1 Heat and Gases Chapter 2 Heat and Internal Energy

2 Heat and Internal Energy

Practice 2.1 (p.28) Apply c =
Q
.
1 D mT
645
2 C cP = = 129 J kg1 C1
1(5)
3 B
5850
4 A cQ = = 234 J kg1 C1
5(5)
5 (a) Energy transferred 11 540
= Pt = 5  0.5 = 2.5 kW h cR = = 385 J kg1 C1
3(10)
(b) Energy transferred 10 460
cS = = 523 J kg1 C1
= Pt = 5  1000  30  60 = 9  10 J 6
2(10)
6 Power of the heater 2 C
Q 600  1000 Q
= = = 1000 W P=  Q (constant t)
t 10  60 t
Q 1100  1000 3 D
Time needed = = = 1100
P 1000
4 C
s
5 C
7 (a) The statement is incorrect.
6 A
Temperature accounts for the average
7 B
kinetic energy of the molecules in an
8 Energy required
object, while internal energy is the sum
= mcT
of the kinetic and potential energy of all
= 1.75  3770  (60 – 20)
the molecules in an object. A drop of hot
= 2.64  105 J
water has a higher temperature than the
9 Copper has a higher temperature rise than
water in an ocean, but the ocean has
water.
more internal energy than the drop of hot
According to Q = mcT, for the same amount
water since it contains much more
of energy and equal mass, the lower the
molecules.
specific heat capacity, the larger the
(b) The statement is incorrect.
temperature change is.
Heat always flows from a body with
Since the specific heat capacity of copper is
higher temperature to a body with lower
lower than that of water, the temperature rise
temperature. However, an object having
in copper is higher.
more internal energy does not mean that
10 Let T be the temperature of the soup after
it has a higher temperature.
5 minutes.
By Q = Pt = mcT,
Practice 2.2 (p.45) 200  5  60 = 0.5  3500  (T  20)
1 D
T = 54.3 C

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1 Heat and Gases Chapter 2 Heat and Internal Energy

The temperature of the soup after 5 minutes is By Q = Pt = mcT,

54.3 C. 1500  t = 130  1000  (28  20)
11 By Q = Pt = mcT, t = 693 s
1500  t = 2  1970  (90  25) It takes 693 s to heat up the air.
t = 171 s (b) Let T be the room temperature after
The time required is 171 s. 5 minutes.
12 The toast will get cold faster. By Q = Pt = mcT,
The noodle soup has much higher water 0.5  1500  5  60
content than the toast. Therefore, the noodle = 130  1000  (T  28)
soup has a higher heat capacity and cools T = 29.7 C
more slowly. The room temperature after 5 minutes is
13 Let c be the specific heat capacity of the ham. 29.7 C.
Apply Q = mcT. 18 (a) Heat flows from the metal block to the
Energy lost by water = energy gained by ham water bath.
1  4200  (90  70) = 0.5  c  (70  5) (b) Let C be the heat capacity of the metal
1 1
c = 2580 J kg C block.
The specific heat capacity of the ham is Apply Q = CT and Q = mcT.
1 1
2580 J kg C . Energy lost by metal block
14 Let T be the temperature of the noodles after = energy gained by water bath
adding water. Apply Q = mcT. C  (100  31.7)
Energy lost by hot water = 5  4200  (31.7  27)
= energy gained by noodles C = 1450 J C1
0.2  4200  (90  T) The heat capacity of the metal block is
= 0.08  2000  (T  20) 1450 J C–1
T = 78.8 C 19 Let T be the final temperature of the mixture
The temperature of the noodles after adding and c be the specific heat capacity of the
water is 78.8 C. liquid.
Q Apply Q = mcT.
15 C = = slope of the graph
T Energy lost by liquid at 80 C
50 000  0
= = energy gained by liquid at 30 C
200  0
2  c  (80  T) = 5  c  (T  30)
= 250 J C1
T = 44.3 C
Q 56 000  34 000
16 c= = = 4580 J kg– The final temperature is 44.3 C.
mT 0.2  ( 47  23)
20 Since water has a very high specific heat
1
°C–1
capacity, it can absorb a lot of energy with
17 (a) Let t be the time required to heat up the
only a small temperature rise. Hence water is
air.

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1 Heat and Gases Chapter 2 Heat and Internal Energy

suitable to be used as a coolant in motor cars The energy supplied by the heater is equal to
and air-conditioners. the energy gained by the block plus the energy
21 The specific heat capacity of water is very loss to the surroundings.
high. This prevents the balloon from  J2  J1 > mcT
overheating and thus popping. J 2  J1
c<
Revision exercise 2 mT
Concept traps (p.49) 14 C
1 F Q Pt
c= =
mT mT
Heat is the energy transferred between two
400  60
bodies as a result of a temperature difference, =
2   25  15
but not the internal energy difference.
= 1200 J kg1 C1
Moreover, cold water may have more internal
15 (HKCEE 2007 Paper 2 Q10)
energy if its mass is greater than the hot water.
16 (HKCEE 2008 Paper 2 Q34)
2 F
17 (HKCEE 2010 Paper 2 Q33)
The final temperature of the two blocks also
18 (HKDSE 2012 Paper 1A Q1)
depends on their masses and specific heat
capacities.
Conventional questions (p.51)
19 (a) Energy gained by the water
Multiple-choice questions (p.49)
= mcT 1M
3 B
= 3  4200  (15 – 12)
4 A
= 37 800 J 1A
5 B
(b) Average rate of energy transfer
Let m be the mass of the water.
Q
Apply Q = mcT. = 1M
t
Energy gained by water 37 800
=
= energy lost by block 5  60
m  4200  (35  20) = 2  480  (100  35) = 126 W 1A
m = 0.990 kg (c) Let T be the initial temperature of the
6 A iron sphere.
7 B Apply Q = CT.
8 B Energy gained by water
9 A = energy lost by sphere
10 C 37 800 = 576  (T – 15) 1M
11 A T = 80.6 °C 1A
12 C The initial temperature of the iron sphere
13 B is 80.6 °C.

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1 Heat and Gases Chapter 2 Heat and Internal Energy

Q C = 663 J C1 1A
20 (a) P= 1M
t The heat capacity of the noodles is
mcT
= 1M 663 J C1.
t
23 (a) By Q = mcT,
0.6  4200  (70  10)
= (i) Energy lost by the copper block
1.5  60
= 5  385  (70 – T)
= 1680 W 1A
= 134 750 – 1925T
 135 000 – 1930T 1A
(b) The actual power is higher 1A
(ii) Energy lost by the steel block
because energy is lost to the kettle and
= 2  450  (90 – T)
the surroundings. 1A
= 81 000 – 900T 1A
21 (a) Let T be the temperature of water in Z.
(iii) Energy gained by the water
Apply Q = mcT.
= 9  4200  (T – 10)
Energy gained by water at 20 C
= 37 800T – 378 000 1A
= energy lost by water at 30 C
(b) (134 750 – 1925T) + (81 000 – 900T)
5  4200  (T – 20)
= 37 800T – 378 000 1M
= 7  4200  (30 –T) 1M
T = 14.6 C 1A
T = 25.8 °C 1A
24 (a) Energy gained by water
The temperature of the water in Z is
= mcT 1M
25.8 °C.
= 0.3  4200  (23 – 8)
(b) The temperature of the mixture in Z is
= 18 900 J 1A
the same as (a). 1A
(b) Average rate of gaining energy
Since m1cWT1 = m2cWT2,
18 900
m1T1 = m2T2 1A = 1M
5  60
The specific heat capacity cW does not
= 63 W 1A
affect the temperature in Z.
(c) The answer would be smaller 1A
22 (a) By Q = mcT and Q = CT, 1M
because less energy is gained by the
energy needed
water from the surrounding. 1A
= (0.8  4200 + 192)  (90  20)
25 (a) Let c be the specific heat capacity of the
= 248 600 J
shrimp.
248 600
Power of the stove = 1M Apply Q = mcT.
5  60
Energy gained by shrimp
= 829 W 1A
= energy lost by water
(b) Let C be the heat capacity of the
0.6c(18  4) = 1  4200  (25 – 18) 1M
noodles.
c = 3500 J kg1 C1 1A
Pt = CT 1M
The specific heat capacity of the shrimp
829  60 = C  (90  15)
is 3500 J kg1 C1.

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1 Heat and Gases Chapter 2 Heat and Internal Energy

(b) The temperature of the water drops after specific heat capacity is higher than that of the
the shrimp is put into it. 1A metal bowl. 1A
This means the average kinetic energy of Therefore, the soup is still hotter than the
the water molecules decreases. 1A ceramic bowl and heat continues to flow from
Therefore, the internal energy of the the soup to the bowl. 1A
water decreases. 1A As a result, when the soup and the ceramic
bowl reach thermal equilibrium, this bowl
gains more energy than the metal bowl 1A
(c) By Q = Pt = mcT, 1M and its temperature is lower. 1A
1500t = 1  4200  (100 – 18) + 28 (a) By Q = mcT, 1M
0.6  3500  (100 – 18) 1M Energy gained by the water
t = 344 s 1A = 0.45  4200  (35  15)
It takes 344 s to heat the mixture. = 37 800 J 1A
26 (a) The kinetic energy of the water (b) (i) 37 800 J 1A
molecules decreases. 1A (ii) By Q = mcT,
It stops decreasing when the water and 37 800 = 0.12  390  T 1M
the refrigerator reach thermal T = 808 C 1A
equilibrium. 1A The fall in temperature is 808 C.
(b) The specific heat capacity of water is (iii) Temperature reached by the copper
larger than that of iron. 1A = 808 + 35 = 843 C 1A
By Q = mcT, the decrease in internal
energy of water is larger than that of Experiment questions (p.53)
iron. 1A 29 (a) Specific heat capacity of aluminium
(c) The statement is correct. 1A Q
= 1M
The specific heat capacity of water is mT
106 900  98 500
very high. 1A =
1.2  ( 35.0  28.5)
It can be used as a coolant and absorbs
= 1077 J kg1 C1
energy from the surroundings, so the
≈ 1080 J kg1 C1 1A
temperature of the air inside the
(b) Percentage error
refrigerator will increase slowly. 1A
1077  900
27 When the metal bowl and the soup reach =  100% 1M
900
thermal equilibrium, they have the same
= 19.7% 1A
temperature T and the energy transferred from
(c) For safety reason:
the soup to the bowl is Q. 1A
(Any one of the following) 1A
When the ceramic bowl absorbs energy Q, its
Do not touch the heating part of the
temperature would be lower than T since its
heater.

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1 Heat and Gases Chapter 2 Heat and Internal Energy

Do not overheat the aluminium block.

Insert the heating part totally to the
block before switching it on.
For more accurate result:
(Any one of the following) 1A
Completely insert the immersion heater
into the aluminium block.
Add a few drops of oil to the hole in the
aluminium block.
(Or other reasonable answers)
30 (HKCEE 2004 Paper 1 Q8)
31 (HKCEE 2008 Paper 1 Q4)

Physics in article (p.55)

32 (a) Let C be the heat capacity of the ceramic
mug.
Apply Q = mcT.
Energy gained by the ceramic mug
= energy lost by the coffee
C  (75  70% – 20)
= 0.2  4200  (75  30%)
1M + 1M
C = 582 J °C–1
1A
The heat capacity of the ceramic mug is
582 J C1.
(b) A large utensil has higher heat capacity.
1A
It releases larger amount of energy per
unit temperature drop. 1A
Therefore, a large utensil can help keep
the temperature of hot food/drink. 1A

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