2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Technology, ICCTET’14
Classification of Human Emotions from EEG
Signals using Filtering and ANFIS Classifier
R.MalathiRavindran
Research Scholar, P.G Department of Computer Applications,
N.G.M College, Pollachi, Coimbatore
Email: rajansunguru@gmail.com
Abstract - Human emotion classification has been an attractive
research area in the field of data mining. Several research
works have been carried out for investigating the classification
system for human emotions. This research article is intended to
deal with the classification of human emotions through
Electroencephalogram (EEG). The essential aspects of this
system are feature extraction and accurate classification of the
emotion-related EEG-characteristics to attain a significant
emotion recognition system. In this research work, the
emotions and the patterns of EEG signals of human brain are
studied. The aim of this work is to investigate the changes in
the brain signals in the domain of different emotions. The
study can be analyzed for its utility in the diagnosis of
psychosomatic disorders like anxiety and depression in
economical way with higher precision. The modified adaptive
filtering for signal preprocessing is proposed in this system for
removing the noise and artifacts in EEG signal. The adaptive
neuro fuzzy inference system is also proposed for classifying
and analyzing the emotions based on the features selected. The
proposed system is compared with the existing system and the
performance of the proposed system is evaluated using the
metrics such as specificity and sensitivity.
Keywords - Brain signal, Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference
system, adaptive filtering
I. INTRODUCTION
In human body, brain has been considered as a one
of the important organ. The capacities of the persons such as
art, language, rational thoughts and moral judgments have
been controlled by brain. It is also responsible for each
individual's personality [1]. The brain consists of 100 billion
nerve cells which are used for not only systemizing the
physical actions, but also regulating the unconscious works
such as digestion and breathing. The brain waves have been
observed using the innovative technologies such as
electroencephalograms (EEG) [2], [3], magneto
encephalograms (MEG) [4], and functional MRI (fMRI) [5].
These tools or techniques are mainly used for understanding
the complicated mechanisms of the brain. The brain waves
are mainly used as an input in identifying the brain disorders
such as Alzheimer’s disease and epilepsy.
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IEEE Conference Number - 33344
July 8, 2014, Coimbatore, India.
►113◄
The electroencephalograms (EEG) is plays an
important role in clinical diagnosis such as identifying the
brain disorders and neuro-psychological disorders by
observing the brain signals [6]. The EEG brain signals used
in the applications such as a Brain Computer Interfaces
(BCIs), identifying the human emotions etc. [7]. The systems
have been used to connect the brain and devices such as
computers or robotic limbs are called as Brain computer
interface [8]. It consist of three essential components such as
signal acquisition component, signal processing components,
signal processing component and external device [9]
The EEG brain signal has been decoded in the
several applications such as BCI, clinical diagnosis,
cognitive science, neuroscience etc. in order to obtain the
efficient results. The analysis of EEG signals is very similar
to the classification problems and it consists of processes
such as feature extraction, preprocessing and classification or
analysis [10, 11]. The several new algorithms are introduced
in the previous studies for analyzing the brain signals [12].
Even though the signals are analyzed and efficient results are
obtained in the previous studies it have some problems such
as noisy signals, high dimensional feature space outliers,
non-stationary of EEG and complicated classification
technique. During the analysis of the brain signal, another
issue is raised in the previous studies is uncertainty [14]. The
instability of the mental state, lack of focus, non-stationary
of brain activities are the main reasons for uncertainty in the
brain signal.
EEG Brain
Preprocessing Feature
signals extraction
Analysis Classification
Figure 1. Block Diagram of the system for analysis of Brain signals
2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Technology, ICCTET’14
In this research work, the analyses of brain waves
using recorded EEG signals have been explained for
identifying the emotions in the humans. The general block
diagram of analyzing the EEG signals has explained in the
figure 1.
Emotions play a significant and powerful role in
everyday life of human beings. The emotions in the human
beings are used to identify the psychosomatic disorders.
These disorders are occurred because of the changes in brain
electrical and chemical activities. These changes in the brain
are observed using the electroencephalograms (EEG) as
brain signals and images. In this research work, brain signals
captured in the machine EEG is used as an input to the
proposed system for identifying the human emotions.
II. RELATED WORK
An evidence-based combining classifiers method
has been introduced in [15] by Kheradpisheh et al (2014) for
analyzing the brain signals. The author had introduced the
concept of hybrid classifiers for solving the complex
problems such as uncertainty in the brain signals. The
labeling of each and every training sample had been
explained by the author in the feature extraction process.
Then the belief functions of each and every feature space
retrieved from the feature extraction are evaluated by the
author using the combination of classifiers. The results
obtained from this system are compared with the existing
system and the author proved that the system used in this
research work is better than the existing systems. Although it
removes the uncertainty in the brain signals better than the
existing system, still it had some problems during the real
time implementation.
Hosseini introduced a system for identifying the
human emotions using the EEG signal or brain signal as an
input in [16]. The high order spectra are mainly used for
analyzing the EEG signal in this research work. The new
visual induction based acquisition protocol is designed by the
author used for observing and recording the brain waves.
The channels used for observing the brain signals is FP1,
FP2, T3, T4 and Pz and two emotion states such as calm-
neutral and negatively exited are considered. The signals are
first preprocessed and the features extracted from the signals
after the preprocessing technique. The high order spectra are
used for extracting the features from the signals. After the
feature extraction, the genetic algorithm and support vector
machine is used as classifier in this research work. The
results are compared to the existing algorithms such as
Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) classifier.
Dan et alanalyzed the concept of relationship
between EEG signals and emotions of humans in [17]. The
© IEEE 2014
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July 8, 2014, Coimbatore, India.
►114◄
features are extracted for classifying the human emotions
such as positive and negative. The author used linear
dynamic approach for smoothing the features extracted from
the raw signal. The correlation coefficients are used for
reducing the dimensions of the features. The algorithm used
in this research has been compared with the existing
approaches. The manifold model is used for observing the
changes in the emotions. The support vector machine is used
for classifying the emotions based on the features obtained
from the raw signal.
The author mainly focused on recognition of
“inner” emotions from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals
in [18]. The real time fractal dimension based algorithm is
introduced in this research work for classifying the human
emotions. The algorithm used in this research is mainly
based on the arousal valence emotion model. The
international affective digitized sounds database is used in
this research as an input dataset. The author mainly focused
on the music and sound stimuli. Finally, the real-time
algorithm was proposed, implemented and tested to
recognize six emotions such as fear, frustrated, sad, happy,
pleasant and satisfied. Real-time applications were proposed
and implemented in 3D virtual environments. The user
emotions are recognized and visualized in real time on
his/her avatar adding one more so-called “emotion
dimension” to human computer interfaces. An EEG-enabled
music therapy site was proposed and implemented. The
music played to the patients helps them deal with problems
such as pain and depression. An EEG-based web-enable
music player which can display the music according to the
user’s current emotion states was designed and implemented.
An optimized EEG-signal based recognition
algorithm along with neural network have been developed in
earlier work [19] to identify feeling based on the spectral
features .Most important features such as spectral ,spatial and
sequential features are selected in this work from EEG-
signals by applying transformation methods such as Gabor
filtering functions and wavelet domain based transformation
methods. Final recognition is carried out based on the
selected from human six basic emotions features , then
Probabilistic Neural Network(PNN) classifier with improved
particle swarm optimization (IPSO) is proposed for
recognition process .The experimentation results achieves up
to approximately 64.78% in brain-computer interfaces
systems.
A statistical classification system has been proposed
in [20] for human emotions through Electroencephalogram
(EEG) bio-sensors. A total of six statistical features are
computed from the EEG data and Artificial Neural Network
(ANN) is applied for the classification of emotions. The
2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Technology, ICCTET’14
system is trained and tested with the statistical features
extracted from the psychological signals acquired under
emotions stimulation experiments. The effectiveness of each
statistical feature and combinations of statistical features in
classifying different types of emotions has been studied and
evaluated. In the experiment of classifying four main types
of emotions: Anger, Sad, Happy and Neutral, the overall
classification rate as high as 90% is achieved.
III. METHODOLOGY
A. Preprocessing using modified adaptive filtering
Before analyzing the brain signals, the brain signals
need to be suitably processed.For example, in order to
remove artifacts, this section is devoted to such
preprocessing approaches.
EEG recordings typically not only comprises of the
electrical signals from the brain, but also several unwanted
signals [21, 22]:
 Interference from electronic equipment, for
example, 50 or 60Hz power supply signals,
 Electromyographic (EMG) signals induced through
the muscular activity,
 Ocular artifacts, due to eye movement or blinking.
These unnecessary parts may bias the investigation
of the EEG, and may lead to wrong conclusions [22]. Noise
cancellation is the process of attaining the preferred signal
from a noisy, corrupted signal by eliminating the noise.
Figure 2 denotes the structure of an adaptive noise canceller.
Modified Adaptive Filters are efficiently used in scenarios
where signal conditions or system parameters are slowly
changing and the filter is to be varied to balance the
variation. The swarm intelligence based Artificial Bee
Colony (ABC) is a search algorithm that can be utilized to
provide the approach for optimize the filter coefficients.
( )
= ( )+ ( )
− +
′( ) ( )
Adaptive Σ identify the brain actions based on EEG signals.
Filter
Adaptation
Algorithm
Figure 2. Proposed modified adaptive filtering
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IEEE Conference Number - 33344
July 8, 2014, Coimbatore, India.
►115◄
As seen from the Figure 2, there are four signals
namely the information (EEG) signal ( ), (the noise signal
( ) corrupting the desired signal ( ); and the reference
signal ( ). EEG signals generally suffers from the
interference by the line voltage; thus, in the simulations
carried out for adaptive FIR filter design, noises with
different frequencies are added to the EEG signal. However,
in simulations realized for adaptive IIR filter design, an
additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is preferred because
of its widespread use in the literature and some important
features that will be mentioned in the next chapter. The
reference signal (input signal) ( ) is, similarly, a
correlated version of the n(n). The error signal e(n), which is
equal to the difference between the noisy signal and the
adaptive filter output y(n), is evaluated and fed back to the
adaptation approach to vary the adaptive filter coefficients to
minimize a given cost function. The Mean Squared Error
(MSE) cost function to be minimized can be defined as
( ) = [| ( )| ]
In this equation, represents the expected value.
For each algorithm, the quality of the solution in the
population is calculated using the following formula
1
()=
1+ ( )
where ( ) is the cost function defined by the above
equation.
In order to calculate the quality of a possible
solution, a moving scheme is employed for computing ( ).
The cost function is calculated by using a block of K samples
( = 1000) and the data block is shifted by 1 sample after
each cycle or iteration.
B. Feature extraction
After pre- processing, the original EEG signal is
time domain signal and the signal energy distribution is
scattered. The signal features are buried away in the noise. In
order to attain the features, the EEG signal is investigated to
provide a description of the signal energy as a function of
time or/and frequency. Based on previous investigations,
features extracted in frequency domain are one of the best to
The implemented feature extraction algorithms are
based on frequency analysis, Higher Order Statistics (HOS)
integrated with wavelet transform and autoregressive model.
The feature extraction approaches based on
frequency analysis operates on earlier described quite freely
chosen segments of signal (for example one second long).
2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Technology, ICCTET’14 ►116◄

For each time window the Discrete Fourier Transform is C. Classification

calculated. The DFT is defined by the formula: Classification is the process of determining the label
of a feature vector x, through a mapping f, where f is learnt
= from a training set T. The main objective of the learning
stage is to provide the algorithm with pre-classified labeled
data (vectors of 320 features), from which the algorithm
The features in this case are absolute values of , constructs the mapping to predict the labels of new data.
that corresponds with the amplitudes of signal components Neural networks have the characteristic of self-study, self-
of kth frequency component. organization, and associational memory which are not
present in the traditional methods. With the strong fault
Another approach to feature extraction uses higher tolerance, based on neural networks, identification models
order statistics. In this case, EEG signal is partitioned into can run steadily and repeatedly [3].
consecutive blocks, for instance, one second length windows
of signal. Blocks can overlap. For each block, wavelet Comparison of these features can be made to
transform is evaluated. The approximations are the low- determine the emotion disorder. As an initial step, detection
frequency components of the signal. The details are the high- of emotional disorder, one clear indication, seizure, is
frequency components. The details of the signal on different determined by comparing EEGs of a patient in normal
decomposition levels are considered. The following features condition & with seizure. Seizure is one of the symptoms
are computed from this signal such as Mean, Standard that may occur in a patient with nervousness. The abnormal
deviation, skewness, kurtosis, mean of absolute values of activity of the brain in epileptic patient is known as seizure
first difference of raw signals, mean of absolute values of condition. This activity appears on the screen of the EEG
first difference of normalized signal. The mean value µ is machine as waveforms of varying frequency and amplitude
computed using the following equation. measured in voltage. In this study, two features, viz., Mean
1 and Variance are compared to detect the seizure occurred in
µ = X the patient.
N
Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference Systems classifier
Standard deviation is given by the following equation The last step of the proposed system is
⁄ classification of signals based on the feature extracted. In the
1 proposed approach, ANFIS models are used for
= ( − )
−1 classification. For training the network, back-propagation
Mean of absolute values of first difference of raw signals algorithm is chosen. Using the ANFIS between patterns, a
decision can be made as to identify the human emotions.
1
= | − |
−1 ANFIS architecture comprises of five layers of
Mean of absolute values of first difference of normalized nodes for comparing the sample image with different images
signal in database. Out of the five layers, the first and the fourth
layers consist of adaptive nodes while the second, third and
1 fifth layers consist of fixed nodes. The adaptive nodes are
= − =
−1 interconnected with their respective parameters, duly
Skewness updated with each subsequent iteration while the fixed nodes
are devoid of any parameters [22]-[23]-[24].
( − )
=
Rule 1: If (x is A1) and (y is B1) then (f1 = p1x + q1y + r1)
The kurtosis Rule 2: If (x is A2) and (y is B2) then (f2 = p2x +q2y + r2)
E(x − µ) where x and y are the inputs, Ai and Bi are the fuzzy sets, fi
k=
σ are the outputs within the fuzzy region specified by the fuzzy
Variance rule, pi, qi and ri are the design parameters that are
determined during the training process. The ANFIS
architecture to implement these two rules is shown in Fig. 7,
in which a circle indicates a fixed node, whereas a square
indicates an adaptive node.

© IEEE 2014
IEEE Conference Number - 33344
July 8, 2014, Coimbatore, India.
2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Technology, ICCTET’14 ►117◄

Layer 1: fuzzification layer every node I in the layer 1 is an of correct classification as well as time consumed for the
adaptive node. The outputs of layer 1 are the fuzzy training of the neural network. The results show that the
membership grade of the inputs, which are given by: combination computed produced the highest rate of correct
= ( ), = 1,2 (1) classification. Using the features computed by this
combination, 95% of correct classification rate is achieved
= ( ), = 3,4 (2) for the classification of 5 types of emotions with 12.68
seconds consumed for training. In terms of time
where and is the inputs to node , where is a consumption, the combination of equation (9) is the lowest at
linguistic label (small, large) and where ( ), ( ) 7.50 seconds but only achieved 78.33% in terms of
can adopt any fuzzy membership function. Usually we performance.
choose ( ), to be bell-shaped with maximum equal to 1
and minimum equal to 0, such as: The performance of an EEG-based emotion
recognition algorithm is frequently evaluated by means of
(3)
( ) = 1/1 + ( − )/ classification accuracy as following: the percentage of
where (a , b andc ) are the parameters of the emotions correctly identified which is calculated by:
membership function. Parameters are referred to as premise
parameters. number of correct classi ied
Classi ication accuracy =
Layer 2: rule layer a fixed node labeled M whose output is number of total emtions
the product of all the incoming signals, the outputs of this
layer can be represented as:
= = ( ) ( ) = 1,2 (4)
Classification accuracy
Layer 3: normalization layer are also fixed node is a circle 100
90
Classification accuyracy(%)
node labeled N.
80
= = = 1,2 (5) 70
( + ) 60
50
Layer 4: defuzzification layer an adaptive node with a node: 40
The output of each node in this layer is simply the product of 30
the normalized firing strength and a first order polynomial. 20
= = ( + + ) = 1,2 (6) 10
0
Layer5: summation neuron a fixed node which computes the SVM BPNN ANFIS
overall output as the summation of all incoming signals. Classifiers
(7)
Figure 3. Comparison of classification accuracy
= = /( + )
MATLAB has been used to implement algorithm.
In order to estimate the performance of systems and calculate
It can be seen that there are two adaptive layers in
the classification accuracy, the systems are trained with 80%
this ANFIS architecture, namely the first layer and the fourth
of dataset. Table 2 shows the values of influence parameters
layer. In the first layer, there are three modifiable
at the performance, which is used to simulate the proposed
parameters {a , b and c } , which are related to the input
algorithm.
membership functions. These parameters are generally
Sensitivity and specificity
termed as premise parameters. In the fourth layer, there are
T
also three modifiable parameters { , , } pertaining to the Sensitivity =
first-order polynomial. These parameters are the so-called T +F
consequent parameters. T
Speci icity =
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS T +F
The results for the classification of 5 types of where is defined as positive results against
emotions are as shown in Table 4. The effectiveness of the is defined as negative results
combinations of statistical features is compared based on rate is defined as negative results

© IEEE 2014
IEEE Conference Number - 33344
July 8, 2014, Coimbatore, India.
2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Technology, ICCTET’14 ►118◄

is defined as positive results The signal is then passed through the filters of different
frequencies to separate alpha, beta, delta and theta waves.
SVM BBPNN The features are extracted from these signals. After
ANFIS analyzing Mean, Power Spectral Entropy and Variance of
1.2 both normal and seizer EEG signals, it was found that using
Variance gives more accurate information about the seizure
1 in EEG signal among the given feature sets. This technique
has revealed the possibility of precise diagnosis of
0.8 psychosomatic disorders in more simple and economical
Sensitivy

0.6 way.

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© IEEE 2014
IEEE Conference Number - 33344
July 8, 2014, Coimbatore, India.