CHA

LLENGES FACING ON WOMEN’S POLITICAL PARTICIPATION of

PUNTLAND PARLIAMENT HOUSE IN GAROWE, PUNTLAND,
SOMALIA.

BY:

SACDIYA MOHAMED JAMA

BPA/381/2017
This Proposal is submitted to the Puntland State University in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor Degree of Social
Sciences in Public Administration.

Advisor: Mr. Yasin M. Mohamed.

Faculty of Social Sciences

Department of Public Administration

June, 2021

Garowe, Puntland, Somalia.

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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the research proposal submitted to University of PSU by me is my own
original work. I am aware of the fact that in case my work is found to be plagiarized or not
genuine, University has the full authority to cancel my research work and I am liable to penal
action.

________________________ _____________________

Name of the Designate Signature Date

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APPROVAL
This project entitled “Challenges Facing on Women’s Political Participation of Puntland
Parliament House in Garowe, Puntland, Somalia” was done under my supervision. I have
read this project and it fulfils adequately, in scope and quality, a project for Bachelor of public
administration. It is ready to be submitted to the faculty of Social Science at PSU University.

________________________ _________________

Name of Principal Advisor Signature Date

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DEDICATION
I dedicate this piece of work, to my beloved parents my sister Shukri Mohamed Jama and
Abdi Mohamed Abshir, my husband Ilyas Jama Omar, my colleagues and entire family and
friends at large, who have showed me the value of education and helped me the development of
this senior essay.

iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to acknowledge and be grateful to Allah for enabling me to reach this point in my
academic life and I am so thankful for his unconditional protection.
I acknowledge to my entire family that the moral support so as to they gave me too was
overwhelming and came in handy at times when I was being challenged by various issues. And
finally, thanks to my family, tutors and numerous friends who provided me with consolidated
support vital for the success of my proposal.
The biggest thanks goes out to my beloved Parents for always believing in me and being
supportive of my growth and education, your unconditional love and for your stable prayers. I
am forever grateful of being your daughter.
As well as my beloved brothers and sisters, who supported and encouraging me all the time to
educate and improve my learning. My special thanks are reserved for my husbandMr. Ilyas
Jama Omar, for his financial, moral, and material support.
Finally, I thank for my all classmate students.
Lastly but not least, my sincerely thanks go to my academic lecturers at PSU –Garowe Who gave
me hands of support during my studying days. I am giving special thanks to my dear Supervisor:
Mr. Yasin Mohamoud during this study. His guidance, encouragement, advices, review,
comments and patience assist me a lot in completing this study.

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CONTENTS
DECLARATION..............................................................................................................................i
APPROVAL....................................................................................................................................ii
DEDICATION...............................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..............................................................................................................iv
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Introduction..................................................................................................................................1
Background of the study..............................................................................................................1
Statement of the problem.............................................................................................................3
Research objectives......................................................................................................................4
General objective of the study..................................................................................................4
Specific objectives of the study................................................................................................4
Research questions.......................................................................................................................4
Scope of the study........................................................................................................................5
Significance of the study..............................................................................................................5
Operational definitions of the variables.......................................................................................5
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................7
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................7
Introduction..................................................................................................................................7
Theoretical role............................................................................................................................7
Political participation of women in Somalia............................................................................7
Challenges facing women’s political participation..................................................................8
Theoretical framework...............................................................................................................10
Research gap..............................................................................................................................12
Conceptual framework...............................................................................................................12
Introduction................................................................................................................................13
Description of the study area.....................................................................................................13
Research design..........................................................................................................................13
Description of study area...........................................................................................................13

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 Target population.......................................................................................................................14
Sample size and sample frame...................................................................................................14
Sampling Categories...............................................................................................................14
Sampling procedures..................................................................................................................15
Research Instruments.................................................................................................................15
Data sources...............................................................................................................................15
Data gathering/collection procedure..........................................................................................15
Data analysis..............................................................................................................................16
Ethical considerations................................................................................................................16
Limitations of the study.............................................................................................................16
Reference.......................................................................................................................................17

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
Introduction
This chapter covers the introduction of the research, including background of the study, problem
statement, purpose of the study, objectives of the study, research questions, scope of the study,
significance of the study as well as the operational definitions of the study.

Background of the study

Generally, Leadership is the ability of an individual or a group of individuals to influence and
guide followers or other members of an organization. Leadership is a process whereby an
individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal. Leaders carry out this
process by applying their leadership knowledge and skills [ CITATION Nor07 \l 1033 ].

Female leadership is most commonly defined by the differences between femininity and
masculinity. The characteristics that are considered to influence decision making, problem
solving and achievements are often compared. The aim of this discussion is to emphasize the
value and benefits of feminine characteristics in leadership today and the benefits diversity
brings to organizations and businesses[ CITATION Els13 \l 1033 ].

Globally, the political participation of women in political leadership is increasingly low. Now the
global average of women parliamentarians is 19.5 percent. It falls below the 30% target that was
to be achieved by 2005.This target was set in the 1995 Beijing Platform for Action. Nevertheless,
it is worth noting that the percentage of women parliamentarian has increased. A report by the
Inter-Parliamentarian Union (2012) indicates that the global average of female parliamentary
representation stood at 19.8 percent in 2011 up from 19 percent in 2010.This 0.8 percentage
point increase has followed similar patterns over the past decade and underscores the minimal
progress in attempts to reach gender parity in parliamentary representation across the globe this
century (Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2012).

Women in leadership have never been taken seriously in the country. The deeply entrenched
cultural norms and gender biased socialization process are restricting women’s mobility,
participation and leadership from early childhood stage. Women have limited and restricted
access to household and public resource to engage in the leadership role which is restricting

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women’s advancement not only in politics but also in other professional fields (UN
women,2016).

In Tanzania is among the 20 top Southern African Development Community (SADC) member
states to include in its constitution a clause that requires a minimum of 30% women
representation in Parliament. As a result, the percentage of women in cabinet in Tanzania has
increased in more than two folds since 2000 to 2012 from 13% to 30% respectively (SADC
2012). Despite these efforts, women are underrepresented in decision making positions
particularly in Tanzania. For example, in 2013 out of 55 ministers and deputy ministers, women
were only 15 (27.3%) (URT, 2014) and in 2015 the number has come down to 8 women out of
38 ministers (21.05%) women representation (URT, 2015). On the other hand, among the 372
members of the parliament in the 2015 elections, women are 136 which is 36% representation
(WB, 2015). This means that the country has not attained the 50% women representation as
stipulated in the Beijing Declaration and within the region of Africa. Even in the SDGs stipulate
that gender equality and empowerment of all girls and women in all aspects of life and levels is
fundamental for achieving these goals (UN, 2015).

Notions of traditional family roles impress upon both women and men the expectation that
women should bear the responsibility for a majority of household and child-raising tasks. Myriad
empirical studies continue to find that married women in two-career households continue to
perform 60-70 percent of household tasks (Dunatchik, A 2012 as cited in Achen and Stafford
2005; Bittman and Wacjman 2000). Because women have an additional expectation to fulfill
family responsibilities, many women find balancing careers with home life challenging, and
perceive the idea of running for office as an unappealing "third job"

Women in Somalia continue to face significant obstacles that limit their political leadership.
Along with institutional and financial constraints that prevent women from running for office,
women also face technical capacity challenges and other barriers including the central role of
clan-based power in the electoral process. This central role of clan-based power traditionally
opposed women’s political participation and inclusion in decision-making and heightened the
harassment and intimidation women candidates faced by their male counterparts and traditional
elders. In effect, women are not only discouraged, and sometimes even prohibited, from vying

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for public office, but once elected; women also find it difficult to participate effectively in key
political and legislative processes.

According Anzio (2011) asserts that women are not fully to be blamed for not participating in
political activities. This is because in most cases, women’s representation in leadership is
preferring by men culturally, in fact that has clearly made it very difficult for women for
accessing political advancement. Political parties in most cases act as “example” and hinder
women to access public seats in politics through lack of policies that should be aimed at ensuring
that women have been represented in a proper manner right from the beginning of their various
political position which reduces the opportunity of women leadership.

The above researches investigate the culture, economic and institutional challenges facing
political leadership on women and found that culture factor, economic factor and institutional
factor have negative impact on women’s political leadership whenever as culture barriers and
personal barriers increase, the woman opportunity in political participation will decrease and
whenever there is lack economic it will affect the women’s political participation. However,
these factors may vary from one country, or from one region to another, region within country,
therefore: these factors have merit from further investigation in Garowe, Puntland, Somalia.

Statement of the problem

Women’s Political leadership aims to enhance representation of the population in the governance
of society or nation. In the modern state, political leadership is encouraged as its vibrancy
represents legitimacy of regimes and maintains social order and status quo as people are able to
articulate their concerns and choices to political elites who accordingly respond. Most
constitutions worldwide provide for equality of rights between women and men including the
right to participate in politics and governance. The inclusion of the rights of women to universal
suffrage in the past 100 years has opened doorways for significant women’s participation in
political activity (winnie,2013)
Globally, the political participation of women in political leadership is increasingly low. Now the
global average of women parliamentarians is 19.5 percent. It falls below the 30% target that was
to be achieved by 2005.This target was set in the 1995 Beijing Platform for Action.

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In Puntland presidential elections on 8 January 2014, there are only two female parliamentarians
in the Puntland’s 66-member-house, five women ministers whereby two of them are full
ministers and other three are deputy ministers out of the 46-member-cabinet and 66 women
councilors (14%) out of 478 total councilors in Puntland (MOWDAFA, 2016). This study aims
to examine challenges facing on women’s political participation in parliaments in Garowe,
Puntland, Somalia.

Research objectives
General objective of the study
The general objective of this study is to examine challenges facing on women’s political
participation in parliaments in Garowe, Puntland, Somalia.

Specific objectives of the study

Based on general objective, this study follows the following specific objectives:

1. To examine the level of women participation in government institutions in Garowe

Puntland Somalia.
2. To examine challenges facing women in political participation of parliament house in
Garowe, Puntland, Somalia.
3. To find out the strategies used to overcome challenges facing women in political
participation of parliament house in Garowe, Puntland, Somalia.

Research questions
1. What is the level of women participation in government institutions in Garowe Puntland
Somalia?
2. What are challenges facing women in political participation of parliament house in
Garowe, Puntland, Somalia?
3. What are the strategies used to overcome challenges facing women in political
participation of parliament house in Garowe, Puntland, Somalia?

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Scope of the study
This study will be conduct in Garowe, Puntland, Somalia. The main aim of the study is to find
out what are the barriers of women toward the political participation of parliament seats in
Puntland Somalia. The variables to be examined in this study include challenges facing on
women political leadership, the study will focus how culture, economic and personal factors
effects women’s political leadership in Puntland parliament.This study will be conducted from
March to September, 2021.

Significance of the study

The research study will provide information on the issue of influence of culture, economic and
personal factor on women’s political leadership in Puntland parliament in Garowe, Puntland,
Somalia. Women leaders, NGOs and development organizations will use this research to get
information about women leadership in Garowe to contribute their environment.The government
will benefit this research to solve the challenges facing on women political leadership in
parliament.The other researchers will benefit from this research because they will get
information as an extensive literature by analyzing a gap for further research.

Operational definitions of the variables

Political: is to execute and change the way of life in different terms through power and maintain
the frames of social structures, lead people and whole society to the specific determined type.
whatever it is. it could be good, could be bad. Ideal politics would be to serve people and to do
what is necessary for the ultimate good of all the people

leadership: is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and

directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent.

Parliament:  is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three
functions: representing the electorate, making laws, and overseeing the government via hearings
and inquiries.

Culture:  refers to a group or community which shares common experiences that shape the way
its members understand the world. It includes groups that we are born into, such as race, national
origin, gender, class, or religion. It can also include a group we join or become part of

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Economy: a system which tries to balance the available resources of a country (land, labor,
capital and enterprise) against the wants and needs of consumers.

Personal beliefs:  is something you (or someone else) personally hold to be true. This belief may
be based on scientific facts, personal experience, what a person has heard from others (peers,
parents, teachers, etc.), or what a person wants to think is true because it is convenient or makes
them feel better. A personal belief is not necessarily the same as the belief commonly held by the
majority.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

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Introduction
Although there are many researchers who have studied this field internationally, yet there are no
academic researchers that have been written about this topic in the context of Puntland State of
Somalia. In accordance with that case, this research paper will study the challenges of women’s
political participation in Parliament House of Puntland State of Somalia. The researcher will
summarize some of the main thoughts and clarities wrote about this field. This chapter contains
the theoretical role of the variables, related studies, research gap and conceptual framework.

Theoretical role
Political participation of women in Somalia
Representation of women in parliament, in the literature, is taken to mean the involvement of
females in the highest decision-making arm of government- the legislature. The participation of
women in parliament can be passive, active or symbolic. According to Mosher (1968), on one
hand, passive representation implies the extent of congruence between the composition of
parliament and the society in which it is found. On the other hand, active representation of
women denotes a group of women who get to participate in making decisions and debating
policies in parliament that would eventually affect other women in society. According to Reid,
Miller and Kerr (2003), descriptive representation refers to the representation of a group (women
or men, for instance) in its proportion to its numbers in society but this does not imply either
active or passive representation. This forms the basis for this research. The researcher is
concerned about the proportional representation of women in the parliament of Lesotho without
considering the impact women make when they are in parliament.

Cook (1992:417) contend that descriptive representation- unlike substantive representation- is

less likely to advance the interests of the underrepresented group in the parliament.
Notwithstanding, the author maintains that before we talk of substantive representation, we first
have to assess the descriptive representation. In this respect, one has to first find out whether the
underrepresented group is available in decision-making and obstacles to its representation. It is
upon establishing its presence in decision-making and clearing the obstacles that militate against
its representativeness that we can now evaluate the impact it has in those settings. This is not

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contrary to the belief that those few elected women who make it to parliament have the potential
to help others to make it as well (Saltzsei, 1986; Dye and Renick, 1981; Eisinger, 1982).

Historically, women’s roles in society have been defined by the sometimes-opposing value
systems of Somali clan structure, customary law (or xeer), and Islamic Sharia. None of these
systems promote women’s engagement in politics. In contrast to many conservative Islamic
countries, however, Somali women always enjoyed a substantial degree of societal freedom and
independence.

During an anti-colonial demonstration in 1948 (Aidid, 2010). Acknowledging Somali women’s

role in the independence and the October Revolution of 1969 that brought him to power, on
International Women’s Day, 8 March 1972, President Mohamed Siad Barre publicly declared
that women “should attain full emancipation in all aspects of life,” and that the “Revolution
guarantees such rights and decrees laws to this effect.” While banning opposition parties and
social organizations, Barre actively encouraged the establishment of a government sanctioned
women’s organization. Even though understanding and studying the historical participation of
women in Somalia is important; studying the current status of women in political participation in
Somalia is equally imperative.

In Puntland, women have limited representation at the regional and federal level but have
secured 17% representation within local councils and have formed the Puntland Women
Councilors Network (Koshin, 2016: 11).

Challenges facing women’s political participation

Researchers identified sources of gender disparity having a significant influence on political
participation of women in parliament, namely: Political party rules, a masculine model of
politics, socio-economic factors, and education (Caul, 1999:83). However, scholars do not agree
on which factor holds more influence. In relation to patriarchy, scholars argue that party rules are
responsible for the gender disparity in parliaments. Some studies argue that the following factors
militate against women’s involvement in parliament:

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Socio-economic factors
The discourse here focuses mainly on socioeconomic development or economic modernity. In
connection with gender disparity in parliament, this argument asserts that economic development
is of paramount importance to expand the pool of women eligible for positions of social power
(Alexander and Welzel, 2007). The literature in this field holds that high economic development
is associated with a broader-based distribution of educational and occupational resources.
The more women gain access to education, employment and other substantive resources the
higher the possibility for them to develop their profession thereby establishing a larger pool of
women eligible for power positions such as political office (Alexander and Welzel, 2007:5).

The other side of the argument holds that the more women develop economically the more will
social services to the society increase and a decline will be realized in the field of reproductive
roles such as child-rearing and unpaid domestic work. Women then get a chance to pursue other
goals that could help them to develop their political career for instance.

Cultural factors
It is also dubbed the Human Development Perspective. This debate maintains that as women get
more educated they turn to reflect self-expression values that emphasize human choice and
autonomy, (Inglehart and Welzel, 2005).
This change in orientation caused by the rise in knowledge, in turn, emancipates women and
creates mass expectations targeted at making elites responsive and inclusive. Thus, rising
emancipative values lead to an increase in women’s involvement in parliament (Inglehart &
Norris, 2003).
In contrast, other studies have approached this cultural factor from a different angle. They turn to
incline toward the institutional forms in place and point out the nature of the interaction and
relationship between men and women. For these researchers, cultural norms and customary
practices play a greater role as far as women’s political participation is concerned (Bari, 2005).
Patriarchy seems to be at the centre of the discussion on cultural factors that influence the
position of women in public affairs. According to Appadorai (1974:35), patriarchy negatively
impacts the participation of women in politics, especially one that is characterized by male
kinship, permanent marriage and paternal authority.

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In summation, the scholarship has put forward that the socio-economic variables, education,
party rules, and the masculine model bear a significant measure of influence on gender disparity
and qualitative representation of women in politics. If women are educated and own more
resources and society is not having an adverse attitude on them, then there is a high probability
that they will be fairly represented in parliament. On the contrary, if politics are dominated by
men and the political rules drafted by men do not favor women in decision-making then women
will remain underrepresented in parliament.

Institutional factors

Another mechanism through which violent conflict can induce structural changes that affect the
supply of female politicians is institutional. Institutional constraints include barriers such as
political systems that operate through rigid schedules that do not take into consideration
women’s domestic responsibilities, and the type of electoral quotas used (if any) (Kangas,
Haider, Fraser, & Browne, 2015). The adoption of new electoral or party rules during or after
war may facilitate women’s entry into politics. Lack of adequate support structures to rectify
existing codified institutions to include women in political leadership and achieve gender
equality in global politics (Morobane, 2014).
Political parties do not want to implement reforms because they fear they would lose political
support and consequently, political power. They, therefore, oppose changes that are likely to
make them cede power. Perhaps this might be because of the fact that they would be serving
political parties that are patriarchal and practice dirty politics. A number of them appeared to be
blindly following political leaders with very little knowledge of what is going on.

Theoretical framework
The theoretical framework of this thesis is anchored on the Marxist feminism school of thought.
It is a set of theoretical frameworks that is a product of the intersection of Marxism and
feminism. The two schools of thought analyses forms of systematic inequalities that culminate in
the oppression of some marginalized individuals (Ehrenreich, 1976, Banks, 1986:38).
Marxism on its own examines the inequality that is brought about by the dynamics of capitalism.
Put differently, the theory is just feminism focused on examining and explicating the manner in
which women find themselves oppressed in the system of private property and capitalism. This

10
theory posits that the basis of oppression and exploitation in any capitalist society emerges from
class inequality (Ehrenreich, 1976). On one hand, feminism considers gender inequality to be the
basis for oppression in any society.
The purpose of the Marxist feminist framework is to discover a way that can transform the
society by changing the oppressive and exploitative conditions in order to liberate the oppressed
class. In other words, it is a framework that is critical and emancipatory in nature and aims to
comprehend gender oppression experiences in a systematic way (Holmstrom, 2002:160).

The theory posits that a radical restructuring of the capitalist system is necessary if the liberation
of women is to be realized. It is a sub-type or a combination of feminist ideology and Marxism
and attempts to dismantle capitalism with the purpose of liberating women under the patriarchal
society (Chesler, 2005).

According to the theory, women empowerment and equality between the sexes cannot be
realized as long as the two sexes interact under capitalism (Holmstrom, 2002:163). Unless the
capitalist structure is dismantled women empowerment cannot be achieved. The theory
recognizes that women are not a homogeneous group with similar interests and aspirations and
should not be treated as though they were a homogeneous stand-alone group (Holmstrom,
2002:160). It can be distinguished from other feminist schools of thought by its critical and
systematic approach to the economic organization of society, which includes stratification along
the class lines. It is also distinguishable by its commitment to end capitalism and by its
allegiance to working-class and oppressed or impoverished women.
Marxist feminism, in this study, facilitates an informed analysis of the two classes in society-
women and men. It explains the ways in which their interaction lacks equality. It helps the
researcher to explain the source of male-domination and preeminence in parliament contrary to
r4 women’s subordination. Moreover, the theory helps explain the ways in which men have
significant ownership and control over land and use it to perpetuate the status quo to the
suffering of women.

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Research gap
Although there are many researchers who have studied this field internationally, yet there are no
academic researchers that have been written about this topic in the context of Puntland State of
Somalia. The literature does not account for the factors that made it possible for other men to
make it to parliament in numbers. Over and above that, the factors that make the society to have
confidence in men than women are not accounted for in the literature.

Conceptual framework
Conceptual framework is the diagrammatic representation to show the relationship between
dependent variable and independent variable (Cooper and Schinder, 2013). The following
conceptual framework was developed to show the relationship between the independent
variables and the dependent variable under the study.

IV: CHALLENGES DV: POLITICAL

PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN
1. Cultural factors
1. Equality
2. Socio-economic factors 2. Benefits
3. Decision making
3. Institutional factors
4. Transformative leadership

Source: Literature Review. drag

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 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction
This chapter presents the methodology and procedure used in conducting the study. It comprises
of details about the area of study, research design, study population, sample size, sampling
techniques, methods of data collection, instruments to be used for the data collection, data
collection methods, instrumentation (validity and reliability test), ethical consideration and
limitations of the study.
Description of the study area
Puntland Parliament was conventional twenty-One (21) years after its establishment. The Sixty
elected government is in place. In December 2018, a new parliament consisting of sixty-six (66)
members was selected by traditional elders on the basis of clan distribution. Of the sixty-six (66)
members, sixteen (16) are returning from the previous parliament and Fifty (50) are new. There
are only one (1) Female is a member of the House of Representatives (HoR). The new
parliament elected a new Speaker, two new Deputy Speakers, a new President and a new Vice
President in January 2019.

The Puntland Parliament as the institution from which the government derives its legitimacy is
the most important pillar of the governance system of the Puntland state. As such, the institution
with its central role as the elector of the government for a five-year term apart from its common/
universal responsibilities of making law and oversight on the government agencies.

Research design
According to Kothari (2004), a research design can be conceived as the overall conceptual
structure through and within which research is conducted; it constitutes a blue print for
collection, measurement and analysis of data. The study will employ in assistance with
quantitative approach of data collection in so concerning to employ an explanatory research; the
researcher will place in action with the idea that there might challenges facing women in political
participation of parliament house in Garowe, Puntland, Somalia.

13
Target population
This study will be limited on Puntland parliament house. The target population of this study will
be 90 who are involve in parliament members, traditional elders, and members of women groups.
Simple random sampling will be used to select the respondents from Puntland parliament house,
traditional elders and women groups will be selected using purposive sampling.

Sample size and sample frame

The Study population is total of 190 which include members of parliament house of Puntland
State of Somalia, traditional elder and women groups.

To determine the sample size, we are use (Slovin1960 formula) which is (n = N/1+Ne2)

Where: n = the sample size

N = Size of the population
e = the margin of error

When we calculate n = N/1+Ne2

n = 90/1+90(0.05)2

n = 73 is our sample size

After sample size (n) is determined, for the 80% of the population the researcher is approach by
distributing questionnaires and additionally the researcher is interviewing the traditional elders
and women groups.

Sampling Categories
Categories Target Population Sample size Methods
Women groups 66 53 Simple R/sample
Traditional elders 12 10 Purposive sample
Member of 12 10 Purposive sample
Parliament
90 73

Sampling procedures

The researcher will employ both probability sampling and non-probability methods which are
suitable sampling technique. Considering this, the researcher will use non-probability sampling

14
from those of parliament will employ purposive sampling techniques. Other 66 respondents from
the women groups and elders house the researcher will employ simple random sampling
techniques.

Research Instruments
The research tools that will be used in this study are interview and questionnaire with closed
ended questions. Questionnaire is used in view of the reality that the study is concerned with
variables that cannot be observing such information is the best way of collecting data through
questionnaires (Saunders et al. 2009). 66 respondents will be used by the questionnaire. Other 24
respondents of traditional elders and parliament members, interview will be used to collect.
Data sources
This study relied on both secondary and primary sources of data. The secondary sources formed
part of the literature review as the researcher reviewed journals and other published and
unpublished sources. For primary sources of data, the researcher consulted field sources which
were the respondents to this study.

Data gathering/collection procedure

After approval of the proposal, the researchers will request /faculty an informant letter
(introductory letter). The researchers will distribute questionnaires and interview to the
respondents requesting to fill questionnaire honestly. Then the researcher will collect the
questionnaires when filled.

Validity test
The researcher worked closely with advisors during instrument construction process. All
materials construct forward to the supervisors for checking.

Reliability test
To test the reliability of instrument, test - retest method of reliability was employed in the study
during pilot study. This involved administering the same instrument twice to the same group of
subject with a time lapse between the first and second test of two weeks

15
Data analysis
This study will employ quantitative approach and data will be analyzed by using Excel. in
addition, the researchers use descriptive statistics: mean mode and frequency distribution. As
cited Fischer school state that descriptive statistical analyses performed on the sample groups to
obtain a clear understanding of the population and measures of central tendency (mean, median,
and other percentiles). In addition, the study will conduct a multiple regression analysis. The
multiple regression equation will be;

Y = β0 + β1X1 + β2X2 + β3X3 +ε

Ethical considerations
Researcher will consider ethical issues during research project, and this can be accomplished by
exercising privacy, confidentiality and anonymity/secrecy. Any anonymity and confidentiality of
the secret information will give high priority and this study will strictly, only academic purpose
and that utmost/greatest confidentiality would-be observed. Moreover, the researcher will respect
to maintain individual self-confidence.

Limitations of the study

The major limitations of this study are, firstly, the questionnaire will be structured by the
researchers; secondly, extraneous variable will be beyond the researcher’s control such as
respondents’ honesty, personal biases. Finally, there will language barrier which will decline the
understanding of respondents to the questionnaire; to enhance the validity of the study the
researchers will translate the questionnaire into Somali language.

16
Reference
Alexander, Amy C. &Welzel (2007). Four Theories Tested on Four Different Aspects of Gender

Equality. Irvine: University of California.

Appadorai (1974). The Substance of Politics. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Bari, Farzana (2005) “Women’s Political Participation: Issues and Challenges.” United Nations

Division for the Advancement of Women (DAW) EGM/WPD-EE/2005/EP.12.

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