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CH 04 MacForm
CH 04 MacForm
IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Operational quantities for radiation monitoring
4.3 Area survey meters
4.4 Individual monitoring
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.Slide 1 (2/107)
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4.1 INTRODUCTION
Internal exposure
External exposure
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.1 Slide 1 (3/107)
4.1 INTRODUCTION
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.1 Slide 2 (4/107)
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4.1 INTRODUCTION
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.1 Slide 3 (5/107)
4.1 INTRODUCTION
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.1 Slide 4 (6/107)
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4.2 OPERATIONAL QUANTITIES FOR RADIATION MONITORING
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2 Slide 1 (7/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.1 Slide 1 (8/107)
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4.2 OPERATIONAL QUANTITIES FOR RADIATION MONITORING
4.2.1 Dosimetric quantities for radiation protection
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.1 Slide 2 (9/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.1 Slide 3 (10/107)
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4.2 OPERATIONAL QUANTITIES FOR RADIATION MONITORING
4.2.1 Dosimetric quantities for radiation protection
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.1 Slide 4 (11/107)
HT = wR DT,R
where DT,R is the absorbed dose delivered by radiation type R
averaged over a tissue or organ T.
The resulting quantity is called the equivalent dose HT.
The unit of equivalent dose is J/kg or sievert (Sv).
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.1 Slide 5 (12/107)
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4.2 OPERATIONAL QUANTITIES FOR RADIATION MONITORING
4.2.1 Dosimetric quantities for radiation protection
• for protons: wR = 5
• for particles: wR = 20
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.1 Slide 6 (13/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.1 Slide 7 (14/107)
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4.2 OPERATIONAL QUANTITIES FOR RADIATION MONITORING
4.2.1 Appropriate quantities for radiation monitoring
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.1 Slide 8 (15/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.2 Slide 1 (16/107)
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4.2 OPERATIONAL QUANTITIES FOR RADIATION MONITORING
4.2.2 Appropriate quantities for area monitoring
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.2 Slide 2 (17/107)
30 cm
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.2 Slide 3 (18/107)
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4.2 OPERATIONAL QUANTITIES FOR RADIATION MONITORING
4.2.3 Ambient dose equivalent
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.3 Slide 1 (19/107)
Expanded field:
The fluence and its radiation aligned
directional and energy
distribution have the same
values throughout the
volume of interest as in the
actual field at the point of point of
interest
interest.
radiation
expanded
Aligned field:
d
The fluence and its energy
distribution are the same as
in the expanded field, but the aligned
fluence is unidirectional.
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.3 Slide 2 (20/107)
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4.2 OPERATIONAL QUANTITIES FOR RADIATION MONITORING
4.2.3 Ambient dose equivalent
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.3 Slide 3 (21/107)
radiation aligned
The ambient dose
ICRU sphere equivalent at a
depth of 10 mm:
H*(10 mm)
radiation
expanded
10 mm
aligned
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3 Slide 4 (22/107)
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4.2 OPERATIONAL QUANTITIES FOR RADIATION MONITORING
4.2.4 Directional dose equivalent
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.4 Slide 1 (23/107)
The ambient
dose equivalent
H'(0.07mm,)
unidirectional
radiation
expanded
ICRU sphere
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.4 Slide 2 (24/107)
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4.2 OPERATIONAL QUANTITIES FOR RADIATION MONITORING
4.2.5 Appropriate quantities for radiation monitoring
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.5 Slide 1 (25/107)
Weakly Strongly
penetrating penetrating
radiation radiation
Individual
monitoring
Hp (0.07), Hp (3) Hp (10)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.6 Slide 1 (26/107)
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4.2 OPERATIONAL QUANTITIES FOR RADIATION MONITORING
4.2.6 Summary of operational quantities
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.2.6 Slide 2 (27/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3 Slide 1 (28/107)
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4.3 AREA SURVEY METERS
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3 Slide 2 (29/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3 Slide 3 (30/107)
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4.3 AREA SURVEY METERS
• Ionization region B
• Proportional region C
• Geiger-Müller (GM)
region E
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3 Slide 4 (31/107)
• Region A (recombination)
• Region D
(limited proportionality in
the “signal versus applied
voltage”)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3 Slide 5 (32/107)
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4.3 AREA SURVEY METERS
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3 Slide 6 (33/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.1 Slide 1 (34/107)
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4.3 AREA SURVEY METERS
4.3.1 Ionization chambers
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.1 Slide 2 (35/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.2 Slide 1 (36/107)
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4.3 AREA SURVEY METERS
4.3.2 Proportional counters
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.2 Slide 2 (37/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.3 Slide 1 (38/107)
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4.3 AREA SURVEY METERS
4.3.3 Neutron area survey meters
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.3 Slide 2 (39/107)
thermal
neutron
B-10 Li-7
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.3 Slide 3 (40/107)
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4.3 AREA SURVEY METERS
4.3.3 Neutron area survey meters
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.3 Slide 4 (41/107)
Filter compensation is
weighting factors
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.3 Slide 5 (42/107)
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4.3 AREA SURVEY METERS
4.3.4 GM counters
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.4 Slide 1 (43/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.4 Slide 2 (44/107)
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4.3 AREA SURVEY METERS
4.3.4 GM counters
Disadvantage of GM counters:
GM detectors suffer from very long dead-times, ranging
from tens to hundreds of ms.
For this reason, GM counters are not used when accurate
measurements are required of count rates of more than a
few 100 counts per second.
A portable GM survey meter may become paralyzed in a
very high radiation field and yield a zero reading.
Therefore ionization chambers should be used in areas
where radiation rates are high.
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.4 Slide 3 (45/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.5 Slide 1 (46/107)
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4.3 AREA SURVEY METERS
4.3.5 Scintillator detector
Coaxial out
Scintillation photon
+400V +800V
Photocathode
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.5 Slide 2 (47/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.6 Slide 1 (48/107)
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4.3 AREA SURVEY METERS
4.3.6 Semiconductor detector
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.6 Slide 2 (49/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.7 Slide 1 (50/107)
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4.3 AREA SURVEY METERS
4.3.7 Commonly available features of area survey meters
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.7 Slide 2 (51/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.8 Slide 1 (52/107)
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4.3 AREA SURVEY METERS
4.3.8 Calibration of survey meters
Example:
In a reference photon field of cesium-137,
the air-kerma in air is measured using a
reference instrument for gamma radiation,
that is a large volume ionization chamber.
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.8 Slide 2 (53/107)
(K )air air
= MR NR ,
where
(Kair)air is the air-kerma in air
MR is the reading of the reference instrument corrected for
influence quantities
NR is the chamber calibration coefficient (e.g., in terms of air-
kerma in air or air-kerma rate in air) of the reference
chamber under the reference conditions
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.8 Slide 3 (54/107)
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4.3 AREA SURVEY METERS
4.3.8 Calibration of survey meters
H = h K air ( ) air
(K )
air air
= MR NR
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.8 Slide 4 (55/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.8 Slide 5 (56/107)
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4.3 AREA SURVEY METERS
4.3.9 Properties of area survey meters: Sensitivity
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.9 Slide 1 (57/107)
A commercial
contamination monitor
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.9 Slide 2 (58/107)
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4.3 AREA SURVEY METERS
4.3.9 Properties of area survey meters: Sensitivity
1 Sv/h 1 Sv/h
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.9 Slide 3 (59/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.9 Slide 4 (60/107)
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4.3 AREA SURVEY METERS
4.3.9 Properties of area survey meters: Energy dependence
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.9 Slide 5 (61/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.9 Slide 6 (62/107)
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4.3 AREA SURVEY METERS
4.3.9 Properties of area survey meters: Energy dependence
NH*(10) =
H*(10) H*(10) K air
=
( ) air
M K air air M ( )
Conclusion:
H*(10)/(Kair)air as well as (Kair)air /M should have a flat
energy dependence.
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.9 Slide 7 (63/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.9 Slide 8 (64/107)
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4.3 AREA SURVEY METERS
4.3.9 Properties of area survey meters: Dose equivalent range
1 nSv/h 1 Sv/h
1 Sv/h 1 Sv/h
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.9 Slide 9 (65/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.9 Slide 10 (66/107)
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4.3 AREA SURVEY METERS
4.3.9 Properties of area survey meters: Overload characteristics
Danger:
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.2 Slide 11 (67/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.2 Slide 12 (68/107)
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4.3 AREA SURVEY METERS
4.3.9 Properties of area survey meters: Long term stability
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.2 Slide 13 (69/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.2 Slide 14 (70/107)
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4.3 AREA SURVEY METERS
4.3.9 Properties of area survey meters: Uncertainties
Type B uncertainty:
The uncertainties because of the energy dependence and angular
dependence of the detector, the variation in the user’s field
conditions compared to calibration conditions, etc., contribute to
type B uncertainties.
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.2 Slide 15 (71/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.3.2 Slide 16 (72/107)
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4.4 INDIVIDUAL MONITORING
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4 Slide 1 (73/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4 Slide 2 (74/107)
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4.4 INDIVIDUAL MONITORING
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4 Slide 3 (75/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4 Slide 4 (76/107)
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4.4 INDIVIDUAL MONITORING
F: quartz
filament
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4 Slide 5 (77/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.1 Slide 1 (78/107)
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4.4 INDIVIDUAL MONITORING
4.4.1 Film badge
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.1 Slide 2 (79/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.1 Slide 3 (80/107)
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4.4 INDIVIDUAL MONITORING
4.4.1 Film badge
Fast neutrons:
Nuclear track emulsions are used. The neutrons interact with
hydrogen nuclei in the emulsion and surrounding materials,
producing recoil protons by elastic collisions. These particles create
a latent image, which leads to darkening of the film along their
tracks after processing.
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.1 Slide 4 (81/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.2 Slide 1 (82/107)
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4.4 INDIVIDUAL MONITORING
4.4.2 Thermoluminescent dosimetry (TLD) badge
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.2 Slide 2 (83/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.2 Slide 3 (84/107)
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4.4 INDIVIDUAL MONITORING
4.4.2 Thermoluminescent dosimetry (TLD) badge
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.2 Slide 4 (85/107)
A personal RPL
A radiophotoluminescent glass block is dosimeter
positioned in the center of a holder. (1950s-1960s)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.3 Slide 1 (86/107)
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4.4 INDIVIDUAL MONITORING
4.4.3 Radiophotoluminescent (RPL) glass dosimetry systems
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.3 Slide 2 (87/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.3 Slide 3 (88/107)
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4.4 INDIVIDUAL MONITORING
4.4.4 Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) systems
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.4 Slide 1 (89/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.4 Slide 2 (90/107)
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4.4 INDIVIDUAL MONITORING
4.4.4 Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) systems
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.4 Slide 3 (91/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.4 Slide 4 (92/107)
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4.4 INDIVIDUAL MONITORING
4.4.5 Direct reading personal monitors
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.5 Slide 1 (93/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.5 Slide 2 (94/107)
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4.4 INDIVIDUAL MONITORING
4.4.5 Direct reading personal monitors
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.5 Slide 3 (95/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.5 Slide 4 (96/107)
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4.4 INDIVIDUAL MONITORING
4.4.5 Direct reading personal monitors
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.5 Slide 5 (97/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.6 Slide 1 (98/107)
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4.4 INDIVIDUAL MONITORING
4.4.6 Calibration
Hp ( d )
(2) Values for = hkHp are theoretically available.
(Kair )
air slab
Using these data for the calibration beam quality, a reference
instrument reading can be converted to [Hp(d)]slab.
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.6 Slide 2 (99/107)
Calibration of personal
dosimeters on a PMMA slab
phantom using a standard
cesium-137 gamma ray beam.
(3) The dosimeter badge is then placed
at the calibration point on a phantom
and its reading M is determined.
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.6 Slide 3 (100/107)
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4.4 INDIVIDUAL MONITORING
4.4.7 Properties of personal monitors: Sensitivity
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.7 Slide 1 (101/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.7 Slide 2 (102/107)
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4.4 INDIVIDUAL MONITORING
4.4.7 Properties of personal monitors: Energy dependence
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.7 Slide 3 (103/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.7 Slide 4 (104/107)
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4.4 INDIVIDUAL MONITORING
4.4.7 Properties of personal monitors: Dose equivalent range
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.7 Slide 5 (105/107)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.7 Slide 6 (106/107)
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4.4 INDIVIDUAL MONITORING
4.4.7 Properties of personal monitors: Discrimination capacity
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 4.4.7 Slide 7 (107/107)
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