CARL JUNG  Different from instinct
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY  Instinct and archetypes are both unconsciously determined
 Jung believed that we are motivated not only by repressed
experiences but also by a certain emotionally toned
experiences inherited from our ancestors.
LEVELS OF PSYCHE
 Mind has both conscious and unconscious level.
 Unlike Freud, Jung believed that the most important
portion of unconscious springs from distant past of human
existence.
CONSCIOUS
 Sensed by ego/ represent by ego
 Unconscious has no relationship with ego
 More restricted compared to Freud’s
 Center of consciousness but not the core of personality
EGO
 Not the whole personality but must be completed by more
comprehensive self
SELF
 Center of personality that is largely unconscious.
 Healthy individuals are in contact with their conscious
world
 Also allow themselves to experience unconscious
PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS
 Individual experiences
 Embraces all the repressed, forgotten and subliminally
perceived experiences of one particular individual.
 Contains repressed, infantile memories, forgotten events
 Formed by individual experiences, unique with each other
 Some images can be easily recalled, some are with
difficulties
Complexes
 Contents of personal unconscious
 Emotionally toned conglomeration of associated ideas
 Largely personal; partly derived from humanity’s
collective experience
 Partly conscious
 May stem from both the personal and collective
unconscious
COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS
 Has roots in the ancestral part of the species
 Physical content are inherited and pass from one generation
to the next as psychic energy
 contents of the collective unconscious are more or less the
same for all people in all culture
 Does not refer to inherited ideas rather to human’s innate
tendency to react in a particular way whenever their
experiences stimulate biologically inherited response
tendency.
 Innate potential requires an individual experiences before it
will become activated.
ARCHETYPES
 ancient or archaic images derived from all collective
unconscious
 Similar to complexes but generalized and derived from its
content of the collective unconscious.
and shape personality
 Have biological basis but originate through the repeated
experiences of human’s early ancestors
 Each person has countless archetypes
DREAMS
 Main source of archetype material
 Produce motif that could have not been known to the
dreamer through personal experience
 Often coincides with those known to ancient people or
natives of contemporary aboriginal tribes.
 Jung believed that the hallucinations of psychotic patients
offered evidence of archetypes
 Kinds of archetypes are: persona, shadow, anima, animus,
great mother, wise old man, hero, and self.
PERSONA
 The kind of personality that we show to the world
 Refers to mask worn by actors in drama
 Originated with Jung’s no.1 personality (extravert)
 We should not confuse our public face with our complete
self
 We remain unconscious of our individuality and blocked
from attaining self-realization
 Balance between the demands of society and who we truly
are
SHADOW
 Archetypes of darkness and repression
 Qualities we do not want to acknowledge but attempt to
hide from ourselves and others.
 Consists of morally objectionable tendencies and
constructive and creative qualities that we are reluctant to
face
 We must know our shadow to be whole – “realization of
shadow”
 People who never realize their shadow come under its
power and lead tragic life; running into bad luck and
reaping harvests of defeat and discouragement for
themselves.
 First test of courage
ANIMA
 Feminine side of men
 Jung believed all humans are psychologically bisexual and
possess both masculine and feminine side
 Even more difficult than becoming acquainted with shadow
 Originate in the collective unconscious as archetypes
 Second test of courage – men must overcome their shadow
to realize feminine side
 Originated from early men’s experiences with women
which become embedded in the collective unconscious
ANIMUS
 Masculine archetype of women
 Symbolic: thinking and reasoning
 Influencing the thinking of a woman but does not actually
belong to her – belongs to collective unconscious
 Also an explanation for the irrational thinking and illogical
opinions often attributed to women
 Opinions help by women are objectively valid
 Women’s projects her distant ancestor experiences with
men onto the unsuspecting man
 Appears in dreams, visions, and fantasies in a personified
form
 When woman was dominated by her animus, no logical or
emotional appeal can shake her beliefs
GREAT MOTHER
 Fertility and power
 Men and women possess a great mother archetypes
 Associated with both positive and negative feelings
 Represents two opposing forces:
a. Fertility and nourishment – capable of producing and
sustaining life
Symbols: tree, garden,
plowed field, sea, heaven,
home, country, church and
hollow objects like oven and
cooking utensils
b. Power and destruction – devour or neglect her
offspring
Symbols: godmother, the
mother of god, Mother
Nature, mother earth,
stepmother or witch
 Fascination of man and woman to mother in the absence of
personal experience is taken by Jung as evidence of great
mother
 Power and fertility rebirth – represented by the process of
reincarnation, baptism, resurrection and individualism of
self-realization
 People are moved by the desire to be reborn; that is to reach
self-realization, nirvana, heaven or perfection
WISE OLD MAN
 Symbolized life itself
 Archetype for wisdom and meaning
 Symbolizes human’s preexisting knowledge of mysteries of
life
 Unconscious and cannot be directly experience by
individual
 Man and woman dominated by the wise old man archetype
and may gather a large following of disciples by using
verbiage that sounds profound but make little sense.
Collective unconscious cannot directly imparts its wisdom
to an individual
 Danger of society when swayed by their words
 Symbols in dreams: father, grandfather, teacher,
philosopher, guru, doctor and priest
 Fairytales: king, sage, or magician, who comes to aid the
trouble protagonist
HERO
 Represented in mythology and legends as a powerful
person, sometimes part god or in the form of dragons,
monster, serpents or demons
 Often undone by insignificant person or even performed by
someone vulnerable
 Image hero touches an archetype within us as demonstrated
by our fascination with heroes in novels, movies, tv
dramas, plays
 When hero conquers villain – he/she frees us from feelings
of impotence and misery
 It is a model of ideal personality
 Origin: goes back to earliest human history: dawn of
consciousness
 Overcoming the villain: hero overcoming darkness of pre
human unconsciousness
 Ancestors greatest accomplishments
THE SELF
 It is the inherited tendency to move forward for growth,
perfection and completion
 Archetype of all archetypes because it unites other
archetypes to form self-realization
 Conscious and personal unconscious but mostly formed by
collective unconscious images
 The ultimate symbol: MANDALA which is depicted as a
circle within a square and a square within a circle
 Mandala represents the strivings of the collective
unconscious for unity, balance and wholeness
 Self includes both personal and collective unconscious
images
 Overabundance of self thus lack “soul spark” of personality
 Overpowered by unconscious are often pathological, with
one sided personality
 Self is almost never perfectly balanced
 People have in their unconscious the perfect, unified self
 In collective unconscious, self appears in the form of Jesus
Christ, Buddha, Krishna
 According to Jung, psychotic to Jung, psychotic patients
have an increased number of mandala during their period of
serious psychotic disorder
SUMMARY
1. Self includes both the conscious and unconscious mind
2. It unites the opposing elements of psyche – male, female,
good, evil, light and dark forces
3. Opposing elements are represented by yin and yang
4. Self is represented by mandala
5. Mandala stands for unity, totality and order (self-
realization)
6. Complete self-realization is seldom achieve but as an ideal
it exists within the collective unconscious of everyone
7. To achieve or fully experience self, people must overcome
their fear of unconscious, prevent persona from dominating
personality; recognize dark side of themselves, master great
courage to face their anima and animus.
DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
CAUSALITY AND TELEOLOGY
 Causality holds that present events have their origin in
previous experiences
 Teleology holds that present events are motivated by goals
and aspirations for the future that direct a person’s destiny.
 Jung insisted that human behavior is shaped by both causal
and teleological forces and causal explanations must be
balanced with teleological ones.
 According to Jung balance is seen in his conception of
dreams
DREAMS
Dreams Dreams can
springs from help a person
past events, make
caused by decisions
earlier about the
experience future
PROGRESSION AND REGRESSION
 To achieve self-realization, people must adapt not only to
their outside environment but to their inner world as well.
 PROGRESSION: Adaptation to the outside world
involves the forward flow of psychic energy. Progression
inclines a person to react consistently to a given set of
environmental conditions.
 REGRESSION: adaptation to the inner world relies on a
backward flow of psychic energy. Jung (1961) believed that
the regressive step is necessary to create a balanced
personality and to grow toward self-realization.
 Regression activates the unconscious psyche, an essential
aid in the solution of most problems.
 Alone, neither progression nor regression leads to
development. Either can bring about too much one-
sidedness and failure in adaptation; but the two, working
together, can activate the process of healthy personality
development (Jung, 1928/1960).
PSYCOLOGICAL TYPES
ATTITUDE
 Jung (1921/1971) defined an attitude as a predisposition to
act or react in a characteristic direction.
 He insisted that each person has both an introverted and an
extraverted attitude, although one may be conscious while
the other is unconscious.
 introversion and extraversion serve in a compensatory
relationship to one another and can be illustrated by the
yang and yin motif
INTROVERSION
 According to Jung, introversion is the turning inward of
psychic energy with an orientation toward the subjective.
 Introverts are tuned in to their inner world with all its
biases, fantasies, dreams, and individualized perceptions.
 These people perceive the external world, of course, but
they do so selectively and with their own subjective view.
 Two episodes in Jung’s life that show evidence of
introversion:
1. During his adolescence, when his no. 2
personality became cognizant
2. During his midlife, when he carried
conversation with his anima.
EXTRAVERSION
 In contrast to introversion, extraversion is the attitude
distinguished by the turning outward of psychic energy so
that a person is oriented toward the objective and away
from the subjective.
 Extraverts are more influenced by their surroundings than
by their inner world
 They tend to focus on the objective attitude while
suppressing the subjective.
 Like Jung’s childhood No. 1 personality, they are
pragmatic and well rooted in the realities of everyday life.
At the same time, they are overly suspicious of the
subjective attitude, whether their own or that of someone
else.
SUMMARY:
1. In summary, people are neither completely introverted
nor completely extraverted. Introverted people are like
an unbalanced teeter-totter with a heavy weight on one
end and a very light weight on the other
2. Conversely, extraverted people are unbalanced in the
other direction, with a heavy extraverted attitude and a
very light introverted one
3. However, psychologically healthy people attain a
balance of the two attitudes, feeling equally
comfortable with their internal and their external
worlds
FUNCTIONS
 Both introversion and extraversion can combine with any
one or more of four functions, forming eight possible
orientations, or types.
 4 FUNCTIONS:
1. Sensing – tells people that something exists.
2. Thinking – enables them to recognize its meaning
3. Feeling – its value/worth
4. Intuiting – allows them to know about it without
knowing how they know
THINKING
 Logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of ideas
is called thinking.
 The thinking type can be either extraverted or introverted,
depending on a person’s basic attitude.
 ENTRAVERTED THINKING - People rely heavily on
concrete thoughts, but they may also use abstract ideas if
these ideas have been transmitted to them from without, for
example, from parents or teachers.
 INTROVERTED THINKING - people react to external
stimuli, but their interpretation of an event is colored more
by the internal meaning they bring with them than by the
objective facts themselves.
- When carried to an extreme, introverted thinking
results in unproductive mystical thoughts that are so
individualized that they are useless to any other person
FEELING
 Jung used the term feeling to describe the process of
evaluating an idea or event.
 Perhaps a more accurate word would be valuing, a term
less likely to be confused with either sensing or intuiting.
 Feeling is the evaluation of every conscious activity, even
those valued as indifferent.
 Most of these evaluations have no emotional content, but
they are capable of becoming emotions if their intensity
increases to the point of stimulating physiological changes
within the person.
 EXTRAVERTED FEELING - people use objective data
to make evaluations.
- They are not guided so much by their subjective
opinion, but by external values and widely accepted
standards of judgment.
- They are likely to be at ease in social situations,
knowing on the spur of the moment what to say and
how to say it.
- They are usually well liked because of their
sociability, but in their quest to conform to social
standards, they may appear artificial, shallow, and
unreliable.
- Their value judgments will have an easily detectable
false ring.
- Often becomes business men and politicians
 INTROVERTED FEELING - people base their value
judgments primarily on subjective perceptions rather than
objective facts.
- These people have an individualized conscience,
a taciturn demeanor, and an unfathomable
psyche.
- They ignore traditional opinions and beliefs, and
their nearly complete indifference to the objective
world (including people) often causes persons
 around them to feel uncomfortable and to cool - Their subjective intuitive perceptions are often
their attitude toward them. remarkably strong and capable of motivating
decisions of monumental magnitude.
SENSING - Introverted intuitive people, such as mystics,
prophets, surrealistic artists, or religious fanatics,
 The function that receives physical stimuli and transmits
often appear peculiar to people of other types
them to perceptual consciousness.
who have little comprehension of their motives.
 Sensing is not identical to the physical stimulus but is
- Actually, Jung (1921/1971) believed that
simply the individual’s perception of sensory impulses.
introverted intuitive people may not clearly
 These perceptions are not dependent on logical thinking or
understand their own motivations, yet they are
feeling but exist as absolute, elementary facts within each
deeply moved by them.
person.
 EXTRAVERTED SENSING - people perceive external
stimuli objectively, in much the same way that these stimuli
exist in reality. Their sensations are not greatly influenced DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY
by their subjective attitudes.
 INTROVERTED SENSING - Introverted sensing people STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
are largely influenced by their subjective sensations of
 Jung grouped the stages of life into four general periods—
sight, sound, taste, touch, and so forth.
childhood, youth, middle life, and old age.
- They are guided by their interpretation of sense
 He compared the trip through life to the journey of the sun
stimuli rather than the stimuli themselves.
through the sky, with the brightness of the sun representing
- They give a subjective interpretation to objective
consciousness.
phenomena yet are able to communicate meaning
 The early morning sun is childhood, full of potential, but
to others.
still lacking in brilliance (consciousness);
- When the subjective sensing attitude is carried to
 the morning sun is youth, climbing toward the zenith, but
its extreme, however, it may result in
unaware of the impending decline;
hallucinations or esoteric and incomprehensible
 the early afternoon sun is middle life, brilliant like the late
speech (Jung, 1921/1971).
morning sun, but obviously headed for the sunset;
 the evening sun is old age, its once bright consciousness
now markedly dimmed

CHILDHOOD
INTUITING
 Jung divided childhood into three sub stages: (1) the
 Involves perception beyond the workings of consciousness. anarchic, (2) the monarchic, and (3) the dualistic.
 It is based on the perception of absolute elementary facts,  The anarchic phase is characterized by chaotic and
ones that provide the raw material for thinking and feeling. sporadic consciousness. “Islands of consciousness” may
 It is more creative, often adding or subtracting elements exist, but there is little or no connection among these
from conscious sensation. islands.
 EXTRAVERTED INTUITIVE PEOPLE - are oriented  Experiences of the anarchic phase sometimes enter
toward facts in the external world. consciousness as primitive images, incapable of being
- Rather than fully sensing them, however, they accurately verbalized.
merely perceive them subliminally.  The monarchic phase of childhood is characterized by the
- Because strong sensory stimuli interfere with development of the ego and by the beginning of logical and
intuition, intuitive people suppress many of their verbal thinking.
sensations and are guided by hunches and  During this time children see themselves objectively and
guesses contrary to sensory data. often refer to themselves in the third person.
 INTROVERTED INTUITIVE PEOPLE - are guided by  The islands of consciousness become larger, more
unconscious perception of facts that are basically subjective numerous, and inhabited by a primitive ego.
and have little or no resemblance to external reality.  Although the ego is perceived as an object, it is not yet
aware of itself as perceiver.
 The ego as perceiver arises during the dualistic phase of
Examples of the eight Jungian types
childhood when the ego is divided into the objective and
Functions Attitudes subjective.
Introversion Extraversion  Children now refer to themselves in the first person and are
Thinking Philosophers, Research aware of their existence as separate individuals.
theoretical scientists,  During the dualistic period, the islands of consciousness
scientists, accountants, become continuous land, inhabited by an ego-complex that
some mathematician recognizes itself as both object and subject (Jung,
inventors s 1931/1960a).
Feeling Subjective Real estate
YOUTH
movie critics, appraisers,
art appraisers objective  The period from puberty until middle life
movie critics  According to Jung (1931/1960a), youth is, or should be, a
Sensing Artists, Wine tasters, period of increased activity, maturing sexuality, growing
classical proofreaders, consciousness, and recognition that the problem-free era of
musicians popular childhood is gone forever.
musicians,  The major difficulty facing youth is to overcome the natural
house painters tendency (found also in middle and later years) to cling to
Intuiting Prophets, Some
mystics, inventors,
religious religious
fanatics reformers
 the narrow consciousness of childhood, thus avoiding
problems pertinent to the present time of life.
 This desire to live in the past is called the conservative
principle.
MIDDDLE LIFE
 Jung believed that middle life begins at approximately age
35 or 40
 Middle life is also a period of tremendous potential.
 People who have lived youth by neither childish nor
middle-aged values are well prepared to advance to middle
life and to live fully during that stage.
 They are capable of giving up the extraverted goals of
youth and moving in the introverted direction of expanded
consciousness.
 Their psychological health is not enhanced by success in
business, prestige in society, or satisfaction with family
life.
OLD LIFE
 As the evening of life approaches, people experience a
diminution of consciousness just as the light and warmth of
the sun diminish at dusk.
 If people fear life during the early years, then they will
almost certainly fear death during the later ones.
 Fear of death is often taken as normal, but Jung believed
that death is the goal of life and that life can be fulfilling
only when death is seen in this light.
SELF-REALIZATION
 Psychological rebirth also called individuation is the
process of becoming an individual or whole person.
 It is the process of integrating the opposite poles into a
single homogeneous individual.
 This process of “coming to selfhood” means that a person
has all psychological components functioning in unity, with
no psychic process atrophying.
 People who have gone through this process have achieved
realization of the self, minimized their persona, recognized
their anima or animus, and acquired a workable balance
between introversion and extraversion.
 In addition, these self-realized individuals have elevated
all four of the functions to a superior position, an extremely
difficult accomplishment
 The self-realized person must allow the unconscious self to
become the core of personality.
 To merely expand consciousness is to inflate the ego and to
produce a one-sided person who lacks the soul spark of
personality.
 The self-realized person is dominated neither by
unconscious processes nor by the conscious ego but
achieves a balance between all aspects of personality.
“If you call me an occultist because I am seriously investigating
religious, mythological, folkloristic and philosophical fantasies in
modern individuals and ancient texts, then you are bound to
diagnose Freud as a sexual pervert since he is doing likewise with
sexual fantasies”
-Carl Jung’s letter to Calvin Hall
WORD ASSOCIATION TEST
 His original purpose in using the word association test was
to demonstrate the validity of Freud’s hypothesis that the
unconscious operates as an autonomous process.
 However, the basic purpose of the test in Jungian
psychology today is to uncover feeling-toned complexes.
 The word association test is based on the principle that
complexes create measurable emotional responses.
DREAM ANALYSIS
 Jung believed that dreams should be taken seriously and
dreams spring from the unconscious and their latent
meaning are expressed in symbolic form.
 Dreams are our unconscious and spontaneous attempt to
know the unknowable, to comprehend a reality that can
only be expressed symbolically.
 The purpose of Jungian dream interpretation is to uncover
elements from the personal and collective unconscious and
to integrate them into consciousness in order to facilitate
the process of self-realization.
 Jung believed that the natural condition of humans is to
move toward completion or self-realization.
 Thus, if a person’s conscious life is incomplete in a certain
area, then that person’s unconscious self will strive to
complete that condition through the dream process.
 Jung felt that certain dreams offered proof for the existence
of the collective unconscious.
 Big dreams - have special meaning for all people
 Typical dreams - those that are common to most people.
These dreams include archetypal figures, such as mother,
father, God, devil, or wise old man. They may also touch
on archetypal events, such as birth, death, and separation
from parents, baptism, marriage, flying, or exploring a
cave. They may also include archetypal objects, such as
sun, water, fish, snakes, or predatory animals.
 Earliest dreams - These dreams can be traced back to
about age 3 or 4 and contain mythological and symbolic
images and motifs that could not have reasonably been
experienced by the individual child.
ACTIVE IMAGINATION
 A technique Jung used during his own self-analysis as well
as with many of his patients was active imagination.
 This method requires a person to begin with any impression
—a dream image, vision, picture, or fantasy—and to
concentrate until the impression begins to “move.”
 The person must follow these images to wherever they lead
and then courageously face these autonomous images and
freely communicate with them.
 The purpose of active imagination is to reveal archetypal
images emerging from the unconscious.
 It can be a useful technique for people who want to become
better acquainted with their collective and personal
unconscious and who are willing to overcome the
resistance that ordinarily blocks open communication with
the unconscious.
 Jung believed it has more advantaged over dream analysis
because the mind is in conscious state thus making the
images
PSYCHOTHERAPY
Jung (1931/1954b) identified four basic approaches to
therapy, representing four developmental stages in the history of
psychotherapy.
1. Confession of a pathogenic secret – cathartic method used
by Josef Breuer to his patient Anna O. For patients who
merely have a need to share their secrets, catharsis is
effective.
2. interpretation, explanation, and elucidation - gives the of Jung’s personality types and is often used by school
patients insight into the causes of their neuroses, but may counselors to direct students toward rewarding avenues of
still leave them incapable of solving social problems. study.
3. Approach adopted by Adler - includes the education of
patients as social beings. Unfortunately, says Jung, this Personality Type and Investing Money
approach often leaves patients merely socially well
 Filbeck and colleagues (2005) used the MBTI to determine
adjusted.
which of Jung’s personality types were more likely to
4. Transformation - he meant that the therapist must first be
tolerate risk when investing money. The MBTI is a self-
transformed into a healthy human being, preferably by
report measure with items that assess each of the eight
undergoing psychotherapy. Only after transformation and
Jungian personality types outlined in Table 4.1.
an established philosophy of life is the therapist able to help
 To measure risk tolerance when investing money, the
patients move toward individuation, wholeness, or self-
researchers used a questionnaire on which people were
realization.
presented with several different hypothetical situations of
 The ultimate purpose of Jungian therapy is to help neurotic
either increasing or decreasing their wealth.
patients become healthy and to encourage healthy people to
 Based on responses to these hypothetical situations, the
work independently toward self-realization.
researchers were able to determine at which point (i.e.,
 Jung also admitted the importance of Transference.
what percentage gain/loss) people felt their investments
 Jung also recognized the process of countertransference, a
were too volatile and risky. The researchers recruited a
term used to describe a therapist’s feelings toward the
sample of students and adults to complete the MBTI and
patient.
risk tolerance questionnaire and then tested their
 Like transference, countertransference can be either a help
hypothesis that some personality types would tolerate more
or a hindrance to treatment, depending on whether it leads
risk than others.
to a better relationship between doctor and patient,
something that Jung felt was indispensable to successful Personality Type and Interest in and Attrition from
psychotherapy. Engineering
CONCEPT OF HUMANITY  A study in the Journal of Psychological Type examined
whether personality type and fit predicted interest in and
 Jung’s saw humans as complex beings of two opposing
attrition from engineering in a sample of engineering
poles.
majors at Georgia Tech (Thomas, Benne, Marr, Thomas, &
 To him, people are motivated partly by conscious thoughts,
Hume, 2000). The researchers looked at 195 students (72%
partly by images from their personal unconscious, and
male) enrolled in a known “weeding out” engineering
partly by latent memory traces inherited from their
class (electricity and magneticism), where 30% of the
ancestral past. Their motivation comes from both causal
students traditionally received grades below a C. The
and teleological factors.
students completed the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
 The complex makeup of humans invalidates any simple or
(MBTI) in a laboratory session. Thomas and colleagues
one-sided description.
predicted MBTI scores would be related to scores on the
 According to Jung, each person is a composition of
final exam, grade for the course, and withdrawing from the
opposing forces.
course. As might be expected, results showed that as a
 No one is completely introverted or totally extraverted; all
group, the sample was overrepresented by the Thinking
male or all female; solely a thinking, feeling, sensing, or
(75%), Introversion (57%), and Judging (56%) types and
intuitive person; and no one proceeds invariably in the
was almost evenly split on Intuitive-Sensing (51% Sensing).
direction of either progression or regression.
More importantly, students who withdrew from the course
 The persona is but a fraction of an individual. What one
had high scores on the Extraversion and Feeling scales,
wishes to show others is usually only the socially
with 96% of the dropouts scoring high on at least one of
acceptable side of personality. Every person has a dark
those scales. Interestingly, personality type was not related
side, a shadow, and most try to conceal it from both society
to course grades.
and themselves. In addition, each man possesses an anima
and every woman an animus.
 On the dimension of biological versus social aspects of
personality, Jung’s theory leans strongly in the direction of
biology.
 The collective unconscious, which is responsible for so
many actions, is part of our biological inheritance. Except
for the therapeutic potential of the doctor-patient
relationship, Jung had little to say about differential effects
of specific social practices. In fact, in his studies of various
 Cultures, he found the differences to be superficial, the
similarities profound.
 Thus, analytical psychology can also be rated high on
similarities among people and low on individual
differences.

RELATED STUDIES

 Jung’s approach to personality was very influential in the

early development of personality psychology.Today, most
research related to Jung focuses on his descriptions of
personality types. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
(MBTI; Myers, 1962) is the most frequently used measure