Main Components
Operator Workstations and Software Components

Central host computer operating system

Operator terminal operating system

Central host computer application

Operator terminal application

38
 Scada System – Main Components
Operator Workstations and Software Components

Communications protocol drivers

Communications network management

software

RTU automation software

39
Scada System – Main Components
Operator Workstations and Software Components

HMI
-DAC
-UI
-DMC
-ALARM EVENTS
-ICCP
-TDS
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DAC MODULE (FOR SR ULDC)

 Scans the RTUs cyclically or on demand by

the user
 The periodicity of scan can be defined

Analog Data – 10 SECONDS

Status Data – By Exception /
Integrity check every 10 min

 SOE Data processing

41
Data types

SCADA processes and stores three

different types of data:
 Analog Measurement,
 Status (CircuirtBreakers and
Isolators Positions), and
 Count data (Like energy, Rainfall
during the day etc).

42
Data Type
 Analog Data :
 Analogs are numeric values representing the
state of variable-state devices, such as
power lines, transformers etc
 In the monitored system a physical variable
is usually measured by a transducer, and the
output of the transducer is passed through
an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter in the
RTU .
 Status Data :
 Status values represent the state of devices,
such as circuit breakers, tap changers

43
Data polling method

 Analogs are defined as

periodic/Cyclic data .
 The periodicity varies from 10
seconds to 15 seconds depending
upon the quantity of data and
available bandwidth .
 Digital input state changes are to be
reported spontaneously .
 The Digital input data have higher
priority than Analog values. 44
Data Flow

45
NLDC 45
 Digital Data
Potential free contacts are used to transfer switch
position to control centre.

46
Sequence Of Events

 Sequence of events provides milli secs

accurate time of status changes for devices
monitored by Remote Terminal Units .

 The RTU clock is synchronized periodically by

the control center clock .

 Reading its internal clock when a SOE status

point changes state .

 Time stamped digital data stored in RTU buffer

and transferred as file or Digital data with time
stamped is transferred for SOE
47
UI & DMC
 The UI subsystem facilitates
interface to the User
 It is through this module, the
display, the real time status of the
power system are viewed by the
user.
 The status of the hardware & logical
devices, the communication with
the RTU etc .. are closely monitored
and failures are reported.
48
RSCC, BANGALORE CONTROL CENTRE
WORK
STATIONS
WS1 WS2 WS3 WS4 WS5

DUAL LAN FRONT END

PROCESSOR
S
Switch WS6 WS7

DTS
SYSTEM AP-7 AP-8 FE-1 FE-2
DTS DTS
SERVER SERVER

APPLICATION
PROCESSOR
RAID PNA:POWER NETWORK ANALYSIS
COPS: COMPREHENSIVE

AP-1 AP-2 AP-3 AP-4 AP-5 AP-6 OPERATION PLANNING AND

SCHEDULING
ICCP: INTER CONTROL CENTRE
SCADA DATA BACKUP PNA/ICCP COPS BACKUP COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL
AGC SERVER SERVER SERVER SERVER RAID:- REDUNDANT ARRAY OF
SERVER INDEPENDENT DISKS
49
34
Fig 2.41

50
 Alarm/Events & Log Subsystem
 Responsible for processing alarm & event
messages, updating the alarm/events,
sending event messages to the log
subsystem, acknowledging and deleting
alarms and generating application trigger
messages

51
52
ICCP
 Responsible for data transfers between the control
centers
 The data includes real time data, interchange schedules,
application program results, operator messages, files
and historical data
 Data flows in a strict vertical direction.
 The data flows from a Sub-LDC to the SLDC
 The Sub LDCs attached to the SLDC do not communicate
directly with each other nor do they communicate with
the RSCC, other SLDCs, the SCC or Sub-LDCs on
another SLDC
 Data flows from the SLDCs/SCC to the RSCC. However,
data does not flow directly from SLDC to another SLDC
or from a SLDC to SCC. The RSCC acts as an
intermediary between the SLDCs and the SCC
53
ICCP DATA FLOW

CLIENT SERVER

ANALOG/ STATUS POINT ANALOG/ STATUS POINT

ICCP POINT ICCP POINT

VAR LIST VAR LIST

DATA SET TRANSFER SET DATA SET TRANSFER SET

ASSOCIATION ASSOCIATION

DOMAIN DOMAIN
54
PNA SYSTEM DATA FLOW

55
 TDS

 Long term Storage of data in the system. The

type of data include energy accounting data,
telemetry from RTUs, schedules, operational
planning data, random events such as system
alarms, despatcher messages and activity logs.

 Real time calculations

 TDS ( Temporal database & archive database )

is built using the SYBASE relational database
management
56
 TDS
 Archiving of the stored data – The archiving process copies data
from the Temporal database and stores it in a disk file. Archiving
can be scheduled to occur or it can be done on demand. Once the
disk file is created, it can be manually transferred to any type of
off-line storage such as CD or cartridge tape.
 Configurable Parameters
 Variable number
 Variable name
 Point Number
 Sample frequency ( 2 seconds – 1 year )
 Storage frequency ( 2 seconds – 1 year )
 Collection method ( maximum, minimum, summation,
average, integration, standard deviation )
 Retention period ( 1 month to 1 year depending on
the storage frequency )
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58
59
60
61
62
63
64
ALARMS

65
ALARMS

 ANALOG
 DIGITAL

66
Alarms-Analogs

 Normal limit-Range of limits which device is

considers to be operating normally
 Reasonability Limit-range of values that
SCADA uses to determine whether the
value retrieved for the analog is realistic.
 Forbidden Limit-Range of values that
SCADA considers violated when the analog
point fall within that range
 Dead band Limits-On a pair of low or high
limits if it is violated the value must rise
above the limit by at least the dead band
amount before the SCADA consider s the
analog to be back within normal limits . 67
Normal Alarms-analogs

 MW/MVAR/MVA/FREQ/VOLTAGE
 ALARM LIMIT-OPERATIONAL
 ALARM LIMIT-ALARMING
 ALARM LIMIT-EMERGENCY

68
Alarm Limit -MW

 ALARM LIMIT-OPERATIONAL
+/- 1.05*(1.732*V*I*O.8)
 ALARM LIMIT-ALARMING
+/- 1.10*(1.732*V*I*O.8)
 ALARM LIMIT-EMERGENCY
+/- 1.15*(1.732*V*I*O.8)

V-NOMINALVOLTAGE I-NOMINAL CURRENT

69
Priority Alarms
 Alarms are categorized in 8 category
 Priority 1 -Emergency threshold overshoot and status
point alarms of controllable switching devices, ICCP
links and other ICCP data exchange related alarms)
 • Priority 2 -Point alarms of non-controllable switching
devices.
 • Priority 3 -Protection trips and substation alarms

 • Priority 4 -Alarms relevant to RTU’s, communication

lines, and alarms of “unreasonable” category
 • Priority 5 - “configuration management” alarms, i.e.
hardware failures (mimic board, printer, etc.) and
software failures
 • Priority 6 –All Network alarms-state estimator ,
contingency analysis) and the alarms detected by the
generation applications (AGC and LF)
 • Priority 7 -Scada topology alarms

 •Priority 8 -HDR, Tagging, Limit Replacement. 70

 Flags
 Gives Source and Quality of data
 Source of data
 RTU -----------Telemetered

 ENTERED-----Manually Entered

 EXTERNAL----Always to be entered manually

 INTERSITE-----Data from other site

 CALCULATED—Calculation tag

 Quality of data
 GARBAGE-The data is unreliable. The flag appears
when data is uninitialized.
 SUSPECT-Data is labelled suspect when there is one or
more of this flag (OLD, BAD, OVER and RESUSP)
 REPLACED-Data is labelled replaced when MANREP,
ESTREPor REMPL)
 GOOD-Data is labelled GOOD when it is not GARBAGE,
SUSPECT and REPLACED. 71
 Flags
 Unit: - uninitialized.
 Old:-Could not be retrieved in the last scan
 Telemetry failure:- communication with RTU failed
 BAD: - when RTU returns one or more standard test values in
the RTU outside the allowed limits. Either Transducer is faulty
or there is an RTU malfunctioning.
 Over Range: - Raw Value Received from RTU is outside the
expected Range.
 Unreasonable:-The converted value has crossed the
reasonability limit.
 Anomalous:-Basically not a data quality Flag .State Estimator
considers the above measurement not fit for the solution.
 Manually replaced:-Replaced by operator

72
 Flags
 State Estimator replaced:-Value for an analog is
overridden, or replaced, by state Estimator on
operator request.
 Generalized Calculation: - Value replaced through
generalised calculation.
 Maintenance mode: - The Device has been placed in
maintenance mode.
 NIS:-device not in service. It will not allow scanning
or calculation to update the record which is marked
NIS
 Alarm Inhibit: - Alarms for this device inhibited.
 Remote Suspect:-The value is suspect at source
control centre.
 Remote Replaced:-The value has been replaced by
source control centre 73
 Historical DATA Recording

 Historical Data Recording (HDR) function allows

you to preserve a time series of any set of analog,
status, and accumulator measurements .
 HDR functions
 Saves the SCADA measurements in disk files
called Historical files.
 Keeps track of the Historical files that have been
created and allows you to delete them.
 The Database Reconstruction functions allow you
to reconstruct or create a Data History listing
from the data in the Historical files.
 The reconstructed database can be moved to the
network database for use by other applications.
74
Trend Displays

 Real Time Trend Display

 Digital, analog or counter value can be
viewed simultaneously in different
displays.
 The information is usually sampled
cyclically, stored in memory on a
circular buffer and plotted on a window
against time.
 Historical Trend Displays
 To trend the value (digital, analog
counter) with archived data
75
Tagging
 Tags are free formatted text, which
provide critical information to next shift
operator .
 Tags can be provided over digital,
analog and counters data-points.
 Operators can insert, edit or delete any
number of tags, if they have privileges
to do so.
 Some operators may only be allowed
to view tags.
 These operations can be done from
graphic displays by selecting a dynamic
76
object or from a system list of entities.
77
EVOLUTION OF SCADA AT SRLDC
 EARLY 90s :
- Remote Console system
i.e Getting Static Picture from Each SEB ,
displaying Limited values on cyclic
telemetry.
- DOT dedicated Leased Circuit @1200
baud.
- No storage facility.
- Operation Message transfer throu’ FAX
mile.
- Remote Console Terminals used as MMI.
REMOTE CONSOLE
78
EVOLUTION OF SCADA AT SRLDC

 Later 90’s :
- Mini-SCADA system installed
- One server & 3 MMI system ,Later Dual
server system.
- Data acquired from 17Nos of 400kV
stations by
8-bit Microprocessor based RTU.
- Off Line studies.
- Local Area Network
- Storage on HDD & Backup done through
DAT
tapes. MINI SCADA
79
EVOLUTION OF SCADA AT SRLDC

 EARLY 2000 :
- INSTALLATION & COMMISSION OF ULDC
SCADA SYSTEM.
- MEASURANDS ACQUISION INCREASED FROM
FEW HUNDREDS TO FEW THOUSANDS.
- STORAGE OF VOLUMINOUS DATA.
- HIGH SPEED COMMUNICATION LINKS.
- Used RISC based Servers & Workstations.
- Time stamping at RTU as well as Control
Centre is possible with GPS.
- Weather station used for EMS studies.

80
 SCADA SYSTEM EARLY 90’s AT SRLDC

REMOTE REMOTE REMOTE REMOTE

CONSOLE CONSOLE CONSOLE CONSOLE

MODEM MODEM MODEM MODEM

DOT LEASED
LINE

MODEM MODEM MODEM MODEM

ND110 ND110 ND110 ND110

TNEB APSEB KEB KSEB

81
SCADA SYSTEM EARLY 90’s AT SRLDC (Contd …)
SRLDC CONTROL ROOM

APSEB KSEB TNEB KEB IOCC NLY TS 2 BANGL’R

S/S

82
 HARDWARE CONFIGURATION OF MINISCADA AT
SRLDC
AP LD M
MODEM P M
MONITOR MMI MMI MMI
C P
PENTIUM
TNEB LD C C SERVER

MODEM C
KEB LD
10
FRONT END
MODEM PC
P
KSEB LD O M
MODEM R P PENTIUM
IOCC T C SERVER

MODEM C
C
S’HALLI
A
MODEM
R
D MPCC – MULTI PORT COMMUNICATION CARD

83