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Chemistry General Objectives: 1. Separation of Mixtures and Purification of Chemical Substances
Chemistry General Objectives: 1. Separation of Mixtures and Purification of Chemical Substances
CHEMISTRY
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
The aim of the Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME) syllabus in Chemistry is to
prepare the candidates for the Board’s examination. It is designed to test their achievement of the
course objectives, which are to:
DETAILED SYLLABUS
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TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES OBJECTIVES
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purification of chemical
substances
(d) Chemical and physical changes. (iv) differentiate between chemical and physical
changes;
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2. Chemical combination
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3. Kinetic theory of matter and Gas Laws Candidates should be able to:
(a) An outline of the kinetic theory of matter; (i) apply the theory to distinguish between solids,
(i) melting, liquids and gases;
(ii) vapourization (ii) deduce reasons for change of state;
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Chemistry
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(a) (i)The concept of atoms, molecules and ions, (i) distinguish between atoms, molecules and ions;
the works of Dalton, Millikan, Rutherford, (ii) identify the contributions of these scientists to
Moseley, Thompson and Bohr. the development of the atomic structure;
(iii) deduce the number of protons, neutrons and
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(ii) Atomic structure, electron configuration, electrons from atomic and mass numbers of
atomic number, mass number and isotopes; an atom;
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specific examples should be drawn from
elements of atomic number 1 to 20.
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(iii) Shapes of s and p orbitals. electrons in an atom;
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(v) identity common elements exhibiting isotopy;
(vi) relate isotopy to mass number;
(b) The periodic table and periodicity of (vii) perform simple calculations relating to isotopy;
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elements, presentation of the periodic table (viii) differentiate between the shapes of the orbitals;
with a view to recognizing families of (ix) determine the number of electrons in s and
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ionization energy, ionic radii, electron (xi) relate properties of groups of elements on the
affinity and electronegativity. periodic table;
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(d) Shapes of simple molecules: linear ((H2, O2, (xvi) differentiate between the various shapes
C12,HCl and CO2), non-linear (H2O) and of molecules
tetrahedral; (CH4) and pyramidal (NH3).
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Chemistry
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(a) The natural gaseous constituents and air as a mixture;
their proportion in the air. (ii) identify the principle involved in the
– nitrogen, oxygen, water vapour, carbon separation of air components;
(IV) oxide and the noble gases (argon (iii) deduce reasons for the variation in the
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and neon). composition of air in the environment;
(iv) specify the uses of some of the
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(b) Air as a mixture and some uses of the constituents of air.
noble gas.
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6. Water Candidates should be able to:
(i) identify the various uses of water;
(a) Water as a product of the combustion (ii) identity the effects of dissolved atmospheric
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(c) Hard and soft water: (vi) describe the processes involved in the
Temporary and permanent treatment of water for town supply;
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deliquescence and hygroscopy. (viii) identify the various compounds that exhibit
Examples of the substances exhibiting these phenomena.
these properties and their uses.
7. Solubility
(a) Unsaturated, saturated and
supersaturated solutions. Solubility Candidates should be able to:
curves and simple deductions from (i) distinguish between the different types of
them, (solubility defined in terms of solutions;
mole per dm3) and simple (ii) interpret solubility curves;
calculations. (iii) calculate the amount of solute that can
dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a
given temperature;
(iv) deduce that solubility is temperature-dependent;
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Chemistry
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(b) Solvents for fats, oil and paints (v) relate nature of solvents to their uses;
and the use of such solvents
for the removal of stains.
(c) False solution (Suspensions and colloids): (vi) differentiate among true solution,
Properties and examples. suspension and colloids;
Harmattan haze and water paints as examples (vii) compare the properties of a true solution
of suspensions and fog, milk, aerosol spray, and a ‘false’ solution.
emulsion paints and rubber solution as (viii) provide typical examples of suspensions
examples of colloids. and colloids.
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8. Environmental Pollution Candidates should be able to:
(a) Sources and effects of pollutants. (i) identify the different types of pollution and
pollutants;
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(b) Air pollution: (ii) specify different sources of pollutants
Examples of air pollutants such as (iii) classify pollutants as biodegradable and
H2S, CO, SO2, oxides of nitrogen, non-biodegradable;
chlorofluorocarbons and dust.
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(c) Water pollution (v) identify measures for control of
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Sewage and oil pollution should be environmental pollution.
known.
(d) Soil pollution:
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or as a proton donor. Ethanoic, citric and (iii) determine the basicity of acids;
tartaric acids as examples of naturally (iv) differentiate between acidity and
occurring organic acids, alums as examples alkalinity using acid/base indicators;
of double salts, preparation of salts by (v) identify the various methods of
neutralization, precipitation and action of preparation of salts;
acids on metals. Oxides and (vi) classify different types of salts;
trioxocarbonate (IV) salts
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(c) pH and pOH scale; Simple calculations (ix) perform simple calculations on pH and pOH;
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neutral) of the resultant solution.
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10. Oxidation and reduction
(i) identify the various forms of expressing
(a) Oxidation in terms of the addition of oxidation and reduction;
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oxygen or removal of hydrogen. (ii) classify chemical reactions in terms of
(b) Reduction as removal of oxygen or oxidation or reduction;
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addition of hydrogen. (iii) balance redox reaction equations;
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(c) Oxidation and reduction in terms of (iv) deduce the oxidation number of chemical
electron transfer. species;
(d) Use of oxidation numbers. (v) compute the number of electron transfer
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numbers in balancing simple equations. (vi) identify the name of redox species in a reaction
(e) IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic (vii) distinguish between oxidizing and reducing
compounds using oxidation number. agents in redox reactions.
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(f) Tests for oxidizing and reducing agents. (viii) apply oxidation number in naming inorganic
compounds
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11. Electrolysis
(a) Electrolytes and non-electrolytes. Candidates should be able to:
Faraday’s laws of electrolysis. (i) distinguish between electrolytes and non-
(b) (i) Electrolysis of dilute H2SO4, aqueous electrolytes;
CuSO4, CuC12 solution, dilute and (ii) perform calculations based on faraday as a
concentrated NaC1 solutions and mole of electrons.
fused NaC1 (iii) identify suitable electrodes for different
(ii) Factors affecting discharge of ions at electrolytes.
the electrodes. (iv) specify the chemical reactions at the
electrodes;
(v) determine the products at the electrodes;
(vi) identify the factors that affect the products
of electrolysis;
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Chemistry
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with grease or oil as ways of (xi) identify methods used in protecting metals.
preventing iron from corrosion.
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12. Energy changes
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and chemical changes:
dissolution of substances in/or (i) determine the types of heat changes
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reaction with water e.g. Na, NaOH, (∆H) in physical and chemical processes;
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K, NH4Cl. Endothermic (+∆H) and (ii) interpret graphical representations of heat
exothermic (-∆H) reactions. changes;
(b) Entropy as an order-disorder (iii) relate the physical state of a substance
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of salts. of a reaction ;
(c) Spontaneity of reactions: (v) relate ∆H0, ∆S0 and ∆G0 as the driving
∆G0 = 0 as a criterion for equilibrium, ∆G forces for chemical reactions;
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greater or less than zero as a criterion for (vi) solve simple problems based on the
non-spontaneity or spontaneity respectively. relationships ∆G0= ∆H0 -T∆S0
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(a) Elementary treatment of the following factors Candidates should be able to:
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(ii) Concentration e.g. the reaction between HCl (iii) examine the effect of concentration/pressure on
and Na2S2O3, HCl and marble and the iodine the rate of a chemical reaction;
clock reaction, for gaseous systems, pressure (iv) describe how the rate of a chemical reaction is
may be used as concentration term. affected by surface area;
(iii) Surface area e.g. the reaction (v) determine the types of catalysts suitable for
between marble and HCl with different reactions and their effects;
marble in (vi) determine ways of moderating these effects in
(i) powdered form chemical reactions.
(ii) lumps of the same mass.
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of H2O2 or KClO3 in the
presence or absence of MnO2
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(b) Reaction rate curves. (vii) interpret reaction rate curves;
(c) Activation energy (viii) solve simple problems on the rate of reactions;
Qualitative treatment of Arrhenius’ law and (ix) relate the rate of reaction to the kinetic theory
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the collision theory, effect of light on some of matter.
reactions. e.g. halogenation of alkanes
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to chemical reactions.
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(xi) deduce the value of activation energy (Ea)
from reaction rate curves.
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equilibrium constant. Simple examples to (ii) predict the effects of each factor on the position
include action of steam on iron and of equilibrium;
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oxide, the reaction of SO2 with alkalis. and uses of SO2 and H2S;
Trioxosulphate (IV) acid and its salts, the effect (xiii) specify the preparations of H2SO4 and H2SO3,
of acids on salts of trioxosulphate(IV), their properties and uses.
Tetraoxosulphate(VI) acid: Commercial
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preparation (contact process only), properties as
a dilute acid, an oxidizing and a dehydrating
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agent and uses. Test for SO42-.
Hydrogen sulphide: Preparation and properties
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as a weak acid, reducing agent and precipitating
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agent. Test for S2-
(d) Nitrogen: (xiv) specify the laboratory and industrial
(i) Laboratory preparation preparation of NH3;
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including its effect on blood; (xxiv) identify the different forms of coal:
sources of carbon (II) oxide to (xxv) determine their uses;
include charcoal, fire and exhaust (xxvi) specify the products of the destructive
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fumes. distillation of wood and coal;
(iv) Coal: Different types, products (xxvii) specify the uses of coke and synthetic gas.
obtained from destructive
distillation of wood and coal.
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(v)
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Coke: Gasification and uses.
Manufacture of synthetic gas and
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uses.
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(b) Alkali metals e.g. sodium (i) specify the general properties of metals;
(i) Sodium hydroxide:- (ii) determine the method of extraction suitable
Production by electrolysis of for each metal;
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brine, its action on aluminium, zinc and (iii) relate the methods of extraction to the
lead ions. properties for the metals;
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Uses including precipitation of (iv) compare the chemical reactivities of the metals;
metallic hydroxides. (v) specify the uses of the metals;
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(ii) Sodium trioxocarbonate (IV) (vi) determine specific test for metallic ions;
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and sodium hydrogen trioxocarbonate (vii) determine the process for the production
(IV): Production by Solvay process, of the compounds of these metals;
properties and uses, e.g. (viii) compare the chemical reactivities of the
Na2CO3 in the manufacture of glass. compounds;
(iii) Sodium chloride: its occurrence in (ix) specify the uses of these compounds;
sea water and uses, the economic (x) specify the chemical composition of cement.
importance of sea water and the
recovery of sodium chloride.
(c) Alkaline-earth metals, e.g. calcium;
calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide
and calcium trioxocarbonate (IV);
Properties and uses. Preparation of
calcium oxide from sea shells, the
chemical composition of cement
and the setting of mortar. Test for Ca2+.
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(d) Aluminium
Purification of bauxite, electrolytic (xi) describe the method of purification of bauxite;
extraction, properties and uses of
aluminium and its compounds. Test
for A13+
(e) Tin (xii) specify the ores of tin;
Extraction from its ores. (xiii) relate the method of extraction to its
Properties and uses. properties;
(xiv) specify the uses of tin;
(f) Metals of the first transition series. (xv) identify the general properties of the first
Characteristic properties: transition metals;
(i) electron configuration
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(ii) oxidation states (xvi) deduce reasons for the specific properties
(iii) complex ion formation of the transition metals;
(iv) formation of coloured ions (xvii) determine the IUPAC names of simple
(v) catalysis transition metal complexes
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(g) Iron
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Extraction from sulphide and oxide (xviii) determine the suitable method of
ores, properties and uses, different forms extraction of iron;
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of iron and their properties and (xix) specify the properties and uses of iron;
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advantages of steel over iron. (xx) identify the different forms of iron, their
Test for Fe2+ and Fe3+ compositions, properties and uses.
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(h) Copper
Extraction from sulphide and oxide (xxi) identify the appropriate method of
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ores, properties and uses of copper. extraction of copper from its compounds;
Preparation and uses of copper( II ) (xxii) relate the properties of copper and its
tetraoxosulphate(VI). Test for Cu2+ compound to their uses.
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Steel, stainless steel, brass, bronze, (xxiv) specify the constituents and uses of the
type- metal, duralumin, soft solder, various alloys mentioned.
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permallory and alnico (constituents and (xxv) compare the properties and uses of alloys
uses only). to pure metals.
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(ii) Alkenes
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Isomerism: structural and geometric
isomerism, additional and (xv) distinguish between various polymerization
polymerization reactions, polythene processes;
and synthetic rubber as examples of (xvi) specify the process involved in vulcanization;
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products of polymerization and its use
in vulcanization.
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(xvii) specify chemical test for terminal alkynes
(iii) Alkynes
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Ethyne – production from action of
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water on carbides, simple reactions and
properties of ethyne. (xviii) distinguish between aliphatic and aromatic
hydrocarbons;
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(b) Aromatic hydrocarbons e.g. benzene - (xix) relate the properties of benzene to its structure
structure, properties and uses.
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(d) Alkanals and alkanones. (xxiv) differentiate between alkanals and alkanones;
Chemical test to distinguish between
alkanals and alkanones.
(e) Alkanoic acids. (xxv) compare the various types of alkanoic acids;
Chemical reactions; neutralization and
esterification, ethanedioic (oxalic) acid
as an example of a dicarboxylic acid
and benzene carboxylic acid as an
example of an aromatic acid.
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(g) Amines (Alkanamines) Primary, Secondary, (xxix) compare the various classes of alkanamine;
and tertiary
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concentrated tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid. (xxxii) infer the products of hydrolysis and
Hydrolysis of complex sugars e.g. cellulose dehydration of carbohydrates;
from cotton and starch from cassava, the uses (xxxiii) determine the uses of carbohydrates;
of sugar and starch in the production of (xxxiv) specify the tests for simple sugars;
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alcoholic beverages, pharmaceuticals and
textiles.
(i) Proteins:
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Primary structures, hydrolysis and tests (xxxv) identify the basic structure of proteins;
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(Ninhydrin, Biuret, Millon’s and (xxxvi) specify the methods and products of
xanthoproteic) hydrolysis;
Enzymes and their functions. (xxxvii) specify the various tests for proteins;
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Chemistry
RECOMMENDED TEXTS
1. New School Chemistry for Senior Secondary Schools, Ababio, O. Y. (2009), (Fourth edition),
Onitsha: Africana FIRST Publishers Limited.
2. Senior Secondary Chemistry, Bajah, S.T.; Teibo, B. O., Onwu, G.; and Obikwere, A. Book 1 (1999), Books 2
and 3 (2000). Lagos: Longman.
3. Understanding Chemistry for Schools and Colleges, Ojokuku, G. O. (2012, Revised Edition),
Zaria: Press-On Chemresources.
4. Essential: Chemistry for Senior Secondary Schools, (2008), 2nd Edition, I. A. Odesina, Lagos: Tonad
Publishers Limited.
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5. Countdown to WASSCE/SSCE, NECO, JME Chemistry, Uche, I. O.; Adenuga, I. J. and Iwuagwu, S. L.
(2003). Ibadan: Evans.
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