IMPACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH

OF LAHORE PAKISTAN.

Researcher

ANUM SHEHZADI

Advisor

HUMA TAHIR

DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION

LAHORE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN UNIVERSITY, LAHORE

2019
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN ii

DECLARATION

I Anum Shehzadi, assert that the effort in this thesis is my own work and has been done

under the supervision of Advisor Huma Tahir. Rendering to my knowledge, this thesis does not

contain any substance that has been written earlier by anyone. I hereby declare that I have not

submitted this material earlier in whole or a part, for the degree at this or any other institution.

ANUM SHEHZADI
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN iii

CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL

It is certified that the research work contained in this thesis titled “Impact of capturing

Adventurous Selfies: A case study on youth of Lahore, Pakistan” has been carried out by Anum

Shehzadi Roll No. 25155162, under my supervision during BS Mass Communication session

2015-2019.

Advisor

_____________________________

Huma Tahir

Department of Mass Communication

Lahore College for Women University

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN iv

DEDICATION

I dedicate my work to my beloved parents Muhammad Sharif and Ameena Bibi and

especially my grandmother Hajra Bibi who supported me throughout this research work, I am

here just because of their blessings and continuous encouragement at every step of my life.

ANUM SHEHZADI
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN v

ACKNOWLEGEMENT

“In the name of Allah, the most Beneficent and the Merciful”

First praise is to Allah, the Almighty, on whom ultimately, we depend for sustenance and

guidance. He gave me strength to complete the work. Respects are for his Holy Prophet

(S.A.W) who enabled us to recognize creator as one and who is a torch of guidance and

knowledge foe humanity as a whole.

I would never have been able to complete my thesis without the guidance of my advisor

and help of family and friends.

I am very grateful to my thesis supervisor Huma Tahir for her kind supervision and

appreciation. Doing work under her supervision made it easier and more achievable. This

research could never be done what it is now without her.

This study would not have been possible without the co-operation, support and generous

contribution of my friends. My profound thanks to my family who rendered very pain tasking

and imaginative job in composing my thesis, for financial and moral support. I would like thank

my parents and my senior Ayesha Abdur Rehman who helped me in my thesis. I would not

have been able to reach the stage where I am today and last not the least to all my well-wishers

who remembered me in their prayers.

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN vi

ABSTRACT

Clicking and posting selfies has become a popular trend. Now-a-days new trend is

emerging that is capturing selfies at adventurous places. The tendency of capturing adventurous

selfies has turn into an observable fact of the new culture of the society. This study investigates

the ‘‘impact of capturing adventurous selfies: A case study on youth of Lahore, Pakistan’’. The

main objective of this study is to examine the factors of taking selfies at adventurous places and

to study the impact of taking selfies at adventurous places. The method used to conduct this

study is online survey method to analyze the data. A general survey was done with 300

respondents. The study applied Uses and Gratification Theory and Social Learning Theory. The

hypothesis of the study is that “selfie trend increases the risk taking among youth” accepted with

the conclusion based on the findings as selfie trend increases the risk taking among youth which

is the considerable negative effect and explored certain factors contributed to such risk taking

regarding life. The present study suggested that request to individuals, to follow a few safe selfie

rules while capturing selfies at adventurous places.

Keywords: Impact and Adventurous selfies

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN vii
TABLE OF CONTACT

Declaration i
Certication of approval ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of content vi
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Staement of problem 3
1.2 Objectives 3
1.3 Hypothesis 3
1.4 Research Question 3
1.5 Rationale of the study 4
1.5.1 Selection of youth 4
1.5.2 Selection of selfies 5
1.6 Significance of the study 5
Chapter 2 Literature Review 6
Chapter 3 Theoritical Framework 22
3.1 Uses and Gratification Theory 22
3.1.1 Social interation 23
3.1.2 Killing time 24
3.1.3 Entertainment 24
3.1.4 Seeking and sharing of information 24
3.1.5 Socialization 25
3.1.6 Selfie – expression 25
3.1.7 Education 25
3.1.8 Surveillance 26
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN viii
3.1.9 Communication 26

3.1.10 Application of theory 26

3.2 Social Learning Theory 27
3.2.1 How the environment reinforces and Punishes modeling 27
3.2.2 Contemporary social learning perspective of 28
reinforcement and punishment
3.2.3 Behaviours that can be learned through modeling 29
3.2.4 Effects of modeling on behaviour 29
3.2.5 Application of theory 29
Chapter 4 Research Methodology 30
4.1 Research Method 30
4.2 Research Design 30
4.2.1 Universe 30
4.2.2 Poplation 30
4.2.3 Sampling Technique 30
4.2.4 Data collection tool 30
4.2.5 Data tabulation 31
4.3 Hypothesis 31
4.4 Variable 31
4.4.1 Independent Variable 31
4.4.2 Dependent Variable 31
4.5 Conceptualization defnations 32
4.6 Operational definations 32
Chapter 5 Data anaylsis and interpretation 34
5.1 Graphs 34
Chapter 6 Discussion and analysis 55
Chapter 7 Conclusion 57
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN ix
7.1 Recommendations 58

7.2 Recommendations for future studies 58

References 59
Appendix 1 ix
Appendix 2 xxx
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN x

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, almost every one of us carries “Smartphone”. Those days are gone when

people used to go photo studio for taking pictures but now a days that is almost wiped out since

the embedded cameras in our smart phones are providing us the similar and convenient service.

Now, we have the liberty to take pictures anywhere without the hassle of developing and further

putting them in frames. In the last few years, making self-pictures or in other words’ Selfies’ has

grown a tremendous popular trend. We can see now, that the people are busy taking pictures

from their smart phones in offices, educational premises, parks, visiting places and picnics,

marriage parties, social gatherings etc. Making ‘selfies’ and sharing them on social media

websites, has become one of the ‘popular entertaining activities, we can’t deny.

With the rise in the amount and type of content being posted on social media, various

trends have been emerged. The trend that has been emerged over social media in the past few

years is of clicking and uploading adventurous selfies. In November 2013, the word "selfie" was

announced as being the "word of the year" by the Oxford English Dictionary, which gave the

word itself an Australian origin. In August 2014, selfie was officially accepted for use in the

word game Scrabble.

Sefies are often shared on social networking services such as Facebook, Twitter,

Snapchat and Instagram. Social media apps like Instagram and Snapchat encourage people to

take selfies with features like Geofilters, hashtag linking of related topics, and picture stories.

Geo-filters allow people to take selfies with overlays that can be comedic, altering your selfie

image with the ability to show where you are located. Selfie has been all over the newsfeeds
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xi

and home pages in social networking websites. In fact, it has been a part of other people’s daily

routine. For them, to take a selfie is completely necessary. Every second there is a selfie that is

updated with a unique caption and tons of hash tags that are not really related to the whole

picture. Social Media has been responsible for making selfie popular especially among teenagers.

Earlier people took photos of others and consider themselves useless as the picture tells

nothing about the photographer. But now with the introduction of front camera in smart phones

with high mega pixels provokes the person to take selfie as a proclamation of his/her own

importance. Selfies demonstrate the invasion of technology into private space. Many researchers

believe that selfies allow the people to express themselves in a way that was never seen before.

People who are least expressive and have shy nature can spread their wings through selfies by

uploading it on internet and become social virtually. This leads to lack of personality and

smartness in them. Over the past couple of years, clicking and posting selfies has become a

popular trend. It has become a symbol of self-expression and often people portray their

adventurous sides by uploading crazy selfies.

Selfie is the latest fad among people, especially the younger generation. Whether you are at

the railway station, restaurant, in the park or any other scenic or not so scenic place, you would come

across youngsters clicking pictures of themselves which are more commonly known as selfies.

Though these selfies are good for a person’s Facebook post, but there have been several instances

where selfie-obsessed youngsters have severely injured themselves or even met their death while

trying to take a selfie. Clicking selfies has become a symbol of self-expression and often people

portray their adventurous side by uploading crazy and risky selfies. This has to be proved dangerous.

Unaware of the surroundings, people have fallen to their death or have been run over by vehicles

while in the process of taking a adventurous selfies. Some individuals have

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xii

even gone a step ahead and attempted to take selfie at dangerous places or in difficult positions

thereby meeting a gory end.

1.1 Statement of Problem

Selfie taking and sharing, they are heavily increasing among youth which leads to selfie-

related trauma and injuries. Now deaths have been increased due to adventurous selfie taking in

the past few years. Particularly the youth are at high risk for selfie related deaths. Thus, the aim

of this study is to describe the reasons on why youth take selfies at adventurous places and also

examine the impact of capturing adventurous selfies on youth.

1.2 Objectives of the study

The main objectives of the study are:

• To examine the factors of taking selfies at adventurous places

• To study the impact of taking selfies at adventurous places

1.3 Hypothesis

H1: Selfie trend increases the risk taking among youth

1.4 Research Question

1. What are the factors of taking selfies at adventurous places?

2. To explore the factors that why do people risk their lives for a perfect/adventurous

selfie?

3. Does the trend of adventurous selfies have negative impact on youth of Lahore?
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xiii

4. Does the craze to capture the adventurous selfie is leading people to go extreme

lengths and causing death?

5. Does the adventurous selfie trend itself considered major factor promote death rate

among youth?

1.5 Rationale of the study

Everybody loves to take selfies. The craze of selfies has gotten so intense that everyone is

trying to make a world record by taking the adventurous selfie. Youngsters love the attention

they get on social media platforms like Instagram, Facebook and Snapchat where selfies act as a

key factor to increase popularity. This study has aimed to examine the impact of capturing

adventurous selfies on youth. There are many things to unravel behind every selfie that people

took. It is imperative to know these things since everyone is all affected by it. Physically and

psychologically, there is a need for people to know the effects and the reasons why everybody is

all into taking selfie. The most drastic effect of selfies is that it is spreading like a viral disease

with no treatment. People, mostly youth attempt to take selfies at the most dangerous places in

order to become more popular and to build more followers but a small mistake can ruin their life

and leading to death. ‘A cool selfie could cost you your life.

1.5.1 Selection of Youth

A large amount of youth are social media users almost every college and university going

person uses social media. Obsessive taking of selfies and sharing them on social media websites

has one of the trendy activities among youth. Our youth are selfie lovers and they become more

conscious about their looks and uploading crazy and adventurous selfies in which they need

proper and more guidance about how a cool and a adventurous selfie can spoiled their life and

even causing death.

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xiv

1.5.2 Selection of selfies

The tendency of taking selfies has turn into an observable fact of the new culture of the

society. In the last few years, capturing selfies has become a global phenomenon. Individuals

from any age group take selfies. The selfies craze has created a lot of problems including deaths.

Number of deaths has been increased as a result of taking selfies. This study will be a good

addition to highlight the darker side of selfie trend.

1.6 Significance of the study

In the last few years, selfies have become an essential part of our daily lives, with multiple

influences as a social media phenomenon or a crazy behaviours, particularly among youth. The

culture of adventurous selfies has increased the concentration of youth. Selfies are exploding up

everywhere all over the world of social media, and most recently even a number of the world’s most

famous personalities of society not just among youth. But specially few of us, do identify the hidden

facts how selfie is creating numerous psychological disorders and selfie can turn deadly. Selfie has

become the most burning issue occupying the center point between life and socialism. Now- a –days

newspapers are full of foolish people who tried to take selfies in worst condition and needless to say,

spoiled their lives. It is ridiculous that selfies have become more important than one’s life. So, the

new trend, selfie has become a serious issue about life and death.
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xv

Chapter 2

Literature Review

A Literature Review is a "systematic, explicit, and reproducible method for identifying,

evaluating, and synthesizing the existing body of completed and recorded work produced by

researchers, scholars, and practitioners". (Fink,2005)

Why we need Literature Review?

There are several reasons why you may conduct a literature review:

To see what has and has not been investigated. To identify data sources that other

researchers have used. To learn how others have defined and measured key concepts. To develop

alternative research projects. To put your work in perspective. To contribute to the field by

moving research forward. Reviewing the literature lets you see what came before, and what did

and didn't work for other researchers. To demonstrate your understanding, and your ability to

critically evaluate research in the field. To provide evidence that may be used to support your

own findings. (Reece & Evangeliste, 2004)

According to Oxford Dictionary, a selfie is a self-portrait type image, typically taken with

a smartphone which may be held in the hand or supported by a selfie stick. Selfies are often

shared on social networking services such as Facebook, Twitter, Gab, Snapchat and Instagram.

They are often casual in nature (or made to appear casual). "Selfie" typically refers to self-

portrait photos taken with the camera held at arm's length, as opposed to those taken by using a

self-timer or remote. A selfie, however, may include multiple subjects. As long as the photo is

being taken by one of the subjects featured, it is considered a selfie.

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xvi

By 2013, the word "selfie" had become common place enough to be monitored for

inclusion in the online version of the Oxford English Dictionary. In November 2013, the word

"selfie" was announced as being the "word of the year" by the Oxford English Dictionary. Micro

blogging platforms like Twitter, Instagram or even Facebook and Whatsapp have led to the

steady rise of 'selfie craze' among people. The selfie trend can be attributed to the need of

“performing” on social media. And everyone's doing it today! It has been estimated that around

one million selfies are taken around the world, every single day. Many would argue though, that

there is no harm in taking a few pictures of yourself having a great time. But taking selfies can be

a bad thing when it can lead to injury, and sometimes, even causing deaths.

Brager et al. studied the effect of a particular selfie on playing a part in a revolutionary

movement. The authors specifically analyzed death of a young teenager in Lebanon who died

moments after taking a selfie near a golden SUV, that blew up. His death and the specific selfie

stirred the Western news media and spectators, revolutionizing the movement - #Not A Martyr

over the Internet. The authors argued that the practice of selfie-taking made the young boy’s

story legible as a subject of grievance for the Western social media audience.

Stuntman Wu Yongning is known for scaling skyscrapers without safety equipment. He

would film himself dangling off a roof by his fingertips. He’s considered one of the biggest roof-

toppers. At the age of 26, Wu Yongning had more than 60,000 followers on Chinese social

media network Weibo. Unfortunately he lost his life during one of his stunts, falling from a 62-

storey building.

Russian model VikiOdintcova risked her life for the perfect shot in Dubai. The model is

pictured leaning on a high-rise building with no support or equipment except for the guy whose
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xvii

hand she’s holding. The man also appears not to have any support except a small beam beside

him that he’s leaning on with the other hand. To get a sense of how dangerous this stunt really it,

watch the video instead.

Photographer Alexander Remnev has cultivated a dangerous habit with his friends. They

travel the world searching for the highest and scariest skyscrapers to climb to the top. So far, he

and his friends haven’t gotten into too much trouble with the police and there have been no

casualties.

Daniel Lau is another urban daredevil adventurer whose interests include the life-

threatening exercise of climbing to some of the highest scrapers to take a selfie. His Instagram

account has several images of his stunts to get the perfect shot.

Canadian presenter and well-known adventurer George Kourounis documents extreme

weather conditions which has earned him the title ‘Storm chaser’. Kourounis takes pictures

daring to a whole new level by posing next to a boiling lava lake situated within the Ambrym

volcano in Vanuatu.

Imagine taking a moment to snap a selfie seconds before launching an air-to-air missile.

In truth, it was captured by a GoPro in the cockpit and not by hand, but it is a scary if he were to

lose focus. The pilot in the shot, Thomas Kristensen is said to be an experienced pilot who has

completed missions over Afghanistan, Libya and ex-Yugoslavia.

Underwater photographer Cinzia Bismarck Osele is pictured surrounded by jellyfish in

Ras Umm Sid, Egypt. She’s certainly fearless, and doesn’t seem too concerned about about the

jellyfish which could cause a painful sting and even death in some cases.
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xviii

While in Brazil preparing for the World Cup, photographer and traveller Lee Thompson

was challenged by the Brazilian tourism board to climb the iconic Christ the Redeemer statue

and he obliged. Snapping this selfie could have gone very wrong.

There’s been an increase in the number of people posing with bears and wild animals in

the US. So much so, that the US Forest Service had to issue an advisory warning visitors to keep

their distance. This is obviously risky behavior that could end up in a fatal encounter.

Forget running with bulls, try running and taking a selfie in front of a bull. The unknown

runner put his life at risk, but hey, he managed to get this shot. It’s reported that after this

incident, police begun a manhunt for him because it is against the law for participants to take

photos during the run. (Balakrishan& Griffiths, 2018).

A new study has revealed that more than 250 people died from taking selfies in the past

six years. Of the 259 reported deaths, research has shown that drowning was the number one

cause of death by a failed selfie. The second cause was people taking selfies in front of oncoming

trains. Others involved falling from heights, wild animals, firearms and electrocution.

(Balakrishan& Griffiths, 2018).

According to Maps of India, taking selfies in risky locations for that perfect shot of a

“happening life” is turning out to be a life-threatening trend. Such has been the extent of this

craze, that the Indian Government in 2015 has set up 'No Selfie Zones' and barricaded 'Selfie-

danger Areas’ to avoid tragedies. A majority of these deaths and injuries are due to falling from a

great height and posing with dangerous object.

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xix

Recent statistics shows the selfie related incidents and deaths is increased each and every

day. 49 people died by selfie-related incidents since 2014, 75% were men and the average age of

the person was 21. The youngest age was 14 and the oldest was 32. It would seem that, when it

comes to selfies, we do tend to grow older and wiser or maybe those of us in our 30s and 40s just

don't take as many selfies (the 18-to-24-year-old age set snaps them the most).following data

show the death by selfie.

This chart shows the amount of death occurred in every year. The amount of death has been

increased each and every year. The total amount of death is 140 from year 2013 to year 2017
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xx

may.96 are youngers in the total amount of 125. The average age of the person was between 14-

24. Most of them between age 18-21.76% youth are death by selfie.

Some other research show since 2014, 49 deaths have been precipitated by selfie, 40%

them occurred in India. Selfie fatalities by gender females are 26.5% males are 73.5%.

Most of the types of selfie deaths that have occurred, falling is the most common actual

cause of death (usually off of a cliff or a building). Drowning and train deaths are second and

third most common, respectively. It should be noted that no one has actually died from the selfie

itself it's the distraction from their surroundings while trying to take the perfect selfie that does

them in. (Balakrishan & Griffiths, 2018).

And if you thought the U.S. would be the most popular place where to perish in selfie-

seeking glory, you'd be wrong. 40% of selfie-related deaths happened in India (Price economics

thinks this is related to the country's high fatality rate from drowning).

This is a list of serious injuries and deaths in which one or more subjects of a selfie were

killed or injured, either before, during or after having taken a photo of themselves with the

accident at least in part attributed to the taking of the photo.

The United States Department of Transportation estimated that during 2014, the so-called

"year of the selfie", 33,000 people were injured while driving and using a cell-phone in some

fashion, which can include talking, listening, and "manual button/control actuation" including

taking, uploading, downloading, editing, or opening of selfies. A 2015 survey by Erie Insurance

Group found that 4% of all drivers admitted to taking selfies while driving.
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xxi

The Washington Post reported in January 2016 that "about half" of at least 27 "selfie

related" deaths in 2015 had occurred in India. No official data on the number of people who died

taking selfies in India exists, but reports show from 2014 up to August 2016, there have been at

least 54 deaths in India while taking selfies. The Indian Tourism Ministry asked states to identify

and barricade selfiedanger‘ areas, its first national attempt to deal with the selfie deaths. Mumbai

police identified at least 16 danger zones after a man drowned attempting to save a selfie-taker.

No-selfie zones were also established in certain areas of the Kumbh Mela because organizers

feared bottlenecks caused by selfie-takers could spark stampedes.

Researchers at the US National Library of Medicine recommend that 'no selfie zones'

should be introduced at dangerous spots to reduce deaths. These would include the tops of

mountains, tall buildings and lakes, where many of the deaths occurred. Drowning, transport

accidents and falling were found to be the most common cause of death. But death by animals,

electrocution, fire and firearms also appeared frequently in reports from around the world.

In July this year, 19-year-old Gavin Zimmerman fell to his death while taking selfies on a

cliff in New South Wales, Australia. Tomer Frankfurter died in California's Yosemite National

Park in September after falling 250 metres while trying to take a selfie.

The new study also showed that the number of deaths is on the rise. There were only

three reports of selfie-related deaths in 2011, but that number grew to 98 in 2016 and 93 in 2017.

However, the researchers claim that the actual number of selfie deaths could be much higher

because they are never named as the cause of death.

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xxii

It is believed that selfie deaths are underreported and the true problem needs to be

addressed," it says. Certain road accidents while posing for selfies are reported as death due to

Road Traffic Accident.

This is a list of serious injuries and deaths in which one or more subjects of a selfie were

killed or injured, either before, during or after having taken a photo of themselves, with the

accident at least in part attributed to the taking of the photo.

The United States Department of Transportation estimated that during 2014, the so-called

"year of the selfie", 33,000 people were injured while driving and using a cell-phone in some

fashion, which can include talking, listening, and "manual button/control actuation" including

taking, uploading, downloading, editing, or opening of selfies. A 2015 survey by Erie Insurance

Group found that 4% of all drivers admitted to taking selfies while driving.

A 2018 study of news reports showed that between October 2011 to November 2017,

there were 259 selfie deaths in 137 incidents reported globally, with the highest occurrences in

India followed by Russia, United States, and Pakistan. The mean age was 22.94 years old with

male deaths outnumbering female about three to one.

A new research has stated that India has the highest number of selfie related deaths in the

world. The study maintained that from March 2014 to September 2016, a whopping 60 percent

of the selfie deaths took place in India.

The study, which has been titled “Me, Myself and My Killfie: Characterizing and

Preventing Selfie Deaths”, has estimated that of the 127 selfie deaths that took place across the

globe, 76 occurred in India. In contrast Pakistan reported just nine deaths while both the US and
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xxiii

Russia witnessed eight and six deaths. The authors of the study hope that their study will serve as

a warning for the people on one hand and would inspire new technology that could warn selfie-

takers when they are in risky zones.

The study by researchers at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences in New Delhi found

259 people died while attempting to take a selfie between October 2011 and November 2017.

Researchers pulled together a list of English newspapers worldwide and performed a

comprehensive search of key words or phrases such as “selfie deaths” or “selfie accidents.” They

then attempted to cross-match those search links with links from their list of newspapers. The

results found selfie deaths rose from two reported in 2011 to 98 in 2016. The number of selfie

deaths last year dipped to 93, said the study.

According to a study published by US-based Carnegie Mellon University and

Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi, Pakistan took second place in the global

killer-selfie rankings with nine deaths, Meanwhile, India topped the list with 76 selfie-takers who

lost their lives. In the quest for the coolest selfie, more people have died in India in the past two

years than the total number of selfie-related deaths in the rest of the world.

Only in 2016, a US-based study ranked Pakistan as second in the global killer-selfie

rankings. Pakistan faced 9 deaths due to risky selfies or ‘killfies’ in 2016.

After two years, the death rate has increased and Pakistan still ranks among the countries

with one of the highest rates of selfie-related deaths.

The Pakistani doctor’s Dr.Ayubzai’s research paper was published in an American medical

journal called “The Annals of Emergency Medicine” and is available online. His research shows
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xxiv

that 75 died from 2014 to mid-2016 in 52 different attempts while taking selfies. There were 49

deaths in 2015 alone with most of the fatalities occurring in the age group of 14-32 years.

Around 75% of the victims were male.

Dr.Ayubzai says, the mechanisms of injury included falls from heights, drowning, falling

off of or being hit by a train, gunshot, grenade, plane crash, car crash and animal attacks. It

seemed that the medical fraternity did not recognize taking risky selfies as a potential health

hazard. His research paper was inspired by an incident where a 23-year-old nearly died while

taking a selfie and falling off a cliff. After the incident, he checked for medical literature on the

matter and didn’t find anything except for news reports.

The most recent incident in this regard was last month where 3 members of a family of 5

drowned at Neelam River. The youngest, a 12-year-old girl, was swept away while trying to take

a selfie. Her older brother and sister tried to save her and drowned as well. Only the parents

survived.

The Thai Mental Health Department has warned those obsessed with this trend that it

could have a negative impact on their life and work, as reported in Bangkok Post. These are

some negative impact of selfie identify the researcher.

Three-quarters of young people aged between 18 and 24 admit taking selfies, the study by

mobile phone company HTC found. According to the Pew Research Centre, teenagers in America

are sharing more information than ever about themselves on social media. Of those studied, 91% post

photos of themselves online – up from 79% in 2006. Not only is the above, according to the experts

this latest selfie craze could also be fuelling an increase in eating disorders such as anorexia. Another

research which was published in the Journal of Adolescent Health, suggests that
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xxv

teens are more likely to engage in risky activities if they see their friends doing it in photos.

According to Samsung's data, one third of all photos being taken daily by people age 18-24 are

the selfie.

Dr. Panpimol said, a selfie creates an impact, more or less, on one ‘s everyday life,

depending on each individual. Posting photos on social network sites to seek approval and likes

from peers as a reward is normal human nature. Whatever people do and then get rewarded for it;

they will do again. But the reward has varying degrees of emotional effects on each individual.

Some people are happy after sharing a selfie and getting few likes, while others expect as many

likes as possible and become addicted to being liked. Conversely, if they feel they don ‘t gets

enough likes for their selfie as expected, they decide to post another, but still do not receive a

good response. This could affect their thoughts. They can lose self-confidence and have a

negative attitude toward themselves, such as feeling dissatisfied with themselves or their body.

Dr. Panpimol said paying too much attention to one‘s shared selfies by continuing to

check on who sees or comments on them in the hope of getting the most likes as possible is a

sign that selfies are causing problems for them, including a possible lack of self-confidence.

Chartered Clinical Psychologist, Dr Hibberd said, images are a way for young people to

seek approval and attention from their peers however they can also lead to cyber bullying and

issues with self-confidence.

Some research found that the selfie brings to suicide on those who addicts in selfie. That’s

what seems to be suggested by expert opinion surrounding the phenomenon, and a man diagnosed

with body dysmorphic disorder says he grew suicidal due to his addiction to taking selfies. An

extreme example is the story of Danny Bowman who ended up trying to commit suicide Danny
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xxvi

Bowman says he became so obsessed with trying to take the ―right‖ selfie that he ended up shooting

about 200 pictures a day while trying desperately to capture the perfect image of himself.

When Bowman failed to take what he perceived to be the perfect selfie, he attempted

suicide by taking an overdose of drugs. Prior to his suicide attempt, he says, he would spend

about ten hours every day taking selfies. Dr. David Veal, a physician involved in caring for

Bowman, says selfies may cause mental illness, including body dysmorphic disorder, which has

an extremely high suicide rate. (Balakrishan& Griffiths, 2018)

Bowman‘s parents are both mental health professionals, and they say that society has a

huge lack of understanding about just how very dangerous electronic gadgets and social media

can be to teens and adults alike. Experts say that while gadgets and social media cause addiction

and other dangers, people are in extreme denial about the level of threat these types of

communications pose, especially to impressionable teens.

Doctor Pamela Rutledge, Director of the Media Psychology Research Center says that

taking selfies can be detrimental to a person‘s mental health and that indulging in them is

indicative of narcissism, low self-esteem, attention seeking behavior and self-indulgence.

Most likely, the news that selfies might possibly cause a variety of troubling mental

health issues is not going to be met with much acceptance by a society obsessed with the self-

reflective nature of electronic gadgets. Some experts and physicians feel that society is

collectively engaged in deep denial about how dangerous it is to interact with screens without

setting limits on how much time is spent doing so. (Balakrishan& Griffiths, 2018).
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xxvii

From a psychological perspective, the taking of selfies is a self-oriented action that

allows users to establish their individuality and self-importance and it is also associated with

personality traits such as Narcissism and Selfitis.

Narcissism is a personality characteristic that can involve grandiose exhibitionism, beliefs

relating to entitlement, and exploiting others. They assessed the participants' usage of social media

including Twitter, Facebook, Instagram and Snapchat. Those who used social media excessively,

through visual postings, displayed an average 25% increase in such narcissistic traits. The results of

this study suggest that posting selfies can increase narcissism. Professor Roberto Truzoli added that

the use of visual social media may emphasise the perception of narcissistic individuals that they are

the main focus of attention. Reed, P and Truzoli, R. (2018).

Women who post selfies on social media aren't more narcissistic than others. Though

funnily enough, there might be a little vanity behind men who regularly post photos of

themselves. To make the connection between gender, narcissism, and posting selfies, a team of

researchers in Turkey conducted the survey in which participants answered questions about the

self-portraits they were posting and their levels of narcissism. The results showed that women

may spend more time on social media and, yes, post more selfies in general. However, their

selfie-posting behaviour wasn't related to their levels of narcissism. Men who posted photos of

themselves, however, did tend to be more narcissistic. Guerra, J. (2018).

Doctor Rutledge points out that while selfies raise the risk of narcissism, it may only be

because there is not yet a widespread, well-established context for their use. She says that taking

selfies may indeed be normal and natural, but because society has not yet collectively been able to
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xxviii

contextualize the place selfies are supposed to hold, they have been labeled as being narcissistic

and therefore can cause feelings of narcissism in those who take them.

Halpern, D and Valenzuela, S and katz, E, J. (2016). Conducted a study is to examine the

relationship between selfies and narcissim. In this study the researcher examine the widely

popular social phenomenon of “selfies” in terms of the observed positive relationship between

this individualistic form of social media usage and narcissism. In this study the researcher

conducted a cross-lagged analysis of a two-wave, representative panel survey to understand

whether narcissists take selfies as an outlet for maintaining their positive self-views (the self-

selection hypothesis), or if by taking selfies' users would increase their level of narcissism (the

media effect hypothesis). The findings, however, are consistent with both hypotheses, suggesting

a self-reinforcement effect: whereas narcissist individuals take selfies more frequently over time,

this increase in selfie production raises subsequent levels of narcissism.(Balakrishan& Griffiths,

2018).

Wickel, T. (2015) conducted a study on ‘ Narcissism and social networking sites: The act

of taking selfies’. The method used in this study is a online survey method in which the

researcher asked the respondents about their daily Internet usage, specifically their daily use of

social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter. The results of this study reveals the

connection between taking selfies and the rise in narcissistic behaviours in the Millennial

Generation. Narcissism is characteristically defined as “incessantly pursue adoration from others,

and to participate in egotistical thinking and behaviour”.

Lee & Sung (2016). The study is conducted on ‘Hide and Seek: Narcissism and selfie related

behaviour’. The objective of this study is to examined the relationship between narcissism
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xxix

and self-promoting behaviors on social media (e.g., posting selfies), little is known about the extent

to which individuals' level of narcissism relates to how involved they are in other people's feedback

(e.g., comments and “likes”) received on their selfies, or how observant and responsive they are to

other people's selfie postings. The present study investigates how narcissism relates to such selfie-

related behaviours, as well as overall evaluation of selfie-posting behaviour and intention to post

selfies in the future.the method used in this study is a online survey method.The results reveals that

individuals higher in narcissism are more likely to evaluate selfie-posting behaviorfavorably, be

involved in the feedback provided by others, and be observant of other people's selfies. However,

level of narcissism did not moderate the relationship between how much one observes others' selfies

and the likelihood of providing a comment or “like” on other people's selfies.

However, it has been proven by multiple studies that interacting with other types of social

media is definitively linked to narcissism, depression, low self-esteem, addiction and a host of

other negative effect. For example, Facebook use has been linked to depression while Twitter use

has been linked to low self-esteem and narcissism. If selfies, specifically, are proven in the future

to cause these negative mental health issues, it would most likely come as no surprise to experts

in the fields of psychology and medicine.

Researchers conducted the study to find out if publishing selfies online had any

consequences. About 420 people aged between 18 and 62 years of age who are active online were

asked to fill out a questionnaire about how many selfies they took and their relationships. The results

revealed that how satisfied a person was with their body graph was directly related to the number of

selfies they posted online. This, in turn, was linked with negative outcomes in relationships. (Website

of Times of India). Psychologists have added selfie obsession in the list of mental illness as well.

They even say that people who continuously post selfies on social media
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xxx

may need help. The reason behind the selfie trend is just to seek approval and attention. Such

behaviour could lead to mental health problems, especially it can put a bump on self-confidence.

It has also been observed that people who are obsessed with selfies, after sometime they start

pointing out too much flaws on their face & in their overall personalities.

The obsession with selfies has resulted in some unfortunate endings as well. Total of

twenty-six medical students gathered on the Jegran Bridge to click a selfie. The bridge was able

to withstand the weight of only five people, but just for the sake of a selfie these tourist students

ignored the warning sign and lost their lives and for what? A selfie. No doubt, it is heart

wrenching, but this is not the only case. Selfie deaths occur all over the world.

In an article Alexander Britton said that if you feel the urge to take selfies, you may have

a genuine "psychological complex," research has suggested. It's called selfitis, which is the

obsessive taking of selfies. ‘Selfitis’ is a mental condition and people who feel compelled to

continually post pictures of themselves on social media may need help, psychologists have

warned.The term was first coined in 2014 to describe obsessive selfie-taking in a spoof news

story which suggested the American Psychiatric Association was considering classifying it as a

disorder.But researchers have looked into the phenomenon, after other technology-related

disorders such as “nomophobia” or the phobia of not having a mobile phone to hand, have been

studied. Britton, A. (2017).

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xxxi

Chapter 3

Theoretical Framework

With differentiates the writing of research of scholars from that of journalists is a well-

developed and articulate theoretical framework (Caliendo & Kyle, 1996). This chapter is present

the major aspects of theoretical framework utilized in this study to develop the understanding.

This study ‘‘Impact of capturing adventurous selfies: Effects study of youth of Lahore Pakistan’’

is utilizing to theories as Uses & Gratification Theory and Social Learning Theory to elaborate

the different relevant concepts of the study.

3.1 Uses and Gratification theory

Katz, Blumber and Gurevitch pioneered the Uses and Gratification theory in 1974. But

according to McQuail (2010), the theory could be traced from the early 1940’s when researchers

started investigating why people listen to popular radio programmes and why they read newspapers

daily. Therefore, the theory emerged in response to the needs of explanation to why people use

certain media and the benefit they get from them. Mass communication researchers are using U & G

Theory to examine, explain and provide answers to why people use certain media and what benefits

or gratification they get from after that. The basic assumption of this theory is that people use mass

media for different reasons and seek to derive various gratifications (Gallion, 2010 ;Wimmer and

Dominick, cited in Asemah, 2011). However, the emergence of social media technologies changes

the way people use mass media as they differ in forms and context. Therefore, people who use social

networks and other computers mediated communication are quite different from the mainstream

medisa audiences who relied on specific media contents (Li, 2005). Social media audiences have the

advantage and freedom to actively seek for information and many

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xxxii

messages that are of interest and benefit to them. new media technologies did not onluy alter the way

information is gathered and disturbed but also changes the existing relationship between mass media

and audiences. (Li, 2005) stated that people use social media to satisfy their needs which include

cognitive needs, effective needs, personal integrative needs, social integrative needs, tension release

needs, and medium appeal needs. For this social media become a fertile research field demonstrating

the direct relevance of the U& G Theory and its participants (Matei, 2010).

In the review of the related studies, the researchers synthesized and examined works of

Asemah (2011), Gallion (2010), and Whiting and Williams (2013). According to these scholars,

majority of the people use social media for interaction, killing time, entertainment, seeking and

sharing of information, socialization, self-expression, education, surveillance and communication.

3.1.1 Social Interaction

Social interaction and integration (Asemah, 2011) is one of the key factors why people

use social media. One of the key functions of mass media is to be a forum for public discussion.

Social networks such as Facebook and Online Forums allow users to participate and interact on

various issues. Whiting and Williams (2013) discovered that 88% of the respondents used social

media to socialize and interact with their family, spouses, new and old friends. A similar finding

was stated by Papoola (2014).

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xxxiii

3.1.2 Killing Time

Many people use media for them to release their tensions or as their diversion. In fact, 76%

OF THE RESPONDENTS IN Whiting and William (2013) and Edegoh, Asemah and Ekanem et al,

(2013) used Facebook when they feel bored at work or in class waiting for a lesson to start. As mass

media are many and sometimes can be used for the same purpose, Asemah (2011) added that

sometimes people read books to release tension when waiting or anxious to meet someone.

3.1.3 Entertainment

Entertainment is undoubtedly among the most important function of mass media as

people often like to be entertained or in a happy mood. The emergence of social media sustain

this trend as Park et al, as cited in Gallion (2010) found that their respondents solely use social

media to satisfy their needs for leisure and amusement. Whiting and William (2013) elaborated

that 64% of their respondents used social media to listen to jokes, play games, read funny and

humorous comments, and watch craziest things that can make them laugh.

3.1.4 Seeking and Sharing of Information

Social media makes it easy for people to search and share information that they could not get

elsewhere. According to Park et al, as cited in Gallion (2010), majority of the Facebook users are

happy with the amount of political and civic information they get about campus activities. As the U

& G Theory allows people to use certain media for different needs 80% of the respondents in

Whiting and William (2013) used social media to find information about deals, sales, products,

businesses, birthdays, parties, and learn how to do things. Using media purposely for information
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xxxiv

enhances the credibility of the Media Information Utility Theory, which argues that people rely

on media for information. This theory is closely related to the Media Dependency Theory.

3.1.5 Socialization

According to Gallion (2010), socialization is one of the central and most essential

elements of employing the U & G Theory to social media studies. Desire to meet new friends

and sustain relationship are among the socialization needs. In this study on Facebook and

Relationship Management by Edegoh et al, (2013), respondents of the survey used Facebook to

make new and rediscover old friends.

3.1.6 Self-expression

Some people like to be known while others like to make impact on others. While the

emergence of social networking sites, people who do not have access to media or afford columns in

newspapers and magazines, turn to social media platforms and acts as analysts, pundits, activists and

professionals. This personal identity or self-status allows many people to engage in social

networking. Whiting and William (2013) discovered that 56% of their respondents used social media

to express their opinions and thoughts by liking posts, and comments. As there are many online

groups for virtual communities, Park et al, cited in Gallion (2010) claimed that people joined those

groups (Facebook) to promote their career. This saves them the cost of advertising.

3.1.7 Education

One of the cardinal functions of mass media is to educate people. Asemah (2011) buttressed

that people turn into media for learning and self-education. The U & G Theory makes users more

active by doing things themselves. The majority of the respondents in Omekwe, Eke and Odoh et
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xxxv

al, (2014) used social media for academic purposes. Social media search engines such as Google

and Wikis allow people to look for educational articles to support their learning.

3.1.8 Surveillance

McQuail et al, cited in (Asemah, 2011) stated that individuals used certain media to inspect

what is happening within and outside their domain. In fact, 32% of respondents in Whiting and

William (2013) used social media to spy and monitor what other people are doing. Similarly, as

conventional media cannot report everything due to the vastness of apace, fear and censorship,

people with cameras and mobile phones can upload pictures, images and videos on social media

platforms. This is what champions the concepts of citizens or guerrilla journalism (Papoola, 2014).

3.1.9 Communication

Social media give users an opportunity and freedom to communicate among themselves

by using various groups, discussions boards, pages, and professional and educational forums.

Whiting and William (2013) found that 56% of their respondents using social media such as

Facebook to talk, gossip and discuss with their friends about the thing they saw or read on social

media. Unlike the traditional media where Facebook is delayed or not guaranteed participants on

social media enjoyed the privilege of immediate feedback.

3.1.10 Application of the theory

The theory has a relation with the study. According to the theory people use medium to

gratify their needs and people take selfies just to gratify their needs.
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xxxvi

3.2 Social Learning Theory

Social Learning Theory focuses on the learning that occurs within a social context. It

considers that people learn from one another, including such concepts such as observational

learning, limitation, and modeling. Among others Albert Bandura is considered the leading

proponent of this theory. General principles of social learning theory are as follows:

• People can learn by observing the behaviour is of others and the outcomes of those

behaviours.

• Learning can occur without a change in behaviour. Behaviours say that learning has to be

represented by a permanent change in behaviour; in contrast social learning theorists say that

because people can learn through observation alone, their learning may not necessarily be

shown in their performance. Learning may or may not result in a behaviour change.

• Cognition plays a role in learning. Over the last 30 years social learning theory has

become increasingly cognitive in its interpretation of human learning. Awareness and

expectations of future reinforcements or punishments can have a major effects on the

behaviours that people exhibit.

• Social learning theory can be considered a bridge or a transition between behaviourist

learning theories and cognitive learning theories.

3.2.1 How the Environment Reinforces and Punishes Modeling

People are often reinforced for modeling the behaviours of others. Bandura suggested

that the environment also reinforces by the modeling. This is in several possible ways:
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xxxvii

1. The observer is reinforced by the model. For example a student who changes dress to fit

in with a certain group of students has a strong likelihood of being accepted and thus

reinforced by that group.

2. The observers reinforced by a third person. The observer might be modeling the actions

of someone else, for example, an outstanding class leader or student. The teacher notices

this and compliments and praises the observer for modeling such as behaviour thus

reinforcing that behaviour.

3. The imitated behaviour itself leads to reinforcing consequences. Many behaviour that we

learn from others produce satisfying or reinforcing results. For example, a student in my

multimedia class could observe how the extra work a classmate does is fun. This student

in turn would do the same extra work and also receive enjoyment.

4. Consequences of the model’s behaviour affect the observer behaviour vicariously. This is

known as vicarious reinforcement. Bandura illustrated this by having students watch a film of

a model hitting a inflated clown doll. One group of children saw the model being praised for

such action. Without being reinforced, the group of children began to also hit the doll.

3.2.2 Contemporary Social Learning Perspective of Reinforcement and Punishment

1. Contemporary theory proposes that both reinforcement and punishment have indirect

effects on learning. They are not the sole or main cause.

2. Reinforcement and punishment influence the extent to which an individual exhibits a

behaviour that has been learned.

3. The expectation of reinforcement influences cognitive processes that promote learning.

Therefore, attention pays a critical role in learning. And attention is influenced by

the expectation of reinforcement. An example would be where the teacher tells a group of
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xxxviii

students that what they will study next is not on the test. Student will not pay

attention because they do not expect to know the information for a test.

3.2.3 Behaviours That Can Be Learned Through Modeling

Many behaviours can be learned at least partly, through modeling. Examples that can be

cited are students can watch parents read, students can watch the demonstrations of mathematics

problems, or seen someone acting bravely and a fearful situation. Much research indicates that

children become more aggressive when they observed aggressive or violent models. Moral

thinking or moral behaviour are influenced by observation and modeling. This includes moral

judgements regarding right and wrong which can in part, develop through modeling.

3.2.4 Effects of Modeling on Behaviour

• Modeling teaches new behaviours.

• Modeling influences the frequency of previously learned behaviours.

• Modeling may encourage previously forbidden behaviours

• Modeling increases the frequency of similar behaviours. For example, a student

might see a friend excel in basketball and he tries to excel in football because he

is not tall enough for basketball.

3.2.5 Application of Theory

The theory has a relation the study. According to the theory people observe different

phenomenon first then they mold their attitude according to their observation, this modelling

helps them to implement different attitudes and when they get appreciation from the people

particular attitude fix in the personality of people.

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xxxix

Chapter 4

Research Methodology

4.1 Research Method

A methodology is guideline system for solving a problem with specific components such

as phase, tasks, method techniques and tools. Research methodology implies to more than simply

the methods you intend to use to collect data. It is often necessary to include consideration of the

concepts and theories which underline the methods. The methodology of the research will be

quantitative method analysis. The foremost and central point of this study was to analyze the

“Impact of capturing adventurous selfies: A case study on youth of Lahore, Pakistan”. The

method that has been used to carry out this research is online survey method.

4.2 Research Design

4.2.1 Universe

The universe of the study was Lahore.

4.2.2 Population

This survey has been carried out in the general population of Lahore city. For this

purpose, the population size that has been determined is spread generally as the “youth of

Lahore”. The students were belonging only to the different colleges and universities.

4.2.3 Sampling Technique

Simple random sampling has been used in this study as the sampling technique. It is used

to select students from a large body of population conveniently available to the study. Since this
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xl

study is looking for respondents who take selfies at adventurous places. The total number of

respondents for this research is 300. This number should be sufficient for calculations of

percentages. These includes both Male and Female students.

4.2.4 Data Collection Tool

The tool of data collection that has been used for the research is questionnaire. Total 21

questions are included in this questionnaire. The questionnaire has been formulated upon a

technique of multiple-choice questions. The data through the questionnaire is being collecting in

the month of May.

4.2.5 Data Tabulation

The data which is collected by the required process is being analyzed and interpret by

utilizing SPSS software.

4.3 Hypothesis

H0: Selfie trend increases the risk taking among youth

4.4 Variables

4.4.1 Independent variable

The independent variable of the study is:

• Adventurous selfies

4.4.2 Dependent variable

The dependent variable of the study is:

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xli

• Youth

4.5 Conceptualization Definitions

Following are the conceptualization definitions of terms used in this study:

4.5.1 Impact

According to Cambridge University impact is a powerful effect that something especially

something new, has on a situation or person.

4.5.2 Adventure

According to Cambridge University adventure is an unusual, exciting, and possibly

dangerous activity, such as a trip or experience, or the excitement produced by such an activity.

4.5.3 Selfie

According to Oxford Dictionary, a selfie is a self-portrait type image, typically taken with

a smart phone which may be held in the hand or supported by a selfie stick.

4.5.4 Youth

The African youth charter defines youth any individual between 15-35 years of age.

4.6 Operational Definitions

Following are the operational definitions of terms used in this study:

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xlii

4.6.1 Impact

In this study, researcher has to account the adventurous selfies to see negative and

positive effects on youth.

4.6.2 Adventurous Selfies

In this study adventurous selfies refers any risky activities practise by individual while

taking selfies at adventurous places.

4.6.3 Youth

In this study, researcher has focus to collect data from youth between 15-35 years.
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xliii

Chapter 5

Data Analysis and Interpretation

This chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of data. “Impact of Capturing

Adventurous Selfies: Effects study of youth of Lahore Pakistan”. The instrument used to collect data

through Questionnaire SPSS 16 (Statistical Package for Social Science).This software was used to

analyze data in the form of Frequencies, Percentage, Mean and Standard Deviation, graphs.

5.1 Graphs

Figure 5.1.1

1. Do you upload selfies on social media?

As illustrated through the figure (5.1.1), percentage of 300 respondents selected from

online survey. Figure 5.1.1 indicates that 69.7% youth upload selfies on social media and only

30.3% youth does not upload selfies on social media. So, the above figure conclude that majority

of people upload selfies on social media and only few people does not upload selfies on social

media.
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xliv

Figure 5.1.2

2. Do you think uploading selfies helps to maintain social status?

The figure (5.1.2) indicates that only 3.7% respondents strongly agree that uploading

selfies helps to maintain social status, 28.3% respondents are agree, 34% respondents are neutral,

20.7% respondents are disagree and 13.3% respondents strongly disagree that uploading selfies

helps to maintain social status. So, the above figure concludes that majority of responses were

agree as uploading selfies helps to maintain social status and only few people strongly disagree

to the statement that uploading selfies does not helps to maintain social status.
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xlv

Figure 5.1.3

3. Do you think adventurous selfie tend to attain social attention?

The figure (5.1.3) indicates that 49.7% respondents agree that adventurous selfies tend to

attain social attention, 13.3% respondents are strongly agree, 18.7% respondents are neutral,

9.3% respondents are disagree and only 9% respondents are strongly disagree that adventurous

selfies tend to attain social attention. So, the above figure concludes that majority of responses

were agree as adventurous selfies tend to attain social attention and only few people disagree to

the statement that adventurous selfies tend to attain social attention.

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xlvi

Figure 5.1.4

4. Do you think adventurous selfie show how brave you are?

The figure (5.1.4) indicates that 31.3% respondents agree that adventurous selfies show

how brave you are, only 4% respondents are strongly agree, 22.3% respondents are neutral,

27.3% respondents are disagree and only 15% respondents are strongly disagree. So, the above

figure concludes that majority of responses agree as adventurous selfies show how brave you

are and only few people strongly disagree to the statement that adventurous selfies show how

brave you are.

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xlvii

Figure 5.1.5

5. Do you feel confident while uploading adventurous selfies on social media?

The figure (5.1.5) indicates that 27.7% respondents agree that they feel confident while

uploading adventurous selfies on social media, 7% respondents are strongly agree, 29%

respondents are neutral, 23.3% respondents are disagree and only 13% respondents are

strongly disagree. So, the above figure concludes that majority of responses agree as they feel

confident and there is change in their appearance and only few people strongly disagree to the

statement that they feel confident while uploading adventurous selfies on social media.
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xlviii

Figure 5.1.6

6. Do you think adventurous selfies make you popular on social media?

The figure (5.1.6) indicates that 43.3% respondents agree that adventurous selfies make

me popular on social media, 8.7% respondents are strongly agree, 26% respondents are neutral,

13% respondents are disagree and only 8.7% respondents are strongly disagree. So, the above

figure concludes that majority of responses agree to the statement that adventurous selfies make

popular on social media and only few people strongly disagree to the statement that adventurous

selfies make me popular on social media.

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xlix

Figure 5.1.7

7. Do you think appreciation for adventurous selfieson social media promote selfie

obsession?

The figure (5.1.7) indicates that 40.7% respondents agree that appreciation for adventurous

selfies on social media promote selfie obsession, 12.3% are strongly agree, 30.3% respondents are

neutral, 12.7% respondents are disagree and only 4% respondents are strongly disagree. So, the

above figure concludes that majority of responses agree as appreciation for adventurous selfies on

social media promote selfie obsession and only some people strongly disagree to the statement that

appreciation for adventurous selfies on social media promote selfie obsession.

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN l

Figure 5.1.8

8. Do you think appreciation for adventurous selfie on social media make you

obsessed?

The figure (5.1.8) indicates that 32% respondents agree that appreciation for adventurous

selfies on social media make you obsessed, 8.7% respondents are strongly agree, 23%

respondents are neutral, 21% respondents are disagree and only 6.3% respondents are strongly

disagree. So, the above figure concludes that majority of responses agree as appreciation for

adventurous selfies on social media make you obsessed and only few people strongly disagree to

the statement that appreciation for adventurous selfies on social media make you obsessed.
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN li

Figure 5.1.9

9. Do you think taking adventurous selfies make you feel unique among friends?

The figure (5.1.9) indicates that 37% respondents agree that taking adventurous selfies

make you feel unique among friends, 10.3% respondents are strongly agree, 24% respondents are

neutral, 18.3% respondents are disagree and 10.3% respondents are strongly disagree. So, the

above figure concludes that majority of responses agree as taking adventurous selfies make you

feel unique among friends and only few people strongly disagree to the statement that taking

adventurous selfies make you feel unique among friends.

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lii

Figure 5.1.10

10. If yes then, does it increase competition among friends?

The figure (5.1.10) indicates that 40.7% respondent agree that taking adventurous selfies

increase competition among friends, 9% respondent are strongly agree, 24.7% respondents are

neutral, 16% respondents are disagree and only 9.7% respondents are strongly disagree. So, the

above figure concludes that majority of responses strongly agree as taking adventurous selfies

increases competition among friends and only few people strongly disagree to the statement that

taking adventurous selfies increases competition among friends.

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN liii

Figure 5.1.11

11. Do you plan your adventurous selfie the way it would get more appreciation?

The figure (5.1.11) indicates that 61.7%respondents plan the adventurous selfie the way it

would get more appreciation and only 38.3% respondents does not plan the adventurous selfie

the way it would get more appreciation. So, the above figure concludes that majority of the

responses plan the adventurous selfie the way it would get more appreciation and only few

people does not plan the adventurous selfie the way it would get more appreciation.
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN liv

Figure 5.1.12

12. Do you think attaining appreciation on social media promote willingness to take

selfies at dangerous places?

The figure (5.1.12) indicates that 32.3% respondents agree that attaining appreciation on

social media promote willingness to take selfies at dangerous places, 14% respondents are

strongly agree, 18% respondents are neutral, 23% respondents are disagree and only 12.7%

respondents are strongly disagree. So, the above figure concludes that majority of the responses

agree as attaining appreciation on social media promote willingness to take selfies at dangerous

places and only few people strongly disagree to the statement that attaining appreciation on

social media promote willingness to take selfies at dangerous places.

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lv

Figure 5.1.13

13. If yes then, do you agree to take selfie at the top of Minar -e-Pakistan?

The figure (5.1.13) indicates that 69.3% respondents agree to take selfie at the top of the

Minar-e-Pakistan and only 30.7% of respondents cannot agree. So, the above figure concludes

that the majority of the responses agree to take selfie at the top of the Minar-e-Pakistan and only

few people cannot agree to take selfie at the top of the Minar-e-Pakistan.
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lvi

Figure 5.1.14

14. Does taking adventurous selfies as a source of satisfaction boost up confidence?

The figure (5.1.14) indicates that 33.7% respondents agree that taking adventurous selfies as

a source of satisfaction boost up confidence, 3.7% respondents are strongly agree, 30.7% respondents

are neutral, 20% respondents are disagree and only 12% respondents are strongly disagree. So, the

above figure concludes that majority of the responses agree as taking adventurous selfies as a source

of satisfaction boost up confidence and only few people strongly disagree to the statement that taking

adventurous selfies as a source of satisfaction boost up confidence.

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lvii

Figure 5.1.15

15. Do you think attaining appreciation for adventurous selfies make you feel satisfy?

The figure (5.1.15) indicates that 23.3% respondents agree that attaining appreciation for

adventurous selfies makes me feel satisfy, 5.3% respondents are strongly agree, 30% respondents

are neutral, 28.7% respondents are disagree and only 12.7% respondents are strongly disagree.

So, the above figure conclude that majority of the responses are neutral to the statement that

attaining appreciation for adventurous selfies makes me feel satisfy.

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lviii

Figure 5.1.16

16. Do you think adventurous selfie make you addicted?

The figure (5.1.16) indicates that 24.7% respondents agree that adventurous selfie

makes addicted, 9.7% respondents are strongly agree, 22.7% respondents are neutral, 32%

respondents are disagree, only 11% respondents are strongly disagree. So, the above table

concludes that majority of the responses disagree that adventurous selfie makes addicted and

only few people agree to the statement that adventurous selfie makes addicted.
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lix

Figure 5.1.17

17. Do you think trend of adventurous selfie promote jealously factor?

The figure (5.1.17) indicates that 30.3% respondents agree that trend of adventurous

selfies promote jealously factor, 11.3% respondents are strongly agree, 23.7% respondents are

neutral, 25.3% respondents are disagree and only 9.3% respondents are strongly disagree. So, the

above figure concludes that majority of the responses agree as that trend of adventurous selfies

promote jealously factor and only few people strongly disagree to the statement that trend of

adventurous selfies promote jealously factor.

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lx

Figure 5.1.18

18. Do you feel jealous by seeing more likes on others selfies?

The figure (5.1.18) indicates that only 78.3% respondents cannot agree that they feel jealous

by seeing more likes in other selfies and only 21.7% respondents agree that they feel jealous by

seeing more likes in other selfies. So, the above figure conclude that majority of responses does not

agree to the statement that they feel jealous by seeing more likes in other selfies.
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lxi

Figure 5.1.19

19. Do you feel depressed when there is no comment on your post?

The figure (5.1.19) indicates that 33% respondents feel depressed when there is no

comment on his/her post and 67% respondents cannot feel depressed. So, the above figure

conclude that majority of the responses does not agree as they feel depressed when there is no

comment on his/her post and only few people agree as they feel depressed when there is no

comment on his/her post.

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lxii

Figure 5.1.20

20. Do you think trend of adventurous selfie promote risk factor to life?

The figure (5.1.20) indicates that 37.7% respondents strongly agree that trend of

adventurous selfies promote risk factor to life, 37% respondents are agree, 15.7% respondents

are neutral, 7.3% respondents are disagree and only 2.3% respondents are strongly disagree. So,

the above figure conclude that majority of the responses strongly agree as trend of adventurous

selfies promote risk factor to life and only few people disagree to the statement that trend of

adventurous selfies promote risk factor to life.

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lxiii

Figure 5.1.21

21. Do you think trend of adventurous selfies have negative impact on youth?

The figure (5.1.21) indicates that 34.7% respondents agree that trend of adventurous

selfies have a negative on youth, 33.7% respondents are strongly agree, 21.7% respondents are

neutral, 9.3% respondents are disagree. So, the above figure indicates that majority of the

responses agree as trend of adventurous selfies have a negative on youth and only few people

strongly disagree to the statement that trend of adventurous selfies have a negative on youth.
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lxiv

Chapter 6

Discussion and Analysis

As stated in the introductory phase of this research work, the article is guided by some of

the objectives and research questions for which observations and research questions is based on.

The research objectives of this study were:

• To examine the factors of taking selfies at adventurous places

• To study the impact of taking selfies at adventurous places

These objectives were kept in mind and fulfilled during the research work. These objectives

helped in finding answers to the research questions that were formulated in the beginning.

The first research question was to analyze that what are the factors associated with taking

selfies at adventurous places. Results indicates that an increasing number of young people are

taking and posting adventurous selfies and their motives relate to playing with their identity and

gaining attention from others. Majority of respondents said that the main aim of posting

adventurous selfies on social media was to gain popularity and maintain social status. Young

people love the attention they get on social media platforms like Instagram, Facebook and

Twitter where selfies act as key tool to increase popularity.

Results have also revealed that after sharing adventurous selfies on social media people

feel confidence when others people likes his selfies and they feel unique among friends. Social

media and particularly posting selfies have become fully incorporated into young people’s lives.

Research indicates that posting adventurous selfies may impact on self-esteem and that feedback

in the form of “likes” may change how young people feel about themselves. When a selfie gets

“likes” or good comments on social media platforms, a sense of accomplishment and victory
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lxv

develops, which will allow the person in the Selfie by determining real-life understanding of

self-identity.

The third research question was to examine the impact of capturing adventurous selfies

among youth. The results have showed that the trend of adventurous selfies have a negative

impact on youth in such a way that appreciation for adventurous selfies on social media promote

obsession and jealousy factor among young people.

The results from the present study show some impact of posting selfies and feedback on

both appearance and satisfaction. The selfie trend brings negative impact on youth such as

mental illness, loss self- confidence, wastage of time, jealousy factor, causing deaths and

obsession. Psychologists have added selfie obsession in the list of mental illness as well. They

even say that people who continuously post selfies on social media may need help. The reason

behind the selfie trend is just to seek approval and attention. Such behaviour could lead to mental

health problems especially it can put a bump on self-confidence. The obsession with selfies has

resulted in some unfortunate endings as well. The trend of adventurous selfies itself considered a

major problem because it promotes risk factor to life. According to a research which was

conducted in 2015, more people died by taking selfies than by suffering from shark attacks.

Moreover, it has also been reported that most of the selfie-related deaths were because of falling.

It is really sad that in order to preserve beautiful memories through pictures, people have

forgotten how to enjoy the real-life moments of their lives.

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lxvi

Chapter 7

Conclusion

Today the technology and social media is influencing our life directly. In this manner, the

selfie takes more place on youth. They share their selfies on Facebook, Instagram, Whatsapp and

Twitter etc. In recent tendency individuals are trying newer and dangerous behavior to capture

something out of the world and instantly share it with the world through them many of above

social networking websites to attain attention and become more popular.

The research findings revealed that selfie trend increases the risk taking among youth and

have also revealed that trend of adventurous selfies have a negative impact on youth. The selfie

trend brings negative impact on youth such as mental illness, loss self- confidence, jealousy

factor and causing deaths. So, it is highly recommended that youth should understand its pros

and cons. Parents should take effort in making their children understand their limitation and

guidelines. They should know how it can be used for the better and how it can be lead to the

worse. Number of deaths occurred and increasing day by day only due to taking a selfie at

dangerous places. So, when we take a selfie in the great outdoors think and keep the safe firstly.
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lxvii

7.1 Recommendations

The present study recommended that latest campaign is a request to individuals, to follow

a few safe selfie rules while capturing selfies. Targeting individuals should not to capture selfies

at dangerous places like at the top of the Minar-e-Pakistan, at the top of mountains, standing at

the railway tracks and on the border of a boat etc. This seems to be a helpful plan to increase

awareness concerned for the public safety. While these methods may help decrease the

happenings, the only way to stop selfie-related injuries and deaths is if everybody takes

responsibility not just for themselves, but also, their friends.

Recommendation also include the important role of friends as they should not motivate

activities of their friends belong to taking adventurous selfies by appreciation as do comments

and like their adventurous selfies which make them excited and encourage them more towards

such activities on social media.

7.2 Recommendations for future studies

• Future research can be done to study the effects of taking adventurous selfies on self-

esteem of the individuals.

• For further studies researcher can take interviews from families of victims who have been

died while taking selfies at dangerous places.

• A follow up study can be conducted to assess the effectiveness of awareness programme

on prevention of taking selfies at dangerous places.

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lxviii

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IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lxxi

Appendix 1
Frequency Tables

Q1: Do you upload selfie on social media?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Yes 209 69.7 69.7 69.7

No 91 30.3 30.3 100.0

Total 300 100.0 100.0

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lxxii

Q2: Do you think uploading selfie helps to maintain social status?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 40 13.3 13.3 13.3

Disagree 62 20.7 20.7 34.0

Neutral 102 34.0 34.0 68.0

Agree 85 28.3 28.3 96.3

Strongly Agree 11 3.7 3.7 100.0

Total 300 100.0 100.0

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lxxiii

Q3: Do you think adventurous selfie tend to attain social attention?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 27 9.0 9.0 9.0

Disagree 28 9.3 9.3 18.3

Neutral 56 18.7 18.7 37.0

Agree 149 49.7 49.7 86.7

Strongly Agree 40 13.3 13.3 100.0

Total 300 100.0 100.0

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lxxiv

Q4: Do you think adventurous selfie show how brave you are?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 45 15.0 15.0 15.0

Disagree 82 27.3 27.3 42.3

Neutral 67 22.3 22.3 64.7

Agree 94 31.3 31.3 96.0

Strongly Agree 12 4.0 4.0 100.0

Total 300 100.0 100.0

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lxxv

Q5: Do you feel confident by uploading adventurous selfies on social media?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 39 13.0 13.0 13.0

Disagree 70 23.3 23.3 36.3

Neutral 87 29.0 29.0 65.3

Agree 83 27.7 27.7 93.0

Strongly Agree 21 7.0 7.0 100.0

Total 300 100.0 100.0

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lxxvi

Q6: Do you think adventurous selfie make you popular on social media?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 26 8.7 8.7 8.7

Disagree 39 13.0 13.0 21.7

Neutral 78 26.0 26.0 47.7

Agree 131 43.7 43.7 91.3

Strongly Agree 26 8.7 8.7 100.0

Total 300 100.0 100.0

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lxxvii

Q7: Do you think appreciation for adventurous selfie on social media promote obsession?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 12 4.0 4.0 4.0

Disagree 38 12.7 12.7 16.7

Neutral 91 30.3 30.3 47.0

Agree 122 40.7 40.7 87.7

Strongly Agree 37 12.3 12.3 100.0

Total 300 100.0 100.0

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lxxviii

Q8: Do you think appreciation for adventurous selfie on social media make you obsessed?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 19 6.3 6.3 6.3

Disagree 63 21.0 21.0 27.3

Neutral 96 32.0 32.0 59.3

Agree 96 32.0 32.0 91.3

Strongly Agree 26 8.7 8.7 100.0

Total 300 100.0 100.0

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lxxix

Q9: Do you think taking adventurous selfie make you feel unique among friends?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 31 10.3 10.3 10.3

Disagree 55 18.3 18.3 28.7

Neutral 72 24.0 24.0 52.7

Agree 111 37.0 37.0 89.7

Strongly Agree 31 10.3 10.3 100.0

Total 300 100.0 100.0

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lxxx

Q10: If yes then, does it increase competition among friends?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 29 9.7 9.7 9.7

Disagree 48 16.0 16.0 25.7

Neutral 74 24.7 24.7 50.3

Agree 122 40.7 40.7 91.0

Strongly Agree 27 9.0 9.0 100.0

Total 300 100.0 100.0

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lxxxi

Q11: Do you plan your adventurous selfie the way it would get more appreciation?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Yes 115 38.3 38.3 38.3

No 185 61.7 61.7 100.0

Total 300 100.0 100.0

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lxxxii

Q12: Do you think attaining appreciation on social media promote willingness to

take selfies at dangerous places?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 38 12.7 12.7 12.7

Disagree 69 23.0 23.0 35.7

Neutral 54 18.0 18.0 53.7

Agree 97 32.3 32.3 86.0

Strongly Agree 42 14.0 14.0 100.0

Total 300 100.0 100.0

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lxxxiii

Q13: If yes then, do you agree to take selfie at the top of Minar-e-Pakistan?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Yes 92 30.7 30.7 30.7

No 208 69.3 69.3 100.0

Total 300 100.0 100.0

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lxxxiv

Q14: Does taking adventurous selfies as a source of satisfaction boost up confidence?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 36 12.0 12.0 12.0

Disagree 60 20.0 20.0 32.0

Neutral 92 30.7 30.7 62.7

Agree 101 33.7 33.7 96.3

Strongly Agree 11 3.7 3.7 100.0

Total 300 100.0 100.0

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lxxxv

Q15: Do you think attaining appreciation for adventurous selfie make you feel satisfy?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 38 12.7 12.7 12.7

Disagree 86 28.7 28.7 41.3

Neutral 90 30.0 30.0 71.3

Agree 70 23.3 23.3 94.7

Strongly Agree 16 5.3 5.3 100.0

Total 300 100.0 100.0

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lxxxvi

Q16: Do you think adventurous selfie make you addicted?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 33 11.0 11.0 11.0

Disagree 96 32.0 32.0 43.0

Neutral 68 22.7 22.7 65.7

Agree 74 24.7 24.7 90.3

Strongly Agree 29 9.7 9.7 100.0

Total 300 100.0 100.0

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lxxxvii

Q17: Do you think trend of adventurous selfie promote jealousy factor?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 28 9.3 9.3 9.3

Disagree 76 25.3 25.3 34.7

Neutral 71 23.7 23.7 58.3

Agree 91 30.3 30.3 88.7

Strongly Agree 34 11.3 11.3 100.0

Total 300 100.0 100.0

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lxxxviii

Q18: Do you feel jealous by seeing more likes on others selfies?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Yes 65 21.7 21.7 21.7

No 235 78.3 78.3 100.0

Total 300 100.0 100.0

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN lxxxix

Q19: Do you feel depressed when there is no comment on your post?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Yes 99 33.0 33.0 33.0

No 201 67.0 67.0 100.0

Total 300 100.0 100.0

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xc

Q20: Do you think trend of adventurous selfie promote risk factor to life?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 7 2.3 2.3 2.3

Disagree 22 7.3 7.3 9.7

Neutral 47 15.7 15.7 25.3

Agree 111 37.0 37.0 62.3

Strongly Agree 113 37.7 37.7 100.0

Total 300 100.0 100.0

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xci

Q21: Do you think trend of adventurous selfies have negative impact on youth?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Strongly Disagree 2 .7 .7 .7

Disagree 28 9.3 9.3 10.0

Neutral 65 21.7 21.7 31.7

Agree 104 34.7 34.7 66.3

Strongly Agree 101 33.7 33.7 100.0

Total 300 100.0 100.0

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xcii

Appendix 2

This is a study of mass media research on “Impact of Capturing Adventurous Selfies: A

study of youth of Lahore Pakistan”. This research study ensures you that your answers would be

used only for the interpretation of this research. Your cooperation will be highly appreciated.

Demographics:

Name: --------------------------

Gender: ------------------------

Age: ----------------------------

1: Do you upload selfie on social media?

(a) Yes

(b) No

2: Do you think uploading selfie helps to maintain social status?

(a) Strongly disagree

(b) disagree

(c) Neutral

(d) agree

(e) strongly agree

3: Do you think adventurous selfie tend to attain social attention?

(a) Strongly disagree

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xciii

(b) disagree

(c) Neutral

(d) agree

(e) strongly agree

4: Do you think adventurous selfie show how brave you are?

(a) Strongly disagree

(b) (b) disagree

(c) Neutral

(d) agree

(e) strongly agree

5: Do you feel confident by uploading adventurous selfies on social media?

(a) Strongly disagree

(b) disagree

(c) Neutral

(d) agree

(e) strongly agree

6: Do you think adventurous selfie make you popular on social media?

(a) Strongly disagree

(b) disagree

(c) Neutral

(d) agree
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xciv

(e) strongly agree

7: Do you think appreciation for adventurous selfie on social media promote obsession?

(a) Strongly disagree

(b) disagree

(c) Neutral

(d) agree

(e) strongly agree

8: Do you think appreciation for adventurous selfie on social media make you obsessed?

(a) Strongly disagree

(b) disagree

(c) Neutral

(d) agree

(e) strongly agree

9: Do you think taking adventurous selfie make you feel unique among friends?

(a) Strongly disagree

(b) disagree

(c) Neutral

(d) agree

(e) strongly agree

10: If yes then, does it increase competition among friends?

(a) Strongly disagree

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xcv

(b) disagree

(c) Neutral

(d) agree

(e) strongly agree

11: Do you plan your adventurous selfie the way it would get more appreciation?

(a) Yes

(b) No

12: Do you think attaining appreciation on social media promote willingness to take selfies at

dangerous places?

(a) Strongly disagree

(b) disagree

(c) Neutral

(d) agree

(e) strongly agree

13: If yes then, do you agree to take selfie at the top of Minar-e-Pakistan?

(a) Yes

(b) No

14: Does taking adventurous selfies as a source of satisfaction boost up confidence?

(a) Strongly disagree

(b) disagree

(c) Neutral
IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xcvi

(d) agree

(e) strongly agree

15: Do you think attaining appreciation for adventurous selfie make you feel satisfy?

(a) Strongly disagree

(b) disagree

(c) Neutral

(d) agree

(e) strongly agree

16: Do you think adventurous selfie make you addicted?

(a) Strongly disagree

(b) disagree

(c) Neutral

(d) agree

(e) strongly agree

17: Do you think trend of adventurous selfie promote jealousy factor?

(a) Strongly disagree

(b) disagree

(c) Neutral

(d) agree

(e) strongly agree

IMACT OF CAPTURING ADVENTUROUS SELFIES: A CASE STUDY ON YOUTH OF LAHORE PAKISTAN xcvii

18: Do you feel jealous by seeing more likes on others selfies?

(a) Yes

(b) No

19: Do you feel depressed when there is no comment on your post?

(a) Yes

(b) No

20: Do you think trend of adventurous selfie promote risk factor to life?

(a) Strongly disagree

(b) disagree

(c) Neutral

(d) agree

(e) strongly agree

21: Do you think trend of adventurous selfies have negative impact on youth?

(a) Strongly disagree

(b) disagree

(c) Neutral

(d) agree

(e) strongly agree