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Transport Layer Protocols: Computer
Transport Layer Protocols: Computer
Lecture 9
Transport Layer Protocols
Packets
Error Control
Note
UDP packets, called user datagrams, have a fixed-size header of 8 bytes. Figure
14.2 shows the format of a user datagram.
In this section, we discuss what portions of those general services are provided by
UDP.
Figure 14.3 Pseudoheader for checksum calculation
Figure 14.5 Encapsulation and decapsulation
Figure 14.6 Queues in UDP
Figure 14.7 Multiplexing and demultiplexing
Note
Stream of bytes
Figure 15.4 TCP segments
Segment N Segment 1
H H
9-5 TCP FEATURES
Solution
The following shows the sequence number for each segment:
Note
IP
header
Frame
header
TCP payload
IP payload
Data-link layer payload
9-7 A TCP CONNECTION
TCP is connection-oriented. It establishes a virtual
path between the source and destination. All of the
segments belonging to a message are then sent over
this virtual path. You may wonder how TCP, which
uses the services of IP, a connectionless protocol,
can be connection-oriented. The point is that a TCP
connection is virtual, not physical. TCP operates at a
higher level. TCP uses the services of IP to deliver
individual segments to the receiver, but it controls the
connection itself. If a segment is lost or corrupted, it is
retransmitted.
Figure 15.9 Connection establishment using three-way handshake
seq: 8000
UAPRS F
SYN
seq: 15000
ack: 8001
nd: 5000
U A P R S F rw
SYN + ACK
seq: 8000
ack: 15001
UAPRS F
rwnd: 10000
ACK
Means “no data” !
seq: 8001 if piggybacking
9-8 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
SCTP is a message-oriented,
reliable protocol that combines the
best features of UDP and TCP.
Comparison
UDP: Message-oriented, Unreliable
TCP: Byte-oriented, Reliable
SCTP
◦ Message-oriented, Reliable
◦ Other innovative features
◦ Association, Data transfer/Delivery
◦ Fragmentation, Error/Congestion Control
9-9 SCTP SERVICES