DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Formerly Delhi college of engineering

(under Delhi ACT 6 of 2009 , GOVT. of NCT of Delhi)
By NAAC (1st cycle)
ISO 9001: 2015 Certified

SUBJECT-MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (PART A)

Submitted By
Kshitiz Bhardwaj 2K20/B12/70
Ayush Jha 2K20/B12/34

Submitted To
Dr. M Zunaid
 CERTIFICATE

It is to be certified that the innovative work titled solar water

heating system has been submitted by Kshitiz Bhardwaj and
Ayush Jha roll no. 2K20/B12/70 & 2K20/B12/34 under the
supervision of Dr. M Zunaid. This project is only used for
innovative work and is not used anywhere.

Place: Delhi Dr. M Zunaid

 ABSTRACT

This topic deals with the study of solar water heater and its and its
uses. Solar water heater uses the suns energy to hot the water. There
are two types of solar water heater one is active solar water heater and
other is passive solar water heater, active solar water heater uses the
energy to heat the air or fluid and then directly transfers it to the water
while passive solar water directly transfers the heat to the water
present in the pipes, passive solar water heater doesn’t require any
pump while active solar water heater requires the pump for transfer of
fluid. There are two type of collectors flat plate collectors and
evacuated tube collectors, flat plate collectors are covered with glass
which increases the heat for heating the liquid and evacuated tube
collectors have double layered borosilicate glass. The inner layer is
coated with heat absorbing material which heats the fluid and provide
hot water.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In performing our major project, we had to take the help and

guideline of some respected persons, who deserve our greatest
gratitude. The completion of this assignment gives us much
pleasure. We would like to show our gratitude Dr. M Zunaid.
Giving us a good guideline for report throughout numerous
consultations. We would also like to extend our deepest
gratitude to all those who have directly and indirectly guided us
in writing this assignment.
Many people, especially our classmates and team member have
made valuable comment and suggestions on this proposal which
gave us an inspiration to improve our assignment. We thank all
the people for their help directly and indirectly to complete our
assignment.
In addition, we would like to thank Department of Applied
Physics, Delhi Technological University for giving us the
opportunity to work on this topic.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Certificate
Abstract
Acknowledgment
I. What is a solar water heater?
II. Types of solar water heater
III. Pros and Cons of active and passive solar water heater
IV. Difference Between Active and Passive Solar Water Heater
V. Components of solar water heater
VI. Solar energy collectors
VII. Factors affecting solar water heating performance
VIII. Benefits of solar water heater
IX. Applications of solar energy
X. Conclusion
Bibliography
 I. What is a solar water heater?
 It is heating of water by the use of the sunlight, using as a
solar thermal collector. Variety of configuration is
available at wearing cost to provide solutions in different
climates and latitudes. Solar water heaters are widely
used for residential and some industrial applications.
 Person facing collector heats up working fluid that passes
into a storage system for later use. SWH are
active(pumped) and passive (connection driven). They use
water only, or both water and a working fluid. They are
heated directly or via light concentrating mirrors. They
operate independently or as hybrids with electric or gas
heaters. In large-scale installations, mirrors. They operate
independently or as hybrids with electric or gas heaters.
In large scale installations, mirrors may concentrate
sunlight into a smaller collector.
II. Types of solar water heater
 Active System- Active solar systems use solar energy to
heat a fluid that can either be liquid or air and then
transfer the heat directly to a storage system for later
use. The active solar systems work on the basic principles
of thermodynamics. In active system there is the presence
of circulating system
i. Direct circulation system: this is used in areas
which are less prone to the freezing point where
the household water is passed through the
collectors.
ii. Indirect circulation system: this is used where the
freezing climate is severe and here the water is
heated and entered then let into the house.
 Passive system-The passive solar water heaters are
simple heating systems that utilize the free solar heat
energy without the use of external energy to transfer hot
and cold solar fluids. This is the most popular way of

harnessing free solar energy as they are the least

expensive, simple and reliable. It uses the gravity to
supply water.

i. Thermosyphon system- thermosyphon is a method

of passive heat exchange, based on natural
convection, which circulates a fluid without the
necessity of a mechanical pump. Its purpose is to
simplify the transfer of liquid or gas while avoiding
the cost and complexity of a conventional pump.

i. Integral collector storage- An Integral

Collector Storage (ICS) system could also be
called "a big, black water tank". They're the
simplest form of solar thermal system because
the storage tank is also the collector. The sun's
radiation passes through the glazed side of the
box and warms the tank directly, which warms
the water inside it.
  Direct active system- an active direct solar water heater is
a pump driven system that uses solar energy to heat
portable water directly. Water from the storage tank is
pumped into the solar collector under the moderation of
a controller.

 Indirect active system- In an indirect active system, the

pump controls the flow of the heat transfer fluid, not the
portable water itself. The heat transfer fluid is heated by
the sun, then sent through a coil that either wraps around
the bottom of the water heater or inside the water

heater.
III. Pros and Cons of active and passive solar water heater
 Pros of active water heating system
i. Its efficiency does not depend upon weather as
compared to passive water systems.
ii. It uses photo voltaic panel which provides better
output to water heater.
iii. It has anti freezing fluid in pipes which defreezes the
system.
  Cons of active water heating system
i. The required equipment is expensive.
ii. Equipment maintenance is very costly.
iii. Fluids that stores the heat in solar panel have the
potential to release toxins in the air.
 Pros of passive water heating system
i. No external equipment is required, so automatically
the entire setup is cheap.
ii. It doesn’t have high maintenance cost.
 Cons of passive water heating system
i. The efficiency directly depends on weather.
Particularly if you are living in a hot area, your
building has potential to overheat.
ii. It becomes quite difficult in winters to heat the
water because it’s technology is not that much
advanced that would be fit for winters.
IV. Difference Between Active and Passive Solar Water Heater
Active solar water Heater Passive solar Water Heater
i. It requires a pump to It relies on gravity to move
move liquid through the liquid through the system
system
ii. Active solar water uses It does not rely on any
external sources like external sources and only
electricity to start the uses the heat absorbed from
pump sunlight
iii. In active water system It is not that effective in
the pump is used in case winters as the water inside it
of winters to pump the freezes.
anti-freezing coolant to
the pipes and for heating
of water
iv. It is not cheap but It is cheap but doesn’t have
provides hot water in efficiency to work in every
every condition condition
v. Its maintenance is costly Its maintenance is not costly
V. Components of solar water heater
 Solar Collectors-A solar collector is a device that collects
and concentrates solar radiation from sun. These devices
are primarily used for active solar heating and allow for
the heating of water for personal use.
 Heat transfer fluid- A heat transfer fluid is a gas
or liquid that takes part in heat transfer by serving as an
intermediary in cooling on one side of a process,
transporting and storing thermal energy, and heating on
another side of a process.
 Heat exchanger- A heat exchanger is a system used to
transfer heat between two or more fluids. Heat
exchangers are used in both cooling and heating
processes. The fluids may be separated by a solid wall to
prevent mixing or they may be in direct contact.
 Storage tanks- The tank used to store hot water in the
solar water heater the tank is used.
 Pumps- A solar water pump system is essentially an
electrical pump system in which the electricity is provided
by one or several PhotoVoltaic (PV) panels. A
typical solar powered pumping system consists of
a solar panel array that powers an electric motor, which in
turn powers a bore or surface pump.
 Pump station/system controller- A solar controller is an
electronic device that controls the circulating pump in
a solar hot water system to harvest as much heat as
possible from the solar panels and protect
the system from overheating.
VI. Solar energy collectors
 Flat plate collectors-In the flat plate collectors, solar
panel is covered with the glass in order to increase the
heat observation.
i. Working: the solar radiation is absorbed by the
observers.
 ii. There is built-in channels to carry the water from
cold water tank to residential pipes.
iii. The observers transfers the heat to the flowing
water and converts the cold water into hot water.
iv. It is subdivided into two types- glazed and unglazed.

 Evacuated tube collectors- this type has the evacuated

double layer borosilicate glass tube. The inner tube is
coated with the absorbing materials to efficiently absorb
the sunlight. In this type the heat is lost to the
atmosphere.
 Working: the water from the cold tank flows into the
number of pipes with the absorber of heat which is
separated by the vacuum.
i. This exchange is the heat to the cold water in this
manner.
ii. This is suitable to generate hot water even in slightly
cloudy condition.

VII. Factors affecting solar water heating performance

 Ambient conditions
  Collector orientation and tilt
 Collector array arrangement
 The transport fluid flow rate

VIII. Benefits of solar water heater

 The energy saved from using a solar water heating system
helps reduce domestic energy demand from power
utilities. A solar water heater is a long-term investment
that will save money spent on water heating after the
system has paid for itself. In addition to the reduced
electrical energy and cost savings from water heating,
there are several other benefits did hype from using the
sun’s energy to heat water. Most solar water heaters
come with an additional water tank, which feeds the
conventional hot water tank. Users benefit from the
larger hot water storage capacity and the reduced
likelihood of running out of hot water.
 Some solar water heaters do not require electricity to
operate. These systems, hot water supplies secure from
Power outages, as long as there is sufficient sunlight to
operate the system. Solar water heating systems can also
be used directly to heat swimming pool water, with the
added benefit of extending the swimming season for
outdoor pool applications.
IX. Applications of solar energy
 Most of the solar energy applications concerned with
trapping sunlight as photovoltaic (PV) heat. Because of
the low energy density of sunlight, the higher the
temperature needed the more complicated and
expensive system will be. Depending on the range of
temperature use, solar thermal applications are divided
into three broad categories:
i. Low temperature applications (below 100°C) such as
solar drying, hot water supplies, cooking.
 ii. Medium temperature applications (below 150°C),
such as refrigeration, industrial process heat etc.
iii. High temperature (above 150°C) applications, such
as electricity generation(Roger Taylor,2006).
X. Conclusions
Do you know whether energy search has become increasingly
important since the signing of the Kyoto Protocol. Solar water
heating (SWH) is one of the most effective technologies to
convert solar energy into thermal energy and is considered to be
a developed and commercialised technology. However, their
exists opportunities to further improve the system performance
to increase its reliability and efficiency. A concise review
primarily on the design features and related technical
advancement of the SWH systems in terms of both energy
efficiency and cost effectiveness has been presented. Several
solar water heating designs have been introduced in the market
and our moves more commonly utilized in the tropical region of
developing countries. Recent developments in heat pipe based
solar collectors technology exhibited promising design to utilize
solar energy as a reliable heating source for water heating
applications in some adverse regions. Heat pipe based solar
water heating is influenced by many factors including the nature
of refrigerant, due to the environmental concerns.

Bibliography
www.google.com
www.missouritech.gov.org
Wikipedia