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Antihistamines: Dr.B.Reshma PG First Year
Antihistamines: Dr.B.Reshma PG First Year
Antihistamines: Dr.B.Reshma PG First Year
DR.B.RESHMA
PG FIRST YEAR
◦ Histamine—
◦ Synthesis
◦ Storage
◦ Release
◦ Mechanism of action
◦ Receptors
◦ Tissue and organ effects
◦ Antagonists
HISTAMINE
◦ SYNTHESIS:
◦ Formed by decarboxylation of lhistidine by histidine decarboxylase
◦ Storage:
◦ Mast cells –
◦ Rich at sites of potential tissue injury—nose, mouth,feet,blood vessels bifurcation
◦ Non mast cells
◦ ecl cells in fundus of stomach
◦ Neuroendocrine cells in the brain
◦ Cardiovascular system
◦ Release:
◦ Immunologic release
◦ sensitised by IgE
◦ degranulate the mast cells
◦ release of histamine
◦ Chemical and mechanical release
◦ certain amines like morphine displace histamine granules
◦ Mechanism of action:
◦ G protein coupled receptors
◦ TISSUE AND ORGAN EFFECTS:
◦ CNS
◦ stimulant at nerve endings –increased pain sensitivity
◦ CVS
◦ dec SBP and DBP ––
◦ d/t H1 mediated NO release d/t direct vasodilatation
◦ Inc heart rate
◦ Flushing
◦ Headache
◦ edema
◦ Bronchioles
◦ bronchoconstriction
◦ GIT
◦ INC gastric aacid secretion
◦ contraction of smooth muscles , diarrhea
◦ Other smooth muscles –contraction
◦ HISTAMINE ANTAGONISTS
◦ 1)Physiologic—
◦ epinephrine in anaphylactic shock
◦ 2)Release inhibitors
◦ That which reduce degranulation of mast cells
◦ Ex: cromolyn
◦ Nedocromil
◦ 3)Receptor antagonists
classification
◦ Antagonists
◦ 1)Based on when manufactured
◦ First generation second generation
◦ 2)Based on chemical structure
◦ Five types
◦ 3)Based on sedation side effects
◦ Sedating and non sedating
FIRST GENERATION
ANTIHISTAMINES
◦ These are classical antihistamines
◦ These are clinically used in the treatment of histamine mediated allergic conditions.
◦ These are mainly used in allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic
dermatological conditions.
ADVERSE EFFECTS:
◦ The main adverse effect of H1 antagonists first generation is SEDATION.
◦ This is evidenced by drowsiness, diminished alertness.
◦This is due to their relative lack of selectivity for the PERIPHERAL H1
RECEPTOR,. AND THEY CAN PENETRATE BBB
◦ 29
nd
2 GENERATION
ANTIHISTAMINES
◦ DRUGS WITHOUT SEDATIVE PROPERTIES LITTLE CNS PENETRATION
WITHOUT ANTICHOLINERGIC ACTIVITY
◦ THEIR USE IS MAINLY CONFINED TO ANTI ALLERGIC EFFECTS
◦ Absence of CNS depressant property.
◦ • Higher H1 selectivitiy: no anticholinergic side effects.
◦ • Additional antiallergic mechanisms apart from histamine blockade
◦ some also inhibit late phase allergic reaction by acting on leukotrienes
◦ or by antiplatelet activating factor effect
◦ Fexofenadine
◦ active metabolite of terfenadine,
◦ withdrawn because of several deaths due to
◦ polymorphic ventricular tachycarida (Torsades de pointes) occurring with
its higher doses or when it was coadministered with CYP3A4 inhibitors
(erythromycin, clarithromycin, ketoconazole, itraconazole, etc.).
◦ Dose: For allergic rhinitis 120 mg OD; for urticaria and other
skin allergies 180 mg OD.
◦ Astimizole
◦ slowest and longest antihistaminic
◦ similar arrhythmic properties
◦ Loratadine
◦ longacting
◦ selective peripheral h1 antagonist
◦ lacks CNS depressant effects
◦ is fast acting
◦ Cetirizine
◦ marked affinity for peripheral H1 receptors
◦ penetrates brain poorly
◦ mild sedation and subjective somnolence is experienced by many
recipients
◦ inhibits release of histamine and of cytotoxic mediators from platelets as
well as eosinophil chemotaxis during the secondary phase of the allergic
response.
◦ Thus, it may benefit allergic disorders by other actions as well.
◦ Levocetirizine
◦ active R(–) enantiomerof cetirizine.
◦ It is effective at half the dose
◦ appears to produce less sedation and other side effects.
◦ Azelastine This newer H1 blocker
◦ good topical activity
◦ it inhibits histamine release and inflammatory reaction triggered by
LTs and PAF.
◦ After intranasal application it has been shown to down regulate
intracellular adhesion molecule1 (ICAM1) expression on nasal
mucosa. Its t½ is 24 hr, but action lasts longer due to active
metabolite.
◦ Given by nasal spray for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis it
provides quick symptomatic relief lasting 12 hr.
◦ Stinging in the nose and altered taste perception are the local side
effects.
◦ Some somnolence has been reported on nasal applicationand
◦ a tendency to weight gain noted after oral use
◦ Ebastine Another newer Second generation
◦ rapidly gets converted to the active metabolite carbastine
◦ t½ of 10–16 hr.
◦ It is nonsedating and
◦ active in nasal and skin allergies
◦ Rupatadine This recently introduced antihistaminic
◦ has additional PAF antagonistic property
◦ is indicated in allergic rhinitis.
USES OF ANTIHISTAMINES
◦ The uses of H1 antihistaminics are based on their ability to block certain effects of
histamine released endogeneously, as well as on sedative and anticholinergic
properties.
◦ Allergic disorders :
◦ Antihistaminics do not suppress AG: AB reaction, but block the effects of released
histamine—are only palliative.
◦ They effectively control certain immediate type of allergies, e.g. itching, urticaria,
seasonal hay fever, allergic conjunctivitis and angioedema of lips eyelids, etc.
◦ their action is slow
◦ Adr alone is lifesaving in laryngeal angioedema
◦ intravenously administered antihistaminic may have adjuvant value
◦ Acute rhinitis
◦ Antihistaminics do not affect the course of the
illness
◦ Give symptomatic relief by anticholinergic (reduce
rhinorrhoea) and sedative actions.
◦ The newer nonsedating antihistamines are less
effective in this respect
◦ Motion sickness
◦ Promethazine, diphenhydramine,
dimenhydrinate and meclozine have
prophylactic value in milder types of
motion sickness;
◦ should be taken one hour before
starting journey.
◦ Promethazine can also be used in
morning sickness, drug induced and
postoperative vomiting, radiation
sickness.
◦ Vertigo
◦ Cinnarizine is the H1 antihistamine having additional anticholinergic, anti5HT,
sedative and vasodilator properties which has been widely used in vertigo.
◦ modulates Ca2+ fluxes and attenuates vasoconstrictor action of many endogenous
mediators.
◦ Cinnarizine inhibits vestibular sensory nuclei in the inner ear,
◦ suppresses labyrinthine reflexes, possibly by reducing stimulated influx of Ca2+ from
endolymph into the vestibular sensory cells.
◦ Beneficial effects have been reported in Méniére’s disease and other types of vertigo.
◦ Preanaesthetic medication
◦ Promethazine has been used for its anticholinergic and
sedative properties.
◦ Cough
◦ Antihistaminics like chlorpheniramine,
diphenhydramine and promethazine are constituents
of many popular cough remedies.
◦ They have no selective cough suppressant action,but
may afford symptomatic relief by sedative and
anticholinergic property
◦ As sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic
◦ Antihistamines with CNS depressant action have been used as
sedative and to induce sleep, especially in children.
◦ promethazine has produced serious respiratory depression in young
children;
◦ Tiporolisant
◦ –h3 inverse agonist used in narcolepsy
◦ olpatidine
◦ h1 anti histaminic available as nasal spray for allergic rhinitis
◦ Alcaftidine
◦ available for ophthalmic solution for allergic conjuctivitis
ADVERSE EFFECTS
Safety in pregnancy
ARIA GUIDELINES
◦ 1)Combi of oral antihistamines & intranasal corticosteroids vs intranasal
corticosteroids alone?
◦ In seasonal allergic rhinitiseither combi or alone
◦ In perennial allergic rhinitis – intranasal corticosteroids rather than
combination is preferred
◦ 2)combination of intranasal antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids
vs intranasal corticosteroids alone in allergic rhinitis?
◦ In seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitiseither combi or alone
depending on patient cost affordability
◦ For First two weeks instant relief combi prefered
◦ 3)should we give combination of intranasal antihistamines and
intranasal corticosteroids vs intranasasl antihistamines alone?
◦ In seasonal allergic rhinitis combination is recommended
◦ 4)oral leukotriene receptor antagonists vs oral antihistamines in allergic
rhinitis?
◦ In seasonal allergic rhinitis either of them can be used
◦ In perennial allergic rhinitis oral antihistamines preferred over oral
leukotriene receptor antagonists
◦ 5)intranasal antihistamines vs intranasal corticosteroids in allergic
rhinitis?
◦ In seasonal and perenial allergic rhinitis intranasal corticosteroids more
preferred over intranasal antihistamines
◦ 6)intranasal antihistamines vs oral antihistamines in allergic rhinitis?
◦ In seasonal and perennial either of them can be given based on
patients cost affordability
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